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{{Translation table|inline=o|hidetitle=o|width=100%
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
|de=Drillingsblume
| name = ''Bougainvillea''
|el=Μπουκαμβίλια
| image = Bougainvillea spectabilis.jpg
|en=
| image_width = 240px
|eo=Bugenvilo
| image_caption = ''Bougainvillea spectabilis''
|es=
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|fi=Ihmeköynnökset
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
|fr=Bougainvillée
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
|gl=Buganvílea
| ordo = [[Caryophyllales]]
|he=:בוגנוויליה
| familia = [[Nyctaginaceae]]
|id=Kembang kertas
| genus = '''''Bougainvillea'''''
|it=
| subdivision_ranks = Species
|ja=ブーゲンビリア
| subdivision =
|lt=Bugenvilija
Selected species:<br>
|ms=Pokok Bunga Kertas
''[[Bougainvillea buttiana]]''<br>
''[[Bougainvillea glabra]]''<br>
''[[Bougainvillea peruviana]]''<br>
''[[Bougainvillea spectabilis]]''<br><!-- Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22 (1): 51–59, março 2005 -->
''[[Bougainvillea spinosa]]''
}}
}}
'''Bougainvillea''' is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s native to [[South America]] from [[Brazil]] west to [[Peru]] and south to southern [[Argentina]] ([[Chubut Province]]). Different authors accept between four and 18 species in the genus. The name comes from [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]], an [[admiral]] in the [[French Navy]] who discovered the plant in [[Brazil]] in 1768.
They are thorny, woody, [[vine]]s growing anywhere from 1-12 meters tall, scrambling over other plants with their hooked thorns. The thorns are tipped with a black, waxy substance that is easily left in the flesh of an unsuspecting victim. They are [[evergreen]] where rainfall occurs all year, or [[deciduous]] if there is a [[dry season]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, simple ovate-acuminate, 4-13 cm long and 2-6 cm broad. The actual [[flower]] of the plant is small and generally white, but each cluster of three flowers is surrounded by three or six [[bract]]s with the bright colors associated with the plant, including pink, magenta, purple, red, orange, white, or yellow. ''[[Bougainvillea glabra]]'' is sometimes referred to as "paper flower" because the bracts are thin and papery. The [[fruit]] is a narrow five-lobed [[achene]].
Bougainvillea are relatively pest-free plants, but may suffer from worms and [[aphid]]s. The [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species also use them as food plants, for example the [[Giant Leopard Moth]].
===Cultivation and uses===
Bougainvilleas are popular [[ornamental plant]]s in most areas with warm climates, including [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Taiwan]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Australia]], the [[Mediterranean region]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Mexico]], [[Panama]], [[South Africa]], and the [[United States]] in [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Florida]], [[Hawaii]], and southern [[Texas]].
Numerous [[cultivar]]s and [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s have been selected, including nearly thornless shrubs. Some Bougainvillea cultivars are sterile, and are propagated from cuttings.
Bougainvillea are rapid growing and flower all year in warm climates, especially when pinched or pruned. They grow best in moist fertile soil. Bloom cycles are typically four to six weeks. Bougainvillea grow best in very bright full sun and with frequent fertilization, but the plant requires little water to flower. As indoor [[houseplant]]s in temperate regions, they can be kept small by [[bonsai]] techniques. If overwatered, Bougainvillea will not flower and may lose leaves or wilt, or even die from root decay.
===Symbolism===
Various species of bougainvillea are the official flowers of the island of Grenada, the island of Guam, of Lienchiang and Pingtung Counties in [[Taiwan]]; Ipoh, Malaysia[http://www.heritage.com.my/ipoh/tour_guide/]; and of the cities of Tagbilaran, [[Philippines]]; [[Camarillo, California]]; [[Laguna Niguel, California]]; and [[San Clemente, California]].
==References and external links==
{{Commonscat|Bougainvillea}}
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1617 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Bougainvillea'']
*[http://www.elchenque.com.ar/rve/montenegro.htm ''Bougainvillea spinosa'' in Argentina] (in Spanish)
*[http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/search?search_string=Bougainvillea Flora Brasiliensis: ''Bougainvillea''] (in Portuguese)
*[http://www.bgi-usa.com/bougainvillea-resource/pests-diseases.php Bougainvillea Common Pests and Diseases]
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Bougainvillea glabra.JPG|'''''[[Bougainvillea glabra|Bougainvillea<br>glabra]]'''''
Image:Bougainvillea close.jpg|Purple bougainvillea
Image:Bougainvillea spectabilis1.jpg|'''''[[Bougainvillea spectabilis|Bougainvillea<br>spectabilis]]'''''
Image:Bougainvillea-Flowers-KayEss-1.jpeg|Yellow bougainvillea
Image:Bougainvillea cm.jpg|Climbing bougainvillea
Image:Bougainvillea_San_Diego.jpg|Bougainvillea is a common sight along [[Interstate_Highway_System|Interstate]] [[Overpass|overpasses]] in [[San Diego, California]]
Image:九重葛 Dscf8137-11.jpg|九重葛
Image:九重葛 Dscf8149-22.jpg|九重葛
Image:九重葛 Dscf8152-24.jpg|九重葛
Image:Bougainvillea-3colors.jpg.jpg|Three colors of bougainvillea adorn a fence in Los Angeles
</gallery>
</gallery>
