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{{SPlantbox
{{SPlantbox
|familia=Ulmaceae
|familia=Ulmaceae
|genus=Ulmus
|genus=Ulmus
|species=pumila
|species=pumila
|common_name=Chinese elm, Siberian Elm
|common_name=Chinese elm, Siberian Elm
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|habit=tree
|Min ht box=20
|Min ht box=20
|Min ht metric=ft
|Min ht metric=ft
|Max wd metric=ft
|Max wd metric=ft
|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|lifespan=perennial
|exposure=sun
|exposure=sun
|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|features=invasive
|Temp Metric=°F
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=3
|min_zone=3
|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|max_zone=9
|max_zone=9
|image=Upload.png
|image=Ulmus pumila.jpg
|image_width=180
| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
}}
}}
'''''Ulmus pumila''''' <small>L.</small>, the '''Siberian Elm''', is native to [[Turkestan]], eastern [[Siberia]], [[Mongolia]], [[Xizang]] ([[Tibet]]), northern [[China]], [[India]] (northern Kashmir) and [[Korea]] <ref name=Fu>Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ''Flora of China'', Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf] </ref>. It is also known as the '''Asiatic Elm, Dwarf Elm''' and (erroneously) '''Chinese Elm'''. ''U. pumila'' has been widely cultivated throughout [[Asia]], [[North America]] and, to a lesser extent, southern [[Europe]].
The Siberian Elm is usually a small to medium-sized, often bushy, [[tree]] growing to 10 - 20 m tall, with a trunk up to 80 cm [[diameter at breast height|d.b.h]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[deciduous]] in cold areas, but [[evergreen|semi-evergreen]] in warmer climates, < 7 cm long and < 3 cm broad, with an oblique base and a coarsely serrated margin, changing from dark green to yellow in autumn. The wind-dispersed fruit develops in a flat, oval membranous wing ([[Samara (fruit)|samara]]) 1 - 1.5 cm long and notched at the outer end <ref name=Elwes>Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). ''The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland''. Vol. VII. pp 1848–1929. Private publication. [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/1f/trees_of_britain_and_ireland_vol_7.pdf] </ref> <ref name=Rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees''. Collins.</ref> <ref name=Huxley>Huxley, A. (1992). ''The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan.</ref>. The tree is short-lived in temperate climates, rarely reaching more than 60 years of age, but in its native environment may live to between 100 and 150 years [http://www.northern.edu/natsource/TREESA1/Siberi1.htm].
{{Inc|
{{Inc|
Ulmus pumila, Linn. (U. microphylla, Pers. U. sibirica, Hort.). Small tree or shrub, with slender pubescent, sometimes pendulous branches: lvs. oval-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, short-petioled, acute, firm, dark green and smooth above, pubescent when young beneath, 3/4 - 3 in. long: fls. short-pedicelled; stamens 4-5, with violet anthers: fr. obovate, with the nutlet somewhat above the middle, incision at the apex reaching about half-way to the nutlet. Turkestan to Siberia and N. China.—A graceful small hardy tree. Var. arborea, Litwinow (U. pinnata-ramosa, Dieck. U. turkestanica, Regel). Tree with long, pinnately branched shoots pubescent when young: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 1 – 2 1/2 in. long; petioles pubescent at first. Var. pendula, Hort. (U. parvifolia pendula, Hort. Planera repens, Hort.), has slender more pendulous branches.
Ulmus pumila, Linn. (U. microphylla, Pers. U. sibirica, Hort.). Small tree or shrub, with slender pubescent, sometimes pendulous branches: lvs. oval-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, short-petioled, acute, firm, dark green and smooth above, pubescent when young beneath, 3/4 - 3 in. long: fls. short-pedicelled; stamens 4-5, with violet anthers: fr. obovate, with the nutlet somewhat above the middle, incision at the apex reaching about half-way to the nutlet. Turkestan to Siberia and N. China. Gn. 65, p. 133.—A graceful small hardy tree. Var. arborea, Litwinow (U. pinnata-ramosa, Dieck. U. turkestanica, Regel). Tree with long, pinnately branched shoots pubescent when young: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 1 – 2 1/2 in. long; petioles pubescent at first. Var. pendula, Hort. (U. parvifolia pendula, Hort. Planera repens, Hort.), has slender more pendulous branches.
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{{SCH}}
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As an [[ornamental]] ''U. pumila'' is a very poor tree, tending to be short-lived, with brittle wood and poor crown shape, but has nevertheless enjoyed some popularity owing to its rapid growth and provision of shade. The Siberian Elm has been described by Prof. [[Michael Dirr]] as "one of, if not ''the'', world's worst trees...a poor ornamental that does not deserve to be planted anywhere" <ref name=Dirr>Dirr, M. (1975). ''Manual of Woody Landscape Plants''. Stipes Publishing LLC. Champaign, Illinois.</ref>. Yet in the USA during the 1950s, the tree was also widely promoted as a fast growing hedging substitute for [[Privet]], and as a consequence is now commonly found in nearly all states <ref name=Klingaman>Klingaman, G. (1999). Plant of the Week: Siberian Elm. ''Extension News'', University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture.</ref>. In the [[UK]], its popularity has been almost exclusively as a [[bonsai]] subject, and mature trees are largely restricted to arboreta. Introduced into [[Spain]] in the 16th century, and later [[Italy]], it has naturally hybridized with the [[Field Elm]] ''U. minor''. In Italy it was widely used in viniculture, notably in the [[Po River|Po]] valley, to support vines until the 1950s, when the demands of mechanization made it unsuitable.
;Invasiveness
In North America it has become an [[invasive species]] from central [[Mexico]] <ref name=Todzia>Todzia, C. A. & Panero, J. L. (2006). A new species of Ulmus (Ulmaceae) from southern Mexico and a synopsis of the species in Mexico. ''Brittonia'', Vol 50, (3): 346</ref> [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2807778?seq=1] to [[Ontario]]. It is found in abundance along railroads and in abandoned lots and on disturbed ground. The gravel along railroad beds provides ideal conditions for its growth: well-drained, nutrient poor soil, and high light conditions, and these beds provide corridors which facilitate its spread. Owing to its high sunlight requirements, it seldom invades mature forests, and is primarily a problem in cities and open areas <ref name=National>National Audubon Society (2002). ''Field Guide to North American Trees'', Western Region, p. 419-420</ref>. In [[South America]], the tree has spread across much of the Argentinian [[pampas]] <ref name=Villamil>Villamil, C. B., Zalba, S. M. ''Red de información sobre especies exóticas invasoras - I3N-Argentina'' Universidad Nacional del Sur
Bahía Blanca, Argentina</ref>.
==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
The species has a high sunlight requirement and is not shade-tolerant; with adequate light it exhibits rapid growth. The tree is also fairly intolerant of wet ground conditions, growing better on well-drained soils. While it is very resistant to drought and severe cold, and able to grow on poor soils, its short period of [[dormancy]], flowering early in spring followed by continuous growth until the first frosts of autumn, <ref name=Geng>Geng, M. A. (1989). A provenance test with elm (Ulmus pumila L.) in China. ''Silvae Genetica'' 32 (2), 37-44.</ref> renders it vulnerable to frost damage.
===Propagation===
===Propagation===
===Pests and diseases===
===Pests and diseases===
The tree has considerable variability in resistance to [[Dutch elm disease]].<ref name=Smalley>Smalley, E. & Guries, R. P. (1993). Breeding elms for resistance to Dutch elm disease. ''Annual Review of Phytopathology'', 31, 325-352</ref> Moreover, like many other elms in North America, it is highly susceptible to damage from many insects and parasites, including the elm leaf beetle ''[[Xanthogaleruca luteola]]'',<ref name=Miller>Miller, F. and Ware, G. (2001). Resistance of Temperate Chinese Elms (Ulmuss spp.) to Feeding of the Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ''Journal of Economic Entomology'' 94 (1): 162-166. 2001. Entom. Soc.of America.</ref><ref>[http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm]</ref> [[powdery mildew]], cankers, [[aphids]], and [[leaf spot]]. In trials in Italy, the species was also found to have a slight to moderate susceptibility to [[Elm Yellows]].<ref name=Mittempergher>Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). The History of Elm Breeding. ''Invest. Agrar.: Sist Recur For. 2004 13 (1), 161-177.</ref> However, ''U. pumila'' is the most resistant of all the elms to [[verticillium wilt]].<ref name=Pegg>Pegg, G. F. & Brady, B. L. (2002). ''Verticillium Wilts''. CABI Publishing. [[ISBN 0-85199-529-2]]</ref>
==Species==
==Varieties==
<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->
One variety is recognized: [[Ulmus pumila var. arborea|var. ''arborea'']] <small>Litv.</small>.
==Cultivars==
Valued for the high resistance of some clones to [[Dutch elm disease]], over a dozen selections have been made to produce hardy ornamental cultivars, although several may no longer be in cultivation:
*[[Ulmus 'Ansaloni'|Ansaloni]], [[Ulmus 'Aurescens'|Aurescens]], [[Ulmus 'Chinkota'|Chinkota]], [[Ulmus 'Dropmore'|Dropmore]], [[Ulmus 'Green King'|Green King]], [[Ulmus 'Hansen'|Hansen]], [[Ulmus 'Harbin'|Harbin]], [[Ulmus 'Manchu'|Manchu]], [[Ulmus 'Mr. Buzz'|Mr. Buzz]], [[Ulmus 'Park Royal'|Park Royal]], [[Ulmus 'Pendula' (Siberian elm cultivar)|Pendula]], [[Ulmus 'Pyramidalis Fiorei'|Pyramidalis Fiorei]], [[Ulmus 'Variegata' (Siberian elm cultivar)|Variegata]]
==Hybrid cultivars==
The species has been widely hybridized in the [[USA]] and [[Italy]] to create robust trees of more native appearance with high levels of resistance to Dutch elm disease:
*[[Arno (elm hybrid)|Arno]], [[Cathedral (elm hybrid)|Cathedral]], [[Coolshade (elm hybrid)|Coolshade]], [[Fiorente (elm hybrid)|Fiorente]], [[Homestead (elm hybrid)|Homestead]], [[Lincoln (elm cultivar)|Lincoln]], [[Ulmus 'Morton Plainsman'|Morton Plainsman]], [[Ulmus 'Morton Stalwart'|Morton Stalwart]], [[Ulmus 'New Horizon'|New Horizon]], [[Plinio (elm cultivar)|Plinio]], [[Regal (elm hybrid)|Regal]], [[Rosehill (elm hybrid)|Rosehill]], [[San Zanobi (elm cultivar)|San Zanobi]], [[Urban (elm cultivar)|Urban]], [[Willis (elm hybrid)|Willis]].
Also ''U.'' '260' (''Ulmus × hollandica'' 'Vegeta' × ''Ulmus pumila'') raised at [[Wageningen]] but never commercially released; a few specimens survive as part of the [[Brighton & Hove]] CC [[NCCPG]] Elm Collection at Happy Valley Park, [[Woodingdean]]; Crespin Way, Hollingdean (10 trees), The Highway, Moulsecoomb (1 tree) and Royal Pavilion Gardens (1 tree).
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery perrow=5>
File:Ulmus pumila1.jpg
File:Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila) bark detail.jpg
File:비술나무 잎가지.JPG
File:Ulmus pumila 20070415.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
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