Difference between revisions of "Broccoli"

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{{otheruses}}
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{{SPlantbox
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{{Infobox Cultivar | name = Broccoli
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|familia=Brassicaceae
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| image = Broccoli bunches.jpg
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|genus=Brassica
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| image_width = 150px
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|species=oleracea
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| image_caption = Broccoli, cultivar unknown
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|subspecies=Broccoli
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| species = ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''
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|cultivar=Italica Group
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| group = Italica Group
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|habit=herbaceous
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| origin = possibly [[Ancient Rome]]
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|origin=Western Europe
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| subdivision = Many; see text.
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|lifespan=annual
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|exposure=sun, part-sun
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|water=moderate
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|features=edible
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|flowers=yellow
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|Temp Metric=°F
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|min_zone=on
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|max_zone=on
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|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
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|image=Broccoli bunches.jpg
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|image_width=240
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|image_caption=Broccoli, cultivar unknown
 
}}
 
}}
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'''Broccoli''' is a plant in the [[Brassicaceae|cabbage family]], whose large flower head is used as a vegetable.
  
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'''Broccoli''' is a plant of the [[Cabbage]] family, [[Brassicaceae]] (formerly Cruciferae). It is classified as the Italica [[Cultivar Group]] of the species ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''. Broccoli possesses abundant fleshy green flower heads arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches sprouting from a thick, edible stalk. The large mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles its close relative [[cauliflower]], but is green rather than white.  Common varieties are '''Calabrese''' and '''purple sprouting broccoli'''.
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Broccoli is classified in the Italica [[cultivar group]] of the species ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''. Broccoli has large [[flower head]]s, usually green in color, arranged in a tree-like fashion on [[branches]] [[sprouting]] from a thick, edible [[plant stem|stalk]]. The Broccoli leaves are also edible. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles [[cauliflower]], which is a different cultivar group of the same species.
  
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==History of broccoli==
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}}
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[[Image:Broccoli crop.jpg|thumb|Test plot-grown broccoli near Salinas, California, USA.]]
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{{Inc|
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[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] references to a cabbage-family vegetable that may have been broccoli are less than perfectly clear: the Roman natural history writer, [[Pliny the Elder]], wrote about a vegetable that fit the description of broccoli. Some vegetable scholars recognize broccoli in the [[cookbook]] of [[Apicius]].
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Broccoli, which is a long-season [[cauliflower]], is in all respects like cauliflower except that its vegetative parts are somewhat coarser, the heads somewhat smaller, and it does not form an edible curd early in its life as does cauliflower.
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Broccoli is cultivated only in climates having a mild winter, when it can be planted the summer before and carried through the winter to form heads early the following spring. It is a popular plant in all parts of France and particularly in England. It is undoubtedly the parent type of the cauliflower, the cultivated varieties of cauliflower being short-season forms.
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For best results, the seed should be sown at the same time as that of autumn cabbage and the plants transplanted to the field about the same time, so that they will make their vegetative growth during the late summer and autumn. Altough there is cultivar variety who can be best planted in early spring in zone 3-4. Where winters are mild, the plants can be left in the open, but in more rigorous climates at the approach of cold weather, a small number of plants can be lifted with earth adhering to the roots, stored in a suitable root-cellar, and the following spring transferred to the open to form heads. L. C. Cobbett.{{SCH}}
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}}
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==Cultivation==
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Broccoli is a cool-weather crop that does poorly in hot summer weather. Broccoli grows best when exposed to an average daily temperature between {{convert|18|and|23|°C|°F}}.<ref>{{cite web|title = HGIC 1301 Broccoli|last = Smith|first = Powell|date = June 1999|publisher = [[Clemson University]]|url = http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/vegetables/crops/hgic1301.html|accessdate = 25 August 2009}}</ref>
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When the cluster of flowers, also referred to as a "head" of broccoli, appear in the center of the plant, the cluster is green. Garden pruners or shears are used to cut the head about an inch from the tip. Broccoli should be cultivated before the flowers on the head bloom bright yellow.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title = Broccoli|last = Liptay|first = Albert|year = 1988|publisher = [[World Book Encyclopedia|World Book, Inc.]]}}</ref>
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===Propagation===
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Seed.
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===Pests and diseases===
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'''Pest'''
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Cabbage Butterfly [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieris_brassicae]
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Cabbage Fly [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delia_radicum]
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Cabbage Looper [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage_looper]
  
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Broccoli was an Italian vegetable, as its name suggests, long before it was eaten elsewhere. It is first mentioned in [[France]] in [[1560]], but in [[1724]] broccoli was still so unfamiliar in [[England]] that [[Philip Miller]]'s ''Gardener's Dictionary'' (1724 edition) referred to it as a stranger in England and explained it as "sprout colli-flower" or "Italian asparagus".  In the American colonies, [[Thomas Jefferson]] was also an experimentative gardener with a wide circle of European correspondents, from whom he got packets of seeds for rare vegetables such as tomatoes. He noted the planting of broccoli at [[Monticello]] along with radishes, lettuce, and cauliflower on [[May 27]], [[1767]]. Nevertheless, broccoli remained an exotic in American gardens. In 1775, John Randolph, in ''A Treatise on Gardening by a Citizen of Virginia,'' felt he had to explain about broccoli: "The stems will eat like [[Asparagus]], and the heads like [[Cauliflower]]."
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Cutworm [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutworm]
  
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Commercial cultivation of broccoli in the [[United States]] can be traced to the D'Arrigo brothers, Stephano and Andrea, immigrants from [[Messina, Italy]], whose company made some tentative plantings in [[San Jose, California]] in [[1922]]. A few crates were initially shipped to [[Boston]], where there was a thriving [[Italian people|Italian]] immigrant culture in the [[North End]]. The broccoli business boomed, with the D'Arrigo's brand name "Andy Boy" named after Stephano's two-year-old son, Andrew, and backed with advertisements on the [[radio]].
 
  
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A [[genetically engineered]] cross between broccoli and [[cauliflower]], the [[brocciflower]], was first cultivated in [[Europe]] around [[1988]]. Its very pale green heads are densely packed like [[cauliflower]] but has the flavour of broccoli.
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'''Diseases'''
  
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The word ''broccoli'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''brachium'' and Italian ''braccio'' meaning "arm."
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Clubroot [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubroot]
  
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==Cultivation, preparation and nutritional value==
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Black Rot
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{{nutritionalvalue | name=Broccoli, raw (edible parts), 100g | kJ=141 | protein=2.82 g | fat=0.37 g | carbs=6.64 g | fiber=2.6 g | | sugars=1.7 g | iron_mg=0.73 | calcium_mg=47 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=66 | potassium_mg=316 | zinc_mg=0.41 | vitC_mg=89.2 | pantothenic_mg=0.573 | vitB6_mg=0.175 | folate_ug=63 | thiamin_mg=0.071 | riboflavin_mg=0.117 | niacin_mg=0.639 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }}
 
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Broccoli is a cool-weather crop that does poorly in hot summer weather. Other cultivar groups of ''Brassica oleracea'' include: [[cabbage]] (Capitata Group), [[cauliflower]] (Botrytis Group), [[kale]] and [[collard greens]] (Acephala Group), [[kohlrabi]] (Gongylodes Group), and [[Brussels sprout]]s (Gemmifera Group).  [[Chinese broccoli]] (Alboglabra Group) is also a cultivar group of ''Brassica oleracea''. 
 
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It is usually boiled or steamed, but may be eaten raw and has become popular as a
 
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raw vegetable in [[hors-d'oeuvre]] trays. It is high in [[vitamin C]] and [[dietary fiber|soluble fiber]] and contains the compound glucoraphanin, leading to an anticancer compound [[sulforaphane]].
 
  
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==Broccoli in popular culture==
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Mildew
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*Broccoli is frequently referred to in [[popular culture]] as a vegetable that parents try to force their unwilling children to eat.
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*In ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode [[Treehouse of Horror XI]], Homer is killed by eating broccoli. When examining the body, Dr. Hibbert said that broccoli was one of the deadliest plants, and it warned people with its bad taste.
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==Varieties==
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*United States President [[George H. W. Bush]] was known to have an active disdain for broccoli, having actually said so in an offhand remark during his presidency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law/jan-june98/fooddef_1-20.html |publisher=PBS |title=What's Your Beef? |accessdate=2006-08-05 |date=[[1998-01-20]]}}</ref> In response, a powerful broccoli [[agriculture]] [[lobby (politics)|lobby]] sent several tons of it to the White House. This broccoli was promptly donated to the [[Capital Area Food Bank]].<ref name="chron">{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/downloads/chronology.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-08-05 |title=Chronology |publisher=Capital Area Food Bank}}</ref>
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There are three commonly grown types of broccoli. The most familiar is a often referred to simply as "broccoli", and sometimes calabrese named after [[Calabria]] in Italy. It has large (10 to 20&nbsp;cm) green heads and thick stalks. It is a cool season annual crop.
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*In the [[Television|TV]] [[sitcom]] ''[[Seinfeld]]'', [[Newman (Seinfeld)|Newman]] refers to broccoli as a "Vile weed!".  
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*Tom "Broccoli" Landers is the current world record holder for eating broccoli. Following the World Broccoli-Eating Contest in New Jersey, he offered this tip for getting it down: "Just swallow, don't bother to chew." Landers consumed 1 pound of the green vegetable in 92 seconds.  
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'''Sprouting broccoli''' has a larger number of heads with many thin stalks. It is planted in May to be harvested during the winter or early the following year in temperate climates. The heirloom variety "calabrese" available in North America is of this type.
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*In [[Michael Winterbottom]]'s 2002 film ''[[24 Hour Party People]]'', a [[marijuana|stoned]] [[Tony Wilson]] repeatedly claims that the vegetable was 'invented' by [[Albert R. Broccoli|Cubby Broccoli]].
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*In 1928, when broccoli was still something of a novelty in the United States, a cartoon<ref>[http://cartoonbank.com/assets/1/38868_m.gif Cartoon featuring broccoli]</ref> appeared in the [[New Yorker magazine]], drawn by [[Carl Rose]] with a caption by [[E.B. White]]. A mother and child are seated at the table, and the mother says "It's broccoli, dear." The child replies "I say it's [[spinach]], and I say the hell with it."
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'''Raab broccoli''' has a larger number of small heads with many thin stalks and little leaves. It is technically in the Rapa cultivar group.
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* In ''[[Family Guy]]'' episode [[I Never Met the Dead Man]], Stewie devises a plan to get out of eating the broccoli that he so despises: he intends to build a weather-altering machine that will freeze broccoli crops everywhere.
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[[Romanesco broccoli]] has a distinctive [[fractal]] appearance of its heads, and is yellow-green in colour. It is technically in the Botrytis ([[cauliflower]]) cultivar group.
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'''Purple cauliflower''' is a type of broccoli sold in southern Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. It has a head shaped like cauliflower, but consisting of tiny flower buds. It sometimes, but not always, has a purple cast to the tips of the flower buds.
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Other cultivar groups of ''Brassica oleracea'' include [[cabbage]] (Capitata Group), [[cauliflower]] (Botrytis Group), [[kale]] and [[collard greens]] (Acephala Group), [[kohlrabi]] (Gongylodes Group), and [[Brussels sprout]]s (Gemmifera Group). [[Chinese broccoli]] (Alboglabra Group) is also a cultivar group of ''Brassica oleracea''.<ref name=Dixon2007>{{cite book|last1 = Dixon|first1 = G.R.|year = 2007|title = Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers|isbn = 9780851993959|publisher = CABI|location = Wallingford}}</ref>
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
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<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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Image:Broccoli crop.jpg|Test plot-grown broccoli
 
Image:sa_broccoli_florets.jpg|Extreme close-up of broccoli florets.
 
Image:sa_broccoli_florets.jpg|Extreme close-up of broccoli florets.
 
Image:Broccoli_bloem.jpg | Broccoli flowers.
 
Image:Broccoli_bloem.jpg | Broccoli flowers.
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</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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==References and notes==
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==References==
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<div class="references-small"><references /></div>
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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{{commonscat|Broccoli}}
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*{{wplink}}
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* [http://www.nutritiondata.com/foods-broccoli011000000000000000000.html Complete nutritional info.]
 
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* [http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch44.html Broccoli lore]
 
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* [http://growingtaste.com/vegetables/broccoli.shtml Broccoli for the home gardener]
 
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* [http://www.photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=1236856 Photograph of the distinctive Broccoli romanesco.]
 
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* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,4382-1589335_3,00.html Gordon Ramsay recipe for Broccoli Soup]
 
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* [http://www.honolulumagazine.com/articles.aspx?id=4439&q=&m=11&y=2006&bid=1 "Mom Was Right", HONOLULU Magazine ~ November 2006]
 
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[[Category:Inflorescence vegetables]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Brassica]]
 

Latest revision as of 00:47, 5 March 2015


Broccoli, cultivar unknown


Plant Characteristics
Habit   herbaceous

Lifespan: ⌛ annual
Origin: ✈ Western Europe
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun, part-sun
Water: ◍ moderate
Features: ✓ edible
USDA Zones: on"on" is not a number. to on"on" is not a number.
Flower features: ❀ yellow
Scientific Names

Brassicaceae >

Brassica >

oleracea >

Broccoli >

Italica Group >


If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!


Broccoli is a plant in the cabbage family, whose large flower head is used as a vegetable.

Broccoli is classified in the Italica cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea. Broccoli has large flower heads, usually green in color, arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches sprouting from a thick, edible stalk. The Broccoli leaves are also edible. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles cauliflower, which is a different cultivar group of the same species.

}}

Read about Broccoli in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Broccoli, which is a long-season cauliflower, is in all respects like cauliflower except that its vegetative parts are somewhat coarser, the heads somewhat smaller, and it does not form an edible curd early in its life as does cauliflower.

Broccoli is cultivated only in climates having a mild winter, when it can be planted the summer before and carried through the winter to form heads early the following spring. It is a popular plant in all parts of France and particularly in England. It is undoubtedly the parent type of the cauliflower, the cultivated varieties of cauliflower being short-season forms.

For best results, the seed should be sown at the same time as that of autumn cabbage and the plants transplanted to the field about the same time, so that they will make their vegetative growth during the late summer and autumn. Altough there is cultivar variety who can be best planted in early spring in zone 3-4. Where winters are mild, the plants can be left in the open, but in more rigorous climates at the approach of cold weather, a small number of plants can be lifted with earth adhering to the roots, stored in a suitable root-cellar, and the following spring transferred to the open to form heads. L. C. Cobbett.CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Broccoli is a cool-weather crop that does poorly in hot summer weather. Broccoli grows best when exposed to an average daily temperature between 18 and 23 °C.[1] When the cluster of flowers, also referred to as a "head" of broccoli, appear in the center of the plant, the cluster is green. Garden pruners or shears are used to cut the head about an inch from the tip. Broccoli should be cultivated before the flowers on the head bloom bright yellow.[2]

Propagation

Seed.

Pests and diseases

Pest

Cabbage Butterfly [1]

Cabbage Fly [2]

Cabbage Looper [3]

Cutworm [4]


Diseases

Clubroot [5]

Black Rot

Mildew

Varieties

There are three commonly grown types of broccoli. The most familiar is a often referred to simply as "broccoli", and sometimes calabrese named after Calabria in Italy. It has large (10 to 20 cm) green heads and thick stalks. It is a cool season annual crop.

Sprouting broccoli has a larger number of heads with many thin stalks. It is planted in May to be harvested during the winter or early the following year in temperate climates. The heirloom variety "calabrese" available in North America is of this type.

Raab broccoli has a larger number of small heads with many thin stalks and little leaves. It is technically in the Rapa cultivar group.

Romanesco broccoli has a distinctive fractal appearance of its heads, and is yellow-green in colour. It is technically in the Botrytis (cauliflower) cultivar group.

Purple cauliflower is a type of broccoli sold in southern Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. It has a head shaped like cauliflower, but consisting of tiny flower buds. It sometimes, but not always, has a purple cast to the tips of the flower buds.

Other cultivar groups of Brassica oleracea include cabbage (Capitata Group), cauliflower (Botrytis Group), kale and collard greens (Acephala Group), kohlrabi (Gongylodes Group), and Brussels sprouts (Gemmifera Group). Chinese broccoli (Alboglabra Group) is also a cultivar group of Brassica oleracea.[3]

Gallery

  • Test plot-grown broccoli

  • Extreme close-up of broccoli florets.

  • Broccoli flowers.

  • Two broccoli heads.

  • Romanesco broccoli, showing fractal forms

  • Steamed broccoli

References

External links


  1. ↑ Smith, Powell (June 1999). "HGIC 1301 Broccoli". Clemson University. Retrieved on 25 August 2009.
  2. ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
  3. ↑ Dixon, G.R. (2007). Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers. Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9780851993959. 
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