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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Cashew
| image = Gui1_cashewfruit2.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Cashews ready for harvest in Guinea-Bissau
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| familia = [[Anacardiaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Anacardium]]''
| species = '''''A. occidentale'''''
| binomial = ''Anacardium occidentale''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
The '''Cashew''' (''Anacardium occidentale''; [[syn.]] ''Anacardium curatellifolium'' [[A.St.-Hil.]]) is a [[tree]] in the [[flowering plant]] family [[Anacardiaceae]]. The [[plant]] is native to northeastern [[Brazil]], where it is called by its [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] name ''Caju'' (the fruit) or ''Cajueiro'' (the tree). It is now widely grown in [[tropics|tropical]] [[climate]]s for its cashew "nuts" (see below) and cashew apples.
[[Image:Koeh-010.jpg|left|thumb|180px|'Anacardium occidentale', from Koehler's 'Medicinal-Plants' (1887)]]
[[Image:Anacardium_occidentale_tree.jpg|right|thumb|Tree shape]]
It is a small [[evergreen]] tree growing to 10-12 m tall, with a short, often irregularly-shaped trunk. The [[leaf|leaves]] are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, 4-22 cm long and 2-15 cm broad, with a smooth margin. The [[flower]]s are produced in a [[panicle]] or [[corymb]] up to 26 cm long, each flower small, pale green at first then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 7-15 mm long.
What appears to be the [[fruit]] of the cashew tree is an oval or pear-shaped [[accessory fruit]] or false fruit that develops from the receptacle of the cashew flower. Called the '''cashew apple''', better known in Central America as "'''marañón'''", it ripens into a yellow and/or red structure about 5–11 cm long.
The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing-glove shaped [[drupe]] that grows at the end of the pseudofruit. Actually, the drupe develops first on the tree, and then the [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] expands into the pseudofruit. Within the true fruit is a single [[seed]], the '''cashew nut'''. Although a [[nut (fruit)|nut]] in the culinary sense, in the [[botany|botanical]] sense the fruit of the cashew is a seed. However, the true fruit is classified as a nut by some botanists. The seed is surrounded by a double shell containing a caustic phenolic resin, [[urushiol]], a potent skin irritant [[toxin]] (also found in the related [[Poison-ivy (plant)|poison-ivy]]). Some people are allergic to cashews, but cashews are a less frequent [[allergen]] than some other nuts.
Other vernacular names include cajueiro, cashu, casho, acajuiba, caju, acajou, acaju, acajaiba, alcayoiba, anacarde, anacardier, anacardo, cacajuil, cajou, gajus, jocote maranon, maranon, merey, noix d’acajou, pomme cajou, pomme, jambu, jambu golok, jambu mete, jambu monyet, jambu terong, kasoy. In the [[Antilles]], specifically Puerto Rico, it is known as pajuil and the pseudofruit is the main used part as raw fruit. <!-- these need language specified, if they are to be kept at all -->
==Cashew Industry==
Originally spread from Brazil by the Portuguese, the cashew tree is now cultivated in all regions with a sufficiently warm and [[humidity|humid]] climate.
Cashew is produced in around 32 countries of the world. The world production figures of cashew crop is around 22.5 hundred thousand tons per annum. The major raw cashew producing countries with their production figures in 2005 are Vietnam (8,27,000 tons), India (4,60,000 tons), Brazil (2,51,268 tons) and Nigeria (2,13,000 tons).
World’s total area under the cultivation of cashew is around 35.1 hundred thousand hectares, India again being at the top in list of the countries regarding the maximum area utilized in cashew production. It is considered to be a high ratio of area as compared to the yield of the crop due to low productivity. The world’s average yield is 700 pounds per acre of land.
India, Vietnam, and Brazil, in that order, are the largest producers of cashew k
ernels; collectively they account for more than 90% of all cashew kernel exports. Some varieties of cashews come from [[Kollam]] or [[Quilon]] in [[Kerala]], South India which alone produces 4,000 tons of cashews per annum. The major trading centers of cashew in India are Palasa, Kollam, Mangalore, Quilon and Kochi.
==Uses==
[[Image:Cashewapple.jpg|left|thumb|120px|Cashew fruit]]
[[Image:CashewSnack.jpg|thumb|Cashew nuts, roasted and salted]][[Image:Cashews_1314.jpg|thumb|Cashew nuts, unsalted/fancy]]
The cashew apple is used for its juicy but acidic pulp, which can be eaten raw or used in the production of [[jam]], [[chutney]], or various beverages. Depending on local customs, its juice is also processed and distilled into [[liquor]] or consumed diluted and sugared as a refreshing drink, [[Cajuína]]. Ripe cashew apples also make good [[caipirinha]]. In [[Goa]], India, the cashew apple is the source of juicy pulp used to prepare ''[[fenny]]'', a locally popular distilled liquor. The cashew apple contains much [[tannin]] and is very perishable. For this reason, in many parts of the world, the false fruit is simply discarded after removal of the cashew nut.
The urushiol must be removed from the dark green nut shells before the seed inside is processed for consumption; this is done by shelling the nuts, a somewhat hazardous process, and exceedingly painful skin rashes (similar to poison-ivy rashes) among processing workers are common. In India urushiol is traditionally used to control tamed elephants by its [[mahout]] (rider or keeper). The so-called "raw cashews" available in health food shops have been cooked but not roasted or browned.
Cashew nuts are a common ingredient in [[Asian cuisine|Asian cooking]]. They can also be ground into a spread called cashew butter similar to [[peanut butter]]. Cashews have a very high [[Vegetable oil|oil]] content, and they are used in some other nut butters to add extra oil. In an off-the-shelf package of cashews found in the [[United States]], a 30-gram serving contained 180 calories (750 kilojoules), 70% of which was fat.
The liquid contained within the shell casing of the cashew, known as Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), has a variety of industrial uses which were first developed in the [[1930s]]. CNSL is fractionated in a process similar to the distillation of [[petroleum]], and has two primary end products: solids that are pulverized and used as friction particle for brake linings, and an amber-colored liquid that is [[amine|aminated]] to create [[phenalkamine]] curing agents and resin modifiers. Phenalkamines are primarily used in [[epoxy]] coatings for the marine and flooring markets, as they have intense hydrophobic properties and are capable of remaining chemically active at low temperatures.
==References and external links==
*Morton, J. F. ''Fruits of Warm Climates''. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/index.html Fruits of Warm Climates online]
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Anacardium_occidentale.html Handbook of Energy Crops - ''Anacardium occidentale'' L.]
*[http://www.rain-tree.com/cajueiro.htm Cajueiro - Tropical plant database by Raintree Nutrition]
*[http://www.cardolite.com/www/cnsl_history.htm History of the industrial use of Cashew Nutshell Liquid]
*[http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/anacardium.html King's American Dispensatory: Anacardium occidentale (Cashew-Nut)]
*[http://organiccashewnuts.com/cashewresearch.htm Research Paper on the Cashew Processing Industry in West Africa]
{{Commons|Anacardium occidentale}}
*[http://www.anacardium.info Anacardium.info] is a cashew portal with more than 200 documents available. Presentation in French, most documents in English
* [http://www.eastwind.org East Wind Community] An intentional egalitarian community in Missouri that produces various natural and organic nut butters, including roasted and raw cashew butter.Its also known as "Godambi" in Kannada, a South Indian Language
*[http://www.crnindia.com/commodity/cashew.html Cashew industry overview 2005]
[[Cate
gory:Sapindales]]
[[Category:Trees of Brazil]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = Cashew
| image = Gui1_cashewfruit2.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Cashews ready for harvest in Guinea-Bissau
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| familia = [[Anacardiaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Anacardium]]''
| species = '''''A. occidentale'''''
| binomial = ''Anacardium occidentale''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
The '''Cashew''' (''Anacardium occidentale''; [[syn.]] ''Anacardium curatellifolium'' [[A.St.-Hil.]]) is a [[tree]] in the [[flowering plant]] family [[Anacardiaceae]]. The [[plant]] is native to northeastern [[Brazil]], where it is called by its [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] name ''Caju'' (the fruit) or ''Cajueiro'' (the tree). It is now widely grown in [[tropics|tropical]] [[climate]]s for its cashew "nuts" (see below) and cashew apples.
[[Image:Koeh-010.jpg|left|thumb|180px|'Anacardium occidentale', from Koehler's 'Medicinal-Plants' (1887)]]
[[Image:Anacardium_occidentale_tree.jpg|right|thumb|Tree shape]]
It is a small [[evergreen]] tree growing to 10-12 m tall, with a short, often irregularly-shaped trunk. The [[leaf|leaves]] are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, 4-22 cm long and 2-15 cm broad, with a smooth margin. The [[flower]]s are produced in a [[panicle]] or [[corymb]] up to 26 cm long, each flower small, pale green at first then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 7-15 mm long.
What appears to be the [[fruit]] of the cashew tree is an oval or pear-shaped [[accessory fruit]] or false fruit that develops from the receptacle of the cashew flower. Called the '''cashew apple''', better known in Central America as "'''marañón'''", it ripens into a yellow and/or red structure about 5–11 cm long.
The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing-glove shaped [[drupe]] that grows at the end of the pseudofruit. Actually, the drupe develops first on the tree, and then the [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] expands into the pseudofruit. Within the true fruit is a single [[seed]], the '''cashew nut'''. Although a [[nut (fruit)|nut]] in the culinary sense, in the [[botany|botanical]] sense the fruit of the cashew is a seed. However, the true fruit is classified as a nut by some botanists. The seed is surrounded by a double shell containing a caustic phenolic resin, [[urushiol]], a potent skin irritant [[toxin]] (also found in the related [[Poison-ivy (plant)|poison-ivy]]). Some people are allergic to cashews, but cashews are a less frequent [[allergen]] than some other nuts.
Other vernacular names include cajueiro, cashu, casho, acajuiba, caju, acajou, acaju, acajaiba, alcayoiba, anacarde, anacardier, anacardo, cacajuil, cajou, gajus, jocote maranon, maranon, merey, noix d’acajou, pomme cajou, pomme, jambu, jambu golok, jambu mete, jambu monyet, jambu terong, kasoy. In the [[Antilles]], specifically Puerto Rico, it is known as pajuil and the pseudofruit is the main used part as raw fruit. <!-- these need language specified, if they are to be kept at all -->
==Cashew Industry==
Originally spread from Brazil by the Portuguese, the cashew tree is now cultivated in all regions with a sufficiently warm and [[humidity|humid]] climate.
Cashew is produced in around 32 countries of the world. The world production figures of cashew crop is around 22.5 hundred thousand tons per annum. The major raw cashew producing countries with their production figures in 2005 are Vietnam (8,27,000 tons), India (4,60,000 tons), Brazil (2,51,268 tons) and Nigeria (2,13,000 tons).
World’s total area under the cultivation of cashew is around 35.1 hundred thousand hectares, India again being at the top in list of the countries regarding the maximum area utilized in cashew production. It is considered to be a high ratio of area as compared to the yield of the crop due to low productivity. The world’s average yield is 700 pounds per acre of land.
India, Vietnam, and Brazil, in that order, are the largest producers of cashew k
ernels; collectively they account for more than 90% of all cashew kernel exports. Some varieties of cashews come from [[Kollam]] or [[Quilon]] in [[Kerala]], South India which alone produces 4,000 tons of cashews per annum. The major trading centers of cashew in India are Palasa, Kollam, Mangalore, Quilon and Kochi.
==Uses==
[[Image:Cashewapple.jpg|left|thumb|120px|Cashew fruit]]
[[Image:CashewSnack.jpg|thumb|Cashew nuts, roasted and salted]][[Image:Cashews_1314.jpg|thumb|Cashew nuts, unsalted/fancy]]
The cashew apple is used for its juicy but acidic pulp, which can be eaten raw or used in the production of [[jam]], [[chutney]], or various beverages. Depending on local customs, its juice is also processed and distilled into [[liquor]] or consumed diluted and sugared as a refreshing drink, [[Cajuína]]. Ripe cashew apples also make good [[caipirinha]]. In [[Goa]], India, the cashew apple is the source of juicy pulp used to prepare ''[[fenny]]'', a locally popular distilled liquor. The cashew apple contains much [[tannin]] and is very perishable. For this reason, in many parts of the world, the false fruit is simply discarded after removal of the cashew nut.
The urushiol must be removed from the dark green nut shells before the seed inside is processed for consumption; this is done by shelling the nuts, a somewhat hazardous process, and exceedingly painful skin rashes (similar to poison-ivy rashes) among processing workers are common. In India urushiol is traditionally used to control tamed elephants by its [[mahout]] (rider or keeper). The so-called "raw cashews" available in health food shops have been cooked but not roasted or browned.
Cashew nuts are a common ingredient in [[Asian cuisine|Asian cooking]]. They can also be ground into a spread called cashew butter similar to [[peanut butter]]. Cashews have a very high [[Vegetable oil|oil]] content, and they are used in some other nut butters to add extra oil. In an off-the-shelf package of cashews found in the [[United States]], a 30-gram serving contained 180 calories (750 kilojoules), 70% of which was fat.
The liquid contained within the shell casing of the cashew, known as Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), has a variety of industrial uses which were first developed in the [[1930s]]. CNSL is fractionated in a process similar to the distillation of [[petroleum]], and has two primary end products: solids that are pulverized and used as friction particle for brake linings, and an amber-colored liquid that is [[amine|aminated]] to create [[phenalkamine]] curing agents and resin modifiers. Phenalkamines are primarily used in [[epoxy]] coatings for the marine and flooring markets, as they have intense hydrophobic properties and are capable of remaining chemically active at low temperatures.
==References and external links==
*Morton, J. F. ''Fruits of Warm Climates''. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/index.html Fruits of Warm Climates online]
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Anacardium_occidentale.html Handbook of Energy Crops - ''Anacardium occidentale'' L.]
*[http://www.rain-tree.com/cajueiro.htm Cajueiro - Tropical plant database by Raintree Nutrition]
*[http://www.cardolite.com/www/cnsl_history.htm History of the industrial use of Cashew Nutshell Liquid]
*[http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/anacardium.html King's American Dispensatory: Anacardium occidentale (Cashew-Nut)]
*[http://organiccashewnuts.com/cashewresearch.htm Research Paper on the Cashew Processing Industry in West Africa]
{{Commons|Anacardium occidentale}}
*[http://www.anacardium.info Anacardium.info] is a cashew portal with more than 200 documents available. Presentation in French, most documents in English
* [http://www.eastwind.org East Wind Community] An intentional egalitarian community in Missouri that produces various natural and organic nut butters, including roasted and raw cashew butter.Its also known as "Godambi" in Kannada, a South Indian Language
*[http://www.crnindia.com/commodity/cashew.html Cashew industry overview 2005]
[[Cate
gory:Sapindales]]
[[Category:Trees of Brazil]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
