Changes

{{Plantbox

{{SPlantbox

| color = IndianRed

|familia=Actinidiaceae

| common_names =  

|genus=Actinidia

| growth_habit = vine

|species=arguta

| high =  

| wide =  

| lifespan = Hardy Perennial

|habit=vine-climber

| exposure = Full sun

| features = Fruit, foliage

| hardiness = Perennial

| usda_zones = All zones

| sunset_zones = All zones

| name = ''Hardy Kiwi''

| image = HardyKiwi.jpg

| image_width = 240px

| image_caption = Baby Kiwi Fruit

|Max wd metric=ft

|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|lifespan=perennial

|exposure=sun

|features=flowers, edible, fruit, foliage

|flower_season=early summer, mid summer, late summer

|flowers=white

|Temp Metric=°F

|min_zone=3

|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|image=Actinidia-arguta.jpg

|image_width=240

|image_caption=Baby Kiwi Fruit

}}

}}

A small, green to purple skinned, [[fruit]] similar to [[kiwifruit]], '''hardy kiwifruit''' is an edible, berry-sized [[fruit]] of a [[Cultivar Group]] of the [[woody plant|woody]] [[vine]] '''''Actinidia arguta'''''. Often sweeter than the [[kiwifruit]], hardy kiwifruit can be eaten whole and need not be peeled. Thin-walled, its exterior is smooth and leathery, providing a deceiving contrast to the fuzzy, brown exterior of its larger sibling fruits.

A small, green to purple skinned, [[fruit]] similar to [[kiwifruit]], '''hardy kiwifruit''' is an edible, berry-sized [[fruit]] of a [[Cultivar Group]] of the [[woody plant|woody]] [[vine]] '''''Actinidia arguta'''''. Often sweeter than the [[kiwifruit]], hardy kiwifruit can be eaten whole and need not be peeled. Thin-walled, its exterior is smooth and leathery, providing a deceiving contrast to the fuzzy, brown exterior of its larger sibling fruits.

Additional differences between cultivars can include perceived aroma of the fruit as well as bitterness of the skin. Commercial cultivation has begun for this crop in many regions of the United States due to the plants ability to grow in harsher climates than the kiwifruit.  

Additional differences between cultivars can include perceived aroma of the fruit as well as bitterness of the skin. Commercial cultivation has begun for this crop in many regions of the United States due to the plants ability to grow in harsher climates than the kiwifruit.  

==Cultivars==

==Cultivars==

===Female===

===Female===

* ''Ananasnaja (Anna)'' - Said to be an outstandingly reliable bearer of relatively large fruit (to 1" X 1-1/2"). Fruit is said to be not quite as sweet as that of some other cultivars. Appears to be more resistant to spring frosts than other Actinidias and will supposedly produce blossoms on re-growth if the original growth is killed by frost in spring.  

* ''Ananasnaja (Anna)'' - Said to be an outstandingly reliable bearer of relatively large fruit (to 1" X 1-1/2"). Fruit is said to be not quite as sweet as that of some other cultivars. Appears to be more resistant to spring frosts than other Actinidias and will supposedly produce blossoms on re-growth if the original growth is killed by frost in spring. A medium-size fruit, 4cm long and 2½cm in diameter{{pfaf183}}. Juicy and sweet with a distinct pineapple-like aroma and flavour{{pfaf183}}. Possibly a hybrid with A. kolomikta, it is a reliable bearer that often produces fruit in bunches like grapes{{pfaf183}}. A very hardy plant, tolerating temperatures down to -35°c when fully dormant{{pfaf183}}.

*''Ananasnaya''(different than above, with a Y)- Fruit is said to have a pleasant pineapple-like flavor. Appears to be a different cultivar from 'Ananasnaja', above. Can bear over 200 lbs. of fruit.

*''Ananasnaya''(different than above, with a Y)- Fruit is said to have a pleasant pineapple-like flavor. Appears to be a different cultivar from 'Ananasnaja', above. Can bear over 200 lbs. of fruit.

* ''Cordifolia''

* ''Cordifolia''

* ''Dumbarton Oaks'' - Fruit is said to be especially sweet.

* ''Dumbarton Oaks'' - Fruit is said to be especially sweet.

* ''Geneva'' - Bears fruit to about 1" long; ripens here in late September and October. From the Geneva, NY Agricultural Experiment Station. Very vigorous and reliably hardy.

* ''Geneva'' - Bears fruit to about 1" long; ripens here in late September and October. From the Geneva, NY Agricultural Experiment Station. Very vigorous and reliably hardy.

* ''Issai'' (2 distinct self-fruitful cultivars from Japan) - Bears fruit to about 1" long; ripens here in late September and October. Very vigorous and reliably hardy here.

* ''Issai'' (2 distinct self-fruitful cultivars from Japan) - Bears fruit to about 1" long; ripens here in late September and October. Very vigorous and reliably hardy here. A long fruit, up to 4cm in diameter, it is sweet with a good flavour and high quality{{pfaf183}}. The fruit is seedless when it is not pollinated{{pfaf183}}. This cultivar can produce fruits in the absence of a male pollinator, often in the first year after grafting, but yields will be increased if the plant is pollinated{{pfaf183}}.

* ''Ken's Red''

* ''Ken's Red''

* ''Michigan State'' - A female selection from Michigan State University. Well regarded for fruit size and quality.

* ''Michigan State'' - A female selection from Michigan State University. Well regarded for fruit size and quality.

* ''119-40B'' - A self-pollinating selection from the Arnold Arboretum in Massachusetts. Appears to be a typical A. arguta in other respects (unlike 'Issai'), and will probably be useful for pollinating other A. arguta cultivars.

* ''119-40B'' - A self-pollinating selection from the Arnold Arboretum in Massachusetts. Appears to be a typical A. arguta in other respects (unlike 'Issai'), and will probably be useful for pollinating other A. arguta cultivars.

Pruning: For best fruit production, pruning in the winter is a must. All pruning techniques are usually based on a "cane replacement" and differ only based on the trellising method used. Kiwi vines need to be supported and this is usually done in one of three ways: single wire, 3-5 wire on a T-bar system, or onto a patio cover. In all cases, one stem is trained up to a wire at six feet and then allowed to grow along the wire. When growth ends in a "pig-tailing" of the shoot, it is cut behind the entanglement and new a shoot allowed to grow from a leaf base. After two years multiple shoots will now emerge from the lateral mainline. During the growing season, each lateral cane will send out a new shoot about 1/3 of the way from its own starting point. The next winter, prune off the older cane at the point that it connects with last summers new shoot. This process repeats itself every year.

Pruning: For best fruit production, pruning in the winter is a must. All pruning techniques are usually based on a "cane replacement" and differ only based on the trellising method used. Kiwi vines need to be supported and this is usually done in one of three ways: single wire, 3-5 wire on a T-bar system, or onto a patio cover. In all cases, one stem is trained up to a wire at six feet and then allowed to grow along the wire. When growth ends in a "pig-tailing" of the shoot, it is cut behind the entanglement and new a shoot allowed to grow from a leaf base. After two years multiple shoots will now emerge from the lateral mainline. During the growing season, each lateral cane will send out a new shoot about 1/3 of the way from its own starting point. The next winter, prune off the older cane at the point that it connects with last summers new shoot. This process repeats itself every year.

Harvest: Ripening depends both on the cultivar grown and local climatic conditions. The Cordifolia cultivar ripens first in early September while the Anna (Ananasnaja) may need to wait until late October/early November before it sweetens to its best. Hardy kiwifruits drop or come off easily when they are ripe. Usually they are picked at the mature-ripe stage and allowed to ripen off of the vine as is done with kiwifruit.  

Harvest: Ripening depends both on the cultivar grown and local climatic conditions. The Cordifolia cultivar ripens first in early September while the Anna (Ananasnaja) may need to wait until late October/early November before it sweetens to its best. Hardy kiwifruits drop or come off easily when they are ripe. Usually they are picked at the mature-ripe stage and allowed to ripen off of the vine as is done with kiwifruit.  

The vines of the '''hardy kiwifruit''' possess a [[catnip]] like smell which can attract [[cats]].{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}

Cuttings for true offspring.  Can be grown from seed, but outcome of fruit quality (and sex) is uncertain.  In areas where the regular kiwifruit will grow, scions of the hardy kiwi may be grafted directly onto kiwifruit rootstock. Otherwise, one must either root their own from hardwood or greenwood cuttings or buy established plants.

Seed - sow spring in a greenhouse{{pfaf133}}. It is probably best if the seed is given 3 months stratification{{pfaf113}}, either sow it in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe in November or as soon as it is received. Fresh seed germinates in 2 - 3 months at 10°c, stored seed can take longer{{pfaf133}}. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in light shade in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. When the plants are 30cm or more tall, plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts{{pfafK}}. Most seedlings are male{{pfaf126}}. The seedlings are subject to damping off, so they must be kept well ventilated{{pfaf113}}. Cuttings of softwood as soon as ready in spring in a frame{{pfafK}}. Cuttings of half-ripe wood, July/August in a frame. Very high percentage{{pfaf113}}. Cuttings of ripe wood, October/November in a frame.

Cuttings for true offspring. Can be grown from seed, but outcome of fruit quality (and sex) is uncertain.

==Pests and diseases==

==Pests and diseases==

 

Plants are relatively free from problems, possibly due to their lack of heavy planting into areas so that pests begin to take a liking to the leaves, trunk, or roots. One odd problem is the fact that the trunks have a catnip-like aroma which cats love to rub against. When plants are small, this can be a problem as they can rub off any new shoots which emerge in the spring. Garden snails can also be a problem on younger plantings. Other pests include deer that browse on the leaves and gophers that attack the roots. Scale insects can damage if populations build up too extensively. Greenhouse thrips may also damage the fruit.

Fresh fruit, preserves, fruit juice.

 

The hardy kiwifruit is native to [[Korea]], Northern [[China]], and [[Russia]]n [[Siberia]]. Attempts to commercialize the fruit have been unsuccessful due to its short shelf-life and sporadic tendencies to ripen. Attempts are being made however to bring the fruit to greater bear, and commercial production initiatives are underway on a small scale in [[South America]], [[New Zealand]], [[Europe]], and [[Oregon]] & [[Washington]], [[USA]], as well with some organic growers in northern [[New England]].

 

| species = '''''A. arguta'''''

==Gallery==

==Gallery==

==References==

==References==

* http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/hardy-kiwifruit.html

* http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/hardy-kiwifruit.html

* [http://www.nzkiwiberry.com NZKiwiberry] (Information page at Delica exporting company)

* [http://www.nzkiwiberry.com NZKiwiberry] (Information page at Delica exporting company)