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| − | {{Taxobox | + | {{SPlantbox |
| − | | color = lightgreen | + | |familia=Rutaceae |
| − | | name = Grapefruit | + | |genus=Citrus |
| − | | image = Grapefruit_700x490.jpg | + | |species=× paradisi |
| − | | image_width = 250px | + | |common_name=Grapefruit |
| − | | image_caption = A basket of grapefruit | + | |habit=tree |
| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | + | |Min ht box=5 |
| − | | divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | + | |Min ht metric=m |
| − | | classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] | + | |Max ht box=15 |
| − | | subclassis = [[Rosidae]] | + | |Max ht metric=m |
| − | | ordo = [[Sapindales]] | + | |height_ref=Wikipedia |
| − | | familia = [[Rutaceae]] | + | |poisonous=interferes with some prescription drugs |
| − | | genus = ''[[Citrus]]'' | + | |lifespan=perennial |
| − | | species = ''C. paradisi'' | + | |exposure=sun |
| − | | binomial = ''Citrus paradisi'' | + | |features=evergreen, edible, fruit |
| − | | binomial_authority = Macfad. | + | |Temp Metric=°F |
| | + | |jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks! |
| | + | |image=Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit, pink)-2.jpg |
| | + | |image_width=240 |
| | }} | | }} |
| | + | The '''grapefruit''' (''Citrus [[Hybrid name|×]] paradisi''), is a [[subtropics|subtropical]] [[citrus]] tree known for its bitter [[fruit]], an 18th-century [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] first bred in [[Barbados]].<ref name="Carrington & Fraser">A~Z of Barbados Heritage, 2003, Macmillan Caribbean, ISBN 0333920686</ref>{{clarify|date=May 2010|reason=Why on earth is so much of this directly quoted? This is probably a copyright violation, and doesn't help our readers anyway. Work these facts into the main prose, remove the quotation, and cite this as the source.}} When found it was named the "[[forbidden fruit]]";<ref name="Forbidden_Fruit">[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefruit.html Fruits of warm climates]</ref> it has also been misidentified with the [[pomelo]] or shaddock (''C. maxima''), one of the parents of this hybrid, the other being [[sweet orange]] (''C. × sinensis''). |
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| − | The '''grapefruit''' is a sub-tropical [[citrus]] [[tree]] grown for its [[fruit]] which was originally named the "forbidden fruit" of [[Barbados]].<ref name="Forbidden_Fruit">Morton, J. 1987. Grapefruit. p. 152–158. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefruit.html Forbidden Fruit Reference]</ref> | + | These evergreen trees are usually found at around {{convert|5|–|6|m|ft}} tall, although they can reach {{convert|13|–|15|m|ft}}. The leaves are dark green, long (up to 150 mm, or 6 inches) and thin. It produces {{convert|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} white four-petaled [[flower]]s. The fruit is yellow-orange skinned and largely an [[oblate spheroid]]; it ranges in diameter from 10–15 cm. The flesh is segmented and [[acid]]ic, varying in color depending on the [[cultivar]]s, which include white, pink and red pulps of varying sweetness. The 1929 US Ruby Red (of the Redblush variety) has the first grapefruit [[patent]].<ref name="txsweet">[http://www.texasweet.com/About-Texas-Citrus/Texas-Grapefruit-History Texas grapefruit history], TexaSweet. Retrieved 2 July 2008.</ref> |
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| − | These evergreen trees are usually found at around 5-6 [[meters|m]] tall, although they can reach 13-15 m. The leaves are dark green, long (up to 150 mm) and thin. It produces 5 cm white four-petalled [[flower]]s. The fruit is yellow-skinned, largely oblate and ranges in diameter from 10-15 cm and has an [[acid]]ic yellow segmented pulp. The numerous [[cultivar]]s include the white grapefruit and the red, of which the 1929 US Ruby Red (of the Redblush variety) has a [[patent]]. The fruit has only become popular from the late 19th century; before that it was only grown as an ornamental plant. The US quickly became a major producer of the fruit, with [[orchard]]s in [[Florida]], [[Texas]], [[Arizona]], and [[California]]. In Spanish, the fruit is known as ''toronja'' or ''pomelo''.
| + | ==Cultivation== |
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| − | ==History==
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| − | The fruit was first documented in [[1750]] by Rev. Griffith Hughes describing specimens from [[Barbados]].<ref name="Q_A:Grapefruit">World Wide Words: Questions & Answers; Grapefruit. [http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-gra3.htm Abstract]</ref> Currently, the grapefruit is said to be one of the "Seven Wonders of Barbados".<ref>Barbados Seven Wonders: The Grapefruit Tree. [http://www.barbados.org/grapefrt.htm Abstract]</ref> It had developed as a [[hybrid]] of the [[pomelo]] (''Citrus maxima'') with the sweet [[orange (fruit)|orange]] (''Citrus sinensis''), though it is closer to the former. It was brought to Florida by Odette Philippe in [[1823]]. Further crosses have produced the [[tangelo]] (1905), the [[minneola tangelo|minneola]] (1931) and the [[Sweetie (fruit)|sweetie]] (1984).
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| − | The grapefruit was known as the ''shaddock'' or ''shattuck'' until the [[1800s]]. Its current name alludes to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to [[grape]]s. Botanically, it was not distinguished from the pomelo until the [[1830s]], when it was given the name ''Citrus paradisi''. Its true origins were not determined until the [[1940s]]. This led to the official name being altered to ''Citrus × paradisi''.<ref name="Texas_Citrus">Texas Citrus: Puzzling Beginnings. [http://www.texasweet.com/texascitrus/grapefruit.html Article]</ref><ref name="Grapefruit_Family_Tree">Grapefruit Family Tree: Origin of Red Grapefruit. [http://primera.tamu.edu/kcchome/webpages/Origin.html Article]</ref><ref name="University_of_Florida">University of Florida: IFAS Extension; The Grapefruit. [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/CH/CH06300.pdf Fact Sheet]</ref>
| + | ===Propagation=== |
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| − | ==Colors and flavors==
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| − | Grapefruit comes in many varieties, determinable by color, which is caused by the pigmentation of the fruit in respect of both its state of ripeness and genetic bent.<ref name="WHF"/>
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| − | The most popular varieties cultivated today are [[red]], [[white]], and [[pink]] hues. The family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat bitter to sweet and tart.<ref name="WHF"/>
| + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
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| − | Para-1-menthene-8-thiol, a [[sulfur]]-containing [[terpene]], is one of the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odour of grapefruit, compared to other citrus fruits.<ref name="Andrea_Buettner_and_Peter_Schieberle">{{cite journal
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| − | | title = Characterization of the Most Odor
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| − | -Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfayden)
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| − | | author = A. Buettner, P. Schieberle
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| − | | journal = J. Agric. Food Chem.
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| − | | year = 1999
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| − | | volume = 47
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| − | | pages = 5189-5193
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| − | | doi = 10.1021/jf990071l}}</ref>
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| − | ==Drug interactions== | + | ==Varieties== |
| − | Grapefruit can have a [[List of drugs affected by grapefruit|number of interactions]] with [[drugs]], often increasing the effective potency of compounds. Grapefruit contains [[naringin]], [[bergamottin]] and [[dihydroxybergamottin]], which inhibit the [[cytochrome P450]] [[isoform]] [[CYP3A4]] in the intestine. It is via inhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of [[buspirone]] (Buspar), [[carbamazepine]], [[caffeine]], several [[statin]] drugs (such as [[simvastatin]]), [[terfenadine]], [[felodipine]], [[nifedipine]], [[verapamil]], [[estradiol]], [[tacrolimus]], [[dextromethorphan]] (significant only at [[Non-medical use of dextromethorphan|recreational doses]]), [[benzodiazepines]], and [[ciclosporin]].<ref name="GSE_Drug_Effect">He K; Iyer KR; Hayes RN; Sinz MW; Woolf TF; Hollenberg PF. Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice. ''Chem Res Toxicol.'' 1998 Apr;'''11'''(4):252-9. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9548795&dopt=Abstract Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bailey_DG1998">Bailey DG, Malcolm J, Arnold O, Spence JD. Grapefruit juice-drug interactions. Br J ''Clin Pharmacol.'' 1998 Aug;'''46'''(2):101-10. Comment in: Br J ''Clin Pharmacol.'' 2001 Aug;'''52'''(2):216-7. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9723817 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Carbamazepine">Garg SK, Kumar N, Bhargava VK, Prabhakar SK. Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy. ''Clin Pharmacol Ther.'' 1998 Sep;'''64'''(3):286-8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9757152 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bailey_DG2004">Bailey DG, Dresser GK. Interactions between grapefruit juice and cardiovascular drugs. ''Am J Cardiovasc Drugs.'' 2004;'''4'''(5):281-97. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15449971 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bressler_R">Bressler R. Grapefruit juice and drug interactions. Exploring mechanisms of this interaction and potential toxicity for certain drugs. ''Geriatrics.'' 2006 Nov;'''61'''(11):12-8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17112309 Abstract]</ref> The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989. However, the effect became well-publicized after being responsible for a number of deaths due to overdosing on medication.<ref name="NYTimes">Bakalar, Nicholas. Experts Reveal the Secret Powers of Grapefruit Juice. ''New York Times.'' Published: March 21, 2006. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/21/health/21grap.html?ex=1300597200&en=61e834f36b9afac9&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Article]</ref> | + | Grapefruit comes in many varieties, determinable by color, which is caused by the pigmentation of the fruit in respect of both its state of ripeness and genetic bent.<ref name="WHF"/> The most popular varieties cultivated today are [[red]], [[white]], and [[pink]] hues, referring to the internal pulp color of the fruit. The family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat bitter to sweet and tart.<ref name="WHF"/> [[Grapefruit mercaptan]], a [[sulfur]]-containing [[terpene]], is one of the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odor of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits.<ref name="Andrea_Buettner_and_Peter_Schieberle">Characterization of the Most Odor-Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (''Citrus paradisi Macfayden''), J. Agric. Food Chem., 1999, volume = 47, pages = 5189–5193</ref> |
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| − | ==Health benefits== | + | ==Gallery== |
| − | Grapefruit is a good source of [[vitamin C]].<ref name="WHF">The World's Healthiest Foods; Grapefruit. ''The George Mateljan Foundation.'' [http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=25 Article]</ref><ref name="Fellers_PJ">Fellers PJ, Nikdel S, Lee HS. Nutrient content and nutrition labeling of several processed Florida citrus juice products. ''J Am Diet Assoc.'' 1990 Aug;'''90'''(8):1079-84. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2380455 Abstract]</ref>
| + | <gallery perrow=5> |
| | + | File:Grapefruit 2008-3-3.JPG| photo 1 |
| | + | File:Owoce Grejpfrut.jpg| photo 2 |
| | + | File:Grapefruit and cross section edit.jpg| photo 3 |
| | + | </gallery> |
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| − | The pink and red hues contain the beneficial antioxidant [[lycopene]].<ref name="WHF"/><ref name="Lee_HS">Lee HS. Objective measurement of red grapefruit juice color. ''J Agric Food Chem.'' 2000 May;'''48'''(5):1507-11. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10820051 Abstract]</ref>
| + | ==References== |
| − | | + | <references/> |
| − | Studies have shown grapefruit helps lower [[cholesterol]].<ref name="WHF"/><re
| + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| − | f name="Platt_R">Platt R. Current concepts in optimum nutrition for cardiovascular disease. ''Prev Cardiol.'' 2000 Spring;'''3'''(2):83-87. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11834923 Abstract]</ref>
| + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| − | | + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> |
| − | ==Medicinal effects==
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| − | There is evidence that citrus grapefruit seeds have low levels of [[antioxidant]] properties.<ref name="Extract">Armando, C., Maythe, S., Beatriz, N. P. Antioxidant activity of grapefruit seed extract on vegetable oils. ''Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture'' 1997 Dec;'''77'''(4):463-467. [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/10007270/ABSTRACT Abstract]</ref>
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| − | Grapefruit forms a core part of the "[[grapefruit diet]]", the theory being that the fruit's low [[glycemic index]] is able to help the body's [[metabolism]] burn [[fat]].<ref name="Grapefruit_Diet">WMUR Ch. 9: New Hampshire news, weather, sports and entertainment. Researchers Put Grapefruit Diet To Test: Grapefruit Compound Lowers Cholesterol, Helps Regulate Insulin. June 11, 2003. [http://www.wmur.com/health/2262919/detail.html Article]</ref>
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| − | Grapefruit peel oil is used in [[aromatherapy]] and it is historically known for its [[aromatic]] [[scent]].<ref name="Valerie">Ann Worwood, Valerie. The Complete Book of Essential Oils and Aromatherapy (Paperback). ''New World Library'' 1991. ISBN 0-93143-282-0</ref>
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| − | Grapefruit pectin is a beneficial source of soluble [[fiber]] as part of a well balanced, [[healthy diet]].<ref name="Pectin_Benefits">Cerda JJ, Robbins FL, Burgin CW, Baumgartner TG, Rice RW. The effects of grapefruit pectin on patients at risk for coronary heart disease without altering diet or lifestyle. ''Clin Cardiol.'' 1988 Sep;'''11'''(9):589-94. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3229016 Abstract]</ref>
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| − | [[Grapefruit seed extract]] has been claimed to be a strong [[antimicrobial]] with proven activity against [[bacterium|bacteria]] and [[fungi]]. However, studies have shown the efficacy of grapefruit seed extract as an antimicrobial is not demonstrated.
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| − | Although GSE is promoted as a highly effective plant-based preservative by some natural personal care manufacturers, studies indicate the universal antimicrobial activity associated with GSE preparations is merely due to [[contamination]] with synthetic [[preservatives]].<ref name="Study">Sakamoto S, Sato K, Maitani T, Yamada T. Analysis of components in natural food additive “grapefruit seed extract” by HPLC and LC/MS. ''Bull. Natl. Inst. Health Sci.'' 1996, '''114''':38–42. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9037863&query_hl=1 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Pharmazie">von Woedtke T, Schluter B, Pflegel P, Lindequist U, Julich WD. Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained. ''Pharmazie'' 1999 '''54''':452–456. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10399191&query_hl=1 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Contamination">Takeoka G, Dao L, Wong RY, Lundin R, Mahoney N. Identification of benzethonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts. ''J Agric Food Chem.'' 2001 '''49'''(7):3316–20. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11453769 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Adulteration">Takeoka GR, Dao LT, Wong RY, Harden LA. Identification of benzalkonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts. ''J Agric Food Chem.'' 2005 '''53'''(19):7630–6. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16159196&query_hl=1 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Preservatives">Ganzera M, Aberham A, Stuppner H. Development and validation of an HPLC/UV/MS method for simultaneous determination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract. Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. ''J Agric Food Chem.'' 2006 May 31;'''54'''(11):3768-72. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16719494 Abstract]</ref>
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | * [[Grapefruit juice]]
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| − | * [[Grapefruit spoon]]
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| − | * [[List of drugs affected by grapefruit]]
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| − | == References ==
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| − | <div class="references-small"><references/></div>
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| | ==External links== | | ==External links== |
| − | * [http://www.healthcentral.com/peoplespharmacy/pp_guides/PDF/gfruit02.pdf Graedon's Guide to Grapefruit Interactions.] | + | *{{wplink}} |
| − | * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefruit.html Grapefruit from "Fruits of warm climates" by Julia F. Morton.]
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| − | * [http://www.saalfelds.freeserve.co.uk/chelsea.htm World's Northernmost Fruiting Grapefruit?] in the [[Chelsea Physic Garden]], London.
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| − | * [http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch63.html Vegetarians in Paradise/Grapefruit History/Grapefruit Nutrition/Grapefruit Folklore/GrapefruitRecipe.]
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| − | [[Category:Grapefruit| ]]
| + | {{stub}} |
| − | [[Category:Citrus]]
| + | __NOTOC__ |
| − | [[Category:Fruit]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Barbados]]
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| − | [[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
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