Difference between revisions of "Forsythia"

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{{otheruses}}
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{{SPlantbox
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{{Taxobox
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|familia=Oleaceae
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| color = lightgreen
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|genus=Forsythia
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| name = Forsythia
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| image = Forsythia close-up 2 cropped.jpg
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|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
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| image_width = 240px
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|image=Forsythia flower.JPG
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| image_caption = ''Forsythia x intermedia''
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|image_width=240
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|image_caption=Forsythia × intermedia
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
 
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
 
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| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
 
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| familia = [[Oleaceae]]
 
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| genus = '''''Forsythia'''''
 
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| genus_authority = [[Martin Vahl|Vahl]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
 
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| subdivision =
 
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See text.
 
 
}}
 
}}
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'''''Forsythia''''' ({{pron-en|fɔrˈsɪθiə}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Oleaceae]] (olive family). There are about 11 species, mostly native to eastern [[Asia]], but one native to southeastern [[Europe]]. The common name is also '''Forsythia'''; the genus is named after [[William Forsyth (botanist)|William Forsyth]].<ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=112951 ''Forsythia'']</ref><ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Forsythia&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Forsythia'']</ref><ref name=stabg>St Andrews Botanic Garden: [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~gdk/stabotanic/aprilpom.htm Plant of the Month: ''Forsythia'']</ref>
  
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'''Forsythia''' is both the common name and botanical name of a [[plant]] genus belonging to the [[Oleaceae]] (Olive family). It is named after [[William Forsyth]], and comprises six species of [[deciduous]] [[shrub]]s to 3-6 m tall, mostly native to [[Asia]], but one native to southeastern [[Europe]].
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They are [[deciduous]] [[shrub]]s typically growing to a height of {{nowrap|1&ndash;3 m}} {{nowrap|(3&ndash;9 ft.)}} and, rarely, up to {{nowrap|6 m (18 ft.),}} with rough grey-brown [[bark]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite, usually simple but sometimes trifoliate with a basal pair of small leaflets, and range from {{nowrap|2&ndash;10 cm (1&ndash;4 in.)}} in length and, rarely, up to {{nowrap|15 cm (6 in.)}} long; the margin is serrated or entire. The [[flower]]s are produced in the early spring before the leaves, bright yellow with a deeply four-lobed [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]], the petals joined only at the base. These become pendant in rainy weather thus shielding the reproductive parts. The Forsythia's flowers are impressive with the fact that they are able to produce [[lactose]] (the [[milk]] sugar). Lactose is very rarely established in other natural sources except [[milk]]. The actual [[fruit]] is a dry capsule, containing several winged [[seed]]s.<ref name=foc/><ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.</ref>
  
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The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite, usually simple but sometimes trifoliate with a basal pair of small leaflets, and range from 4-12 cm long; the margin is serrated. The [[flower]]s are produced in the early spring before the leaves, bright yellow with four petals. The [[fruit]] is a dry capsule, containing several winged [[seed]]s.
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{{Inc|
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Forsythia (after William Forsyth, prominent English horticulturist, director of the Royal Garden at Kensington, 1737-1804). Oleaceae. Golden- Bell. Shrubs grown for their wealth of bright yellow flowers appearing early in spring, also for their handsome dark green foliage.
  
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Forsythias are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Brown-tail]] and [[Gothic (moth)|The Gothic]].
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Deciduous: lvs. opposite, petioled, serrate or entire, simple or partly 3-parted to 3-foliolate: fls. 1-6, axillary, pedicelled, heterostylous; calyx and corolla deeply 4-lobed, lobes of the corolla oblong, longer than the campanulate tube; stamens 2, included, inserted at the base of the corolla; ovary superior; style slender with 2-lobed stigma: fr. a 2- celled, dehiscent caps, with many winged seeds.— Four species in China, Japan and S. E. Eu.
  
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The golden-bells are highly ornamental, free-flowering shrubs, with simple or ternate leaves and showy yellow flowers, borne in great profusion along the slender branches in early spring before the leaves. They belong to the showiest early - flowering shrubs, and showy yellow flowers, borne in great profusion along the slender branches in early spring before the leaves. They belong to the showiest early-flowering shrubs, and have handsome, clean foliage, remarkably free from insects or fungi, remaining unchanged until late in fall. The upright forms are well adapted for the borders of shrubberies and the pendulous form for covering walls, fences, arbors or porches. They grow in almost any kind of garden soil, and are hardy North except F. viridissima, which is somewhat tenderer. Propagation is readily by greenwood and hardwood cuttings; also by seeds. The branches of the pendulous form often take root at the tips when touching the ground, and send forth vigorous shoots, like some brambles or the walking-fern.
  
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The species are:
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F. giraldiana, Lingelah. Upright shrub: lvs. elliptic to oblong, long-acuminate, broadly cuneate at the base, entire or serrulate, glabrous or hairy on the veins beneath, 2-5 in. long: fls. short-stalked: caps, ovoid with a long and slender beak. N. W. China.
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*''[[Forsythia europaea]]'', from the [[Balkans]]
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{{SCH}}
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*''[[Forsythia giraldiana]]'', from northwest [[China]]
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}}
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*''[[Forsythia japonica]]'' from [[Japan]]
 
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*''[[Forsythia ovata]]'', from [[Korea]]
 
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*''[[Forsythia suspensa]]'', from [[China]]
 
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*''[[Forsythia viridissima]]'', from [[China]]
 
  
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The [[hybrid]]s ''Forsythia × intermedia'' (''F. suspensa'' × ''F. viridissima'') and ''Forsythia × variabilis'' (''F. ovata'' × ''F. suspensa'') have been produced in cultivation.
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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===Cultivation and uses===
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===Propagation===
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Forsythias are popular early spring flowering shrubs in [[garden]]s and [[park]]s. Two are commonly cultivated for ornament, ''Forsythia × intermedia'' and ''Forsythia suspensa''. They are both spring flowering shrubs, with yellow flowers. They are grown and prized for being tough, reliable garden plants. ''Forsythia × intermedia'' is the more commonly grown, is smaller, has an upright habit, and produces strongly coloured flowers. ''Forsythia suspensa'' is a large to very large shrub, can be grown as a weeping shrub on banks, and has paler flowers. Many named garden [[cultivar]]s can also be found.
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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Commercial [[plant propagation|propagation]] is usually by [[cuttings]], taken from green wood after flowering in late spring to early summer; alternatively, cuttings may be taken between November and February.
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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''F. suspensa'' (Chinese: [[wikt:连|连]][[wikt:翘|翘]]; pinyin: liánqiào) is considered one of the 50 fundamental herbs in [[Chinese herbology]]. Forsythia sticks are used to bow a Korean string instrument called ''[[ajaeng]]''.
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==Species==
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The 6 species are{{wp}}:
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*''[[Forsythia europaea]]'' Degen & Bald. [[Balkans]] in [[Albania]] and [[Serbia]].
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*''[[Forsythia giraldiana]]'' Lingelsh. Northwest [[China]].
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*''[[Forsythia japonica]]'' Makino. [[Japan]].
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*''Forsythia likiangensis'' Ching & Feng ex P.Y.Bai. Southwest China.
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*''Forsythia mandschurica'' Uyeki. Northeast China.
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*''Forsythia mira'' M.C.Chang. North central China.
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*''Forsythia koreana'' (Nakai) T.B.Lee. [[Korea]].
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*''[[Forsythia ovata]]'', from [[Korea]]
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*''[[Forsythia suspensa]]'', from [[China]]
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*''Forsythia togashii'' H.Hara. Japan ([[Shōdoshima]]).
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*''[[Forsythia viridissima]]'', from [[China]]
  
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Forsythia sometimes planted in the [[median strip]]s of divided highways to block headlamp glare and to beautify the highways while in bloom.  The plant requires little attention and can grow to sizable proportions capable of stopping small vehicles which run off the road.
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Hybrids:
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*''[[Forsythia × intermedia]]''. Garden hybrid between ''F. suspensa'' and ''F. viridissima''.
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*''[[Forsythia × variabilis]]'' (''F. ovata'' × ''F. suspensa'') have been produced in cultivation.
  
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===Gallery===
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
  
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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Image:Forsythia 50years.jpg|A 50-year old Forsythia shrub in [[Maryland]]<!--attribution required: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/image:Forsythia 50years.jpg-->  
 
Image:Forsythia 50years.jpg|A 50-year old Forsythia shrub in [[Maryland]]<!--attribution required: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/image:Forsythia 50years.jpg-->  
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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{{Commons|Forsythia}}
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*{{wplink}}
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*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/basics/techniques/propagation_takesummercuttings.shtml BBC - summer cuttings]
 
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*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/3306.shtml BBC - Forsythia page]
 
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*[http://www.rhs.org.uk/WhatsOn/gardens/wisley/archive/wisleypom03mar.asp Royal Horticultural Society]
 
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*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/fovi.htm ''Forsythia viridissima'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
 
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*[http://landscaping.about.com/cs/shrubsbushes/p/forsythia.htm Forsythia Shrubs]
 
  
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Oleaceae]]
 

Latest revision as of 03:29, 30 July 2010


Forsythia × intermedia


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Oleaceae >

Forsythia >


If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!


Forsythia (pronounced /fɔrˈsɪθiə/)[1] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae (olive family). There are about 11 species, mostly native to eastern Asia, but one native to southeastern Europe. The common name is also Forsythia; the genus is named after William Forsyth.[2][3][4]

They are deciduous shrubs typically growing to a height of Template:Nowrap Template:Nowrap and, rarely, up to Template:Nowrap with rough grey-brown bark. The leaves are opposite, usually simple but sometimes trifoliate with a basal pair of small leaflets, and range from Template:Nowrap in length and, rarely, up to Template:Nowrap long; the margin is serrated or entire. The flowers are produced in the early spring before the leaves, bright yellow with a deeply four-lobed corolla, the petals joined only at the base. These become pendant in rainy weather thus shielding the reproductive parts. The Forsythia's flowers are impressive with the fact that they are able to produce lactose (the milk sugar). Lactose is very rarely established in other natural sources except milk. The actual fruit is a dry capsule, containing several winged seeds.[2][5]


Read about Forsythia in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Forsythia (after William Forsyth, prominent English horticulturist, director of the Royal Garden at Kensington, 1737-1804). Oleaceae. Golden- Bell. Shrubs grown for their wealth of bright yellow flowers appearing early in spring, also for their handsome dark green foliage.

Deciduous: lvs. opposite, petioled, serrate or entire, simple or partly 3-parted to 3-foliolate: fls. 1-6, axillary, pedicelled, heterostylous; calyx and corolla deeply 4-lobed, lobes of the corolla oblong, longer than the campanulate tube; stamens 2, included, inserted at the base of the corolla; ovary superior; style slender with 2-lobed stigma: fr. a 2- celled, dehiscent caps, with many winged seeds.— Four species in China, Japan and S. E. Eu.

The golden-bells are highly ornamental, free-flowering shrubs, with simple or ternate leaves and showy yellow flowers, borne in great profusion along the slender branches in early spring before the leaves. They belong to the showiest early - flowering shrubs, and showy yellow flowers, borne in great profusion along the slender branches in early spring before the leaves. They belong to the showiest early-flowering shrubs, and have handsome, clean foliage, remarkably free from insects or fungi, remaining unchanged until late in fall. The upright forms are well adapted for the borders of shrubberies and the pendulous form for covering walls, fences, arbors or porches. They grow in almost any kind of garden soil, and are hardy North except F. viridissima, which is somewhat tenderer. Propagation is readily by greenwood and hardwood cuttings; also by seeds. The branches of the pendulous form often take root at the tips when touching the ground, and send forth vigorous shoots, like some brambles or the walking-fern.

F. giraldiana, Lingelah. Upright shrub: lvs. elliptic to oblong, long-acuminate, broadly cuneate at the base, entire or serrulate, glabrous or hairy on the veins beneath, 2-5 in. long: fls. short-stalked: caps, ovoid with a long and slender beak. N. W. China. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

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Propagation

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Pests and diseases

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Species

The 6 species arewp:

Hybrids:

Gallery

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  • A Forsythia shrub

  • Forsythia × intermedia flowers and young leaves

  • Forsythia flowers

  • A Forsythia flower

  • A 50-year old Forsythia shrub in Maryland

References

External links


  1. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Flora of China: Forsythia
  3. ↑ Flora Europaea: Forsythia
  4. ↑ St Andrews Botanic Garden: Plant of the Month: Forsythia
  5. ↑ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
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