Difference between revisions of "Tabernaemontana"

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{{SPlantbox
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|familia=Apocynaceae
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|genus=Tabernaemontana
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|lifespan=perennial
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|exposure=sun
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|features=flowers, foliage
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|flower_season=early summer, mid summer, late summer
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|flowers=white
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|Temp Metric=°F
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|min_zone=11
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|max_zone=12
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|image=Planche-Tabernaemontana-persicariaefolia.jpg
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|image_caption=Tabernaemontana persicariaefolia
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'''''Tabernaemontana''''' is a [[genus]] of 100-110 [[species]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Apocynaceae]]. It has a pan-tropical distribution. These plants are [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s growing to 1-15 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[evergreen]], [[Leaf#Arrangement_on_the_stem|opposite]], 3-25 cm long, with milky sap; hence it is one of the diverse plant genera commonly called '''"[[milkwood]]"'''. The [[flower]]s are fragrant, white, 1-5 cm in diameter.
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The [[cultivar]] ''[[Tabernaemontana divaricata|T. divaricata]]'' cv. 'Plena', with doubled-[[petal]]ed flowers, is a popular houseplant. [[Crape Jasmine]] (''[[Tabernaemontana coronaria|T. coronaria]]'') is also popular as an [[ornamental plant]].
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{{Inc|
 
Tabernaemontana (named for J. T. Tabernaemontanus of Heidelberg, physician and botanist; died 1590). Apocynaceae. Evergreen usually glabrous trees or shrubs, grown in the warmhouse.
 
Tabernaemontana (named for J. T. Tabernaemontanus of Heidelberg, physician and botanist; died 1590). Apocynaceae. Evergreen usually glabrous trees or shrubs, grown in the warmhouse.
  
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Leaves opposite, thin or leathery: cymes rather branched, terminal or dichotomously arranged: fls. white or yellowish, small or rather large; calyx usually short, deeply or to the middle 5-lobed or -parted; corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindrical, lobes twisted; disk various; ovary with 2 distinct carpels: berries or follicles 2, globose, oblong, ovoid or recurved-reniform, smooth or 3-ribbed. —About 160 species, widely distributed throughout the tropics. See Gonioma for distinctions from that genus.
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Leaves opposite, thin or leathery: cymes rather branched, terminal or dichotomously arranged: fls. white or yellowish, small or rather large; calyx usually short, deeply or to the middle 5-lobed or -parted; corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindrical, lobes twisted; disk various; ovary with 2 distinct carpels: berries or follicles 2, globose, oblong, ovoid or recurved-reniform, smooth or 3-ribbed. —About 160 species, widely distributed throughout the tropics.
  
 
The East Indian rosebay, T. coronaria, is one of the best ornamental shrubs for subtropical gardens. This species and T. Camassi, referred in this work to Gonioma, nourish everywhere in Florida from Jacksonville southward. If they receive proper attention, tiny cuttings soon develop into dense, bushy plants 3 to 5 feet high, covered with deliciously scented flowers throughout the summer. Indeed the plants are so densely covered with buds and flowers that it is often difficult to find a sufficient supply of cuttings for propagation. T. coronaria has larger leaves than T. Camassi and the flowers are much like those of the double white oleander, while T. Camassi has solider and smaller blossoms. Both do well under the same treatment. In order to enjoy the beauty of the East Indian rosebay to its fullest extent, it must be planted in rich, sandy soil, not too wet and not too dry, and in places fully exposed to the sun. Only very strong pot-grown plants should be set out in the garden. This should be done during the rainy season. Avoid breaking the ball in transplanting. It is useless to transplant in November, the time when most evergreens and other plants are most successfully set out. The plants at this season have no time to become established before the first sharp frost comes, and a weakened tabernaemontana is usually killed outright by even a slight frost. Just before Christmas all the plants of this nature (bauhinias, cestrums; Poinciana regia, Tristania conferta, grevilleas, eucalypti, and so on) are banked about 18 inches to 2 feet high with dry sand, and they always come through without much damage. In April or even earlier, the banking is taken away and the plants cut back to sound wood. The tabernaemontanas look best in groups by themselves or in front of other glossy leaved evergreens.
 
The East Indian rosebay, T. coronaria, is one of the best ornamental shrubs for subtropical gardens. This species and T. Camassi, referred in this work to Gonioma, nourish everywhere in Florida from Jacksonville southward. If they receive proper attention, tiny cuttings soon develop into dense, bushy plants 3 to 5 feet high, covered with deliciously scented flowers throughout the summer. Indeed the plants are so densely covered with buds and flowers that it is often difficult to find a sufficient supply of cuttings for propagation. T. coronaria has larger leaves than T. Camassi and the flowers are much like those of the double white oleander, while T. Camassi has solider and smaller blossoms. Both do well under the same treatment. In order to enjoy the beauty of the East Indian rosebay to its fullest extent, it must be planted in rich, sandy soil, not too wet and not too dry, and in places fully exposed to the sun. Only very strong pot-grown plants should be set out in the garden. This should be done during the rainy season. Avoid breaking the ball in transplanting. It is useless to transplant in November, the time when most evergreens and other plants are most successfully set out. The plants at this season have no time to become established before the first sharp frost comes, and a weakened tabernaemontana is usually killed outright by even a slight frost. Just before Christmas all the plants of this nature (bauhinias, cestrums; Poinciana regia, Tristania conferta, grevilleas, eucalypti, and so on) are banked about 18 inches to 2 feet high with dry sand, and they always come through without much damage. In April or even earlier, the banking is taken away and the plants cut back to sound wood. The tabernaemontanas look best in groups by themselves or in front of other glossy leaved evergreens.
  
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T. Camassi, Regel. See Gonioma Kamassi.—T. dichotoma, Roxbg. (Cerbera dichotoma, Lodd.). About 6 ft. high: lvs. oblong, acute at base, obtuse at apex, 2 1/2 - 5 in. long: cymes terminal, dichotomously branched, many-fld.; fls. slightly odorous, 1 in. long. India. B.R. 27:53. L.B.C.16:1516. H.W. 3, p. 259.—T. grandifolia, Hort., is listed in the American trade, presumably an error for T. grandiflora.
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T. Camassi, Regel. See Gonioma Kamassi.—T. dichotoma, Roxbg. (Cerbera dichotoma, Lodd.). About 6 ft. high: lvs. oblong, acute at base, obtuse at apex, 2 1/2 - 5 in. long: cymes terminal, dichotomously branched, many-fld.; fls. slightly odorous, 1 in. long. India.—T. grandifolia, Hort., is listed in the American trade, presumably an error for T. grandiflora.
 
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}}
  
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{{Taxobox
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==Cultivation==
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = ''Tabernaemontana''
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| image = Planche-Tabernaemontana-persicariaefolia.jpg
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===Propagation===
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| image_width = 220px
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Tabernaemontana persicariaefolia]]''
 
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| regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
 
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
 
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| ordo = [[Gentianales]]
 
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| familia = [[Apocynaceae]]
 
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| genus = '''''Tabernaemontana'''''
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
 
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| subdivision =
 
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About 100-110 species; see text
 
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}}
 
  
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'''Tabernaemontana''' is a genus of 100-110 species of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Apocynaceae]], with a pan-tropical distribution. They are [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s growing to 1-15 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[evergreen]], [[Leaf#Arrangement_on_the_stem|opposite]], 3-25 cm long, with milky sap. The [[flower]]s are fragrant, white, 1-5 cm diameter.
 
  
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Some members of the genus ''Tabernaemontana'' are used as additives to some versions of the psychedelic drink [[Ayahuasca]].<ref>[http://www.serendipity.li/dmt/hoasca.html#tbl1 Ayahuasca Analogues]</ref>
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===Pests and diseases===
  
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'''Ervatamia''' is one of the many synonyms for the genus.
 
  
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;Selected species
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==Species==
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*''[[Tabernaemontana africana]]''. [[Africa]].
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Selected species:
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*''[[Tabernaemontana alba]]'' (White Milkwood). [[Central America]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana africana]]''. [[Africa]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia]]''. Southern [[Mexico]], Central America, northern [[South America]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana alba]]'' – [[White Milkwood]]. [[Central America]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana bovina]]''. Southern [[China]] to [[Thailand]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia]]''. Southern [[Mexico]], Central America, northern [[South America]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana bufalina]]''. Southern [[China]] to [[Thailand]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana antheonycta]]''
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*''[[Tabernaemontana calcarea]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana apoda]]''
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*''[[Tabernaemontana capuronii]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana bovina]]''. Southern [[China]] to [[Thailand]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana catharinensis]]''. Western South America.
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana bufalina]]''. Southern [[China]] to [[Thailand]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana calcarea]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana citrifolia]]'' (Milkwood). [[Caribbean]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana capuronii]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana catharinensis]]''. Western South America.
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*''[[Tabernaemontana corymbosa]]''. Southeast [[Asia]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana cerifera]]'' New Caledonia
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*''[[Tabernaemontana crassa]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana ciliata]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana citrifolia]]'' – [[Common Milkwood]]. [[Caribbean]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana cymosa]]''. Western South America.
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana coffeoides]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana cordata]]''
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*''[[Tabernaemontana divaricata]]'' (Nero's Crown or Pinwheel Flower). Northern [[India]] to [[Thailand]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana coronaria]]'' – [[Crape Jasmine]] syn. ''Tabernaemontana divaricata''
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*''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]'' (Toad Tree). [[South Africa]] north to [[Somalia]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana corymbosa]]''
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*''[[Tabernaemontana eusepala]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana crassa]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana eusepaloides]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana crassifolia]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana heyneana]]''. [[India]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana cumata]]''
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*''[[Tabernaemontana humblotii]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana cymosa]]''. Western South America.
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*''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysii]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana debrayi]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana pachysiphon]]''. Tropical east Africa.  
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana divaricata]]'' – [[Pinwheel Flower]], [[Nero's Crown]]. Northern [[India]] to [[Thailand]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana pandacaqui]]''. Southeast Asia, [[Australasia]], western [[Pacific Ocean]] islands.
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]'' <small>Stapf</small> – [[Toad Tree]]. [[South Africa]] north to [[Somalia]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana phymata]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepala]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana eusepaloides]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana rostrata]]''. Southeast Asia.
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana fuchsiaefolia]] <small>A.DC.</small>
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*''[[Tabernaemontana sambiranensis]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana gamblei]]''
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*''[[Tabernaemontana sananho]]''. Northern South America.
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana heterophylla]]'' <small>Vahl</small><!-- OrnitolColomb3:7. RevBrasPsiquiatr28:277. -->
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*''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana heyneana]]''
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*''[[Tabernaemontana siphilitica]]''. Northern South America.
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana humblotii]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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*''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana longipes]]''
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*''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]'' (Forest Toad Tree). [[Cameroon]], [[South Africa]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana mocquerysii]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana muricata]]''
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana ochroleuca]]''
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana oppositifolia]]''
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana orientalis]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana ovalifolia]]''
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana pachysiphon]]''. Tropical East Africa.  
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana pandacaqui]]'' – [[Banana Bush]]. Southeast Asia, [[Australasia]], western [[Pacific Ocean]] islands.
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana panamensis]]''
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana phymata]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana persicariaefolia]]''
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana polyneura]]''
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana remota]]''
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana retusa]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana rostrata]]''. Southeast Asia.
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana sambiranensis]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana sananho]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small>. Northern South America.<!-- RevBrasPsiquiatr28:277. -->
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana sessilifolia]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana siphilitica]]''. Northern South America.<!-- OrnitolColomb3:7. -->
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana stellata]]''. [[Madagascar]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana stenosiphon]]''
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana thurstonii]]''
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana undulata]]'' – [[Bëcchëte]]
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]'' <small>Hochst. ex A.DC.</small> – [[Forest Toad Tree]]. [[Cameroon]], [[South Africa]].
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* ''[[Tabernaemontana wullschlaegelii]]''
  
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===Cultivation===
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==Gallery==
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The [[cultivar]] ''T. divaricata'' 'Plena', with doubled-petaled flowers, is a popular houseplant.
 
  
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==See also==
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<gallery perrow=5>
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*[[Psychedelic plants]]
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Image:Tabernaemontana divaricata - JBM.jpg|Ornamental [[Pinwheel Flower]] (''T. divaricata'') cv. 'Plena'
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Image:Tabernaemontana divaricata habitus - JBM.jpg|Habitus of ''T. divaricata''
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Image:Krötenbaum.jpg|''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]'' ([[Toad Tree]])
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Image:Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Blanco1.41.jpg|...''[[Tabernaemontana pandacaqui]]'' ([[Banana Bush]]) bear their common names in reference to their peculiar fruit.
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</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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{{reflist}}
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<references/>
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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==External links==
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*{{wplink}}
  
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[[Category:Apocynaceae]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Ayahuasca]]
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__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 16:59, 14 April 2010


Tabernaemontana persicariaefolia


Plant Characteristics
Height: ⇕ 1 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 1. to 15 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 15.
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Bloom: ❀ early summer, mid summer, late summer
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun
Features: ✓ flowers, foliage
USDA Zones: 11 to 12
Flower features: ❀ white
Scientific Names

Apocynaceae >

Tabernaemontana >


Tabernaemontana is a genus of 100-110 species of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. It has a pan-tropical distribution. These plants are shrubs and small trees growing to 1-15 m tall. The leaves are evergreen, opposite, 3-25 cm long, with milky sap; hence it is one of the diverse plant genera commonly called "milkwood". The flowers are fragrant, white, 1-5 cm in diameter.

The cultivar T. divaricata cv. 'Plena', with doubled-petaled flowers, is a popular houseplant. Crape Jasmine (T. coronaria) is also popular as an ornamental plant.


Read about Tabernaemontana in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Tabernaemontana (named for J. T. Tabernaemontanus of Heidelberg, physician and botanist; died 1590). Apocynaceae. Evergreen usually glabrous trees or shrubs, grown in the warmhouse.

Leaves opposite, thin or leathery: cymes rather branched, terminal or dichotomously arranged: fls. white or yellowish, small or rather large; calyx usually short, deeply or to the middle 5-lobed or -parted; corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindrical, lobes twisted; disk various; ovary with 2 distinct carpels: berries or follicles 2, globose, oblong, ovoid or recurved-reniform, smooth or 3-ribbed. —About 160 species, widely distributed throughout the tropics.

The East Indian rosebay, T. coronaria, is one of the best ornamental shrubs for subtropical gardens. This species and T. Camassi, referred in this work to Gonioma, nourish everywhere in Florida from Jacksonville southward. If they receive proper attention, tiny cuttings soon develop into dense, bushy plants 3 to 5 feet high, covered with deliciously scented flowers throughout the summer. Indeed the plants are so densely covered with buds and flowers that it is often difficult to find a sufficient supply of cuttings for propagation. T. coronaria has larger leaves than T. Camassi and the flowers are much like those of the double white oleander, while T. Camassi has solider and smaller blossoms. Both do well under the same treatment. In order to enjoy the beauty of the East Indian rosebay to its fullest extent, it must be planted in rich, sandy soil, not too wet and not too dry, and in places fully exposed to the sun. Only very strong pot-grown plants should be set out in the garden. This should be done during the rainy season. Avoid breaking the ball in transplanting. It is useless to transplant in November, the time when most evergreens and other plants are most successfully set out. The plants at this season have no time to become established before the first sharp frost comes, and a weakened tabernaemontana is usually killed outright by even a slight frost. Just before Christmas all the plants of this nature (bauhinias, cestrums; Poinciana regia, Tristania conferta, grevilleas, eucalypti, and so on) are banked about 18 inches to 2 feet high with dry sand, and they always come through without much damage. In April or even earlier, the banking is taken away and the plants cut back to sound wood. The tabernaemontanas look best in groups by themselves or in front of other glossy leaved evergreens.

T. Camassi, Regel. See Gonioma Kamassi.—T. dichotoma, Roxbg. (Cerbera dichotoma, Lodd.). About 6 ft. high: lvs. oblong, acute at base, obtuse at apex, 2 1/2 - 5 in. long: cymes terminal, dichotomously branched, many-fld.; fls. slightly odorous, 1 in. long. India.—T. grandifolia, Hort., is listed in the American trade, presumably an error for T. grandiflora.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Species

Selected species:

Gallery

References


External links


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