Difference between revisions of "Ephedrales"

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{{about|the genus Ephedra|the use of the plant in medicine|Ephedra}}
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{{Taxobox
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| name = ''Ephedra''
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| image = Ephedra distachya.jpg
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| image_width = 240px
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| image_caption = ''[[Ephedra distachya]]'' in France
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| divisio = [[Gnetophyta]]
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| classis = [[Gnetophyta|Gnetopsida]]
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| ordo = '''Ephedrales'''
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| familia = '''Ephedraceae'''
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| genus = '''''Ephedra'''''
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subdivision =
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See text.
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}}
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'''''Ephedra''''' is a [[genus]] of [[gymnosperm]] [[shrub]]s, the only genus in the family '''Ephedraceae''' and order '''Ephedrales'''. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the [[northern hemisphere]], across southern [[Europe]], north [[Africa]], southwest and central [[Asia]], southwestern [[North America]], and, in the [[southern hemisphere]], in [[South America]] south to [[Patagonia]]. They are also called '''Joint-pine''', '''Jointfir''', or '''Mormon-tea'''. The [[China|Chinese]] name is 麻黄, ''má huáng'', which means "yellow hemp". Ephedra is also sometimes called sea grape (from the French ''raisin de mer''), although that is also a common name for ''[[Coccoloba uvifera]]''.
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== Medical uses ==
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{{main|Ephedra}}
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Plants of the ''Ephedra'' genus, including ''[[Ephedra sinica|E. sinica]]'' and others, have traditionally been used by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal purposes, including treatment of [[asthma]], [[hay fever]], and the [[common cold]].<ref name=Abourashed_2003>{{cite journal |author=Abourashed E, El-Alfy A, Khan I, Walker L |title=Ephedra in perspective--a current review |journal=Phytother Res |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=703–12 |year=2003 |pmid=12916063 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1337}}</ref> They have also been proposed as a candidate for the [[Soma]] plant of [[Indo-Iranian]] religion. The [[alkaloid]]s [[ephedrine]] and [[pseudoephedrine]] are active constituents of ''E. sinica'' and other members of the genus. These compounds are [[Sympathomimetic amine|sympathomimetics]] with [[stimulant]] and [[decongestant]] qualities and are related chemically to the [[amphetamine]]s.  ''[[Ephedra nevandensis]]'' contains ephedrine in its roots, stems and branches.<ref>
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{{cite web
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|url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=381
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|title=Species Information
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|publisher=sun.ars-grin.gov
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|accessdate=2008-04-17
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|last=
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|first=
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}}
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</ref>  ''[[Ephedra distachya]]'' contains up to 3% ephedrine in the entire plant.<ref>
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{{cite web
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|url=http://www.giftpflanzen.com/ephedra_distachya.html
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|title=Meerträubel (Ephedra distachya) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com
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|publisher=www.giftpflanzen.com
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|accessdate=2008-04-18
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|last=
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|first=
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}}
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</ref>  ''[[Ephedra sinica]]'' contains approximately 2.2% ephedrine.<ref>
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{{cite web
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|url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=382
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|title=Species Information
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|publisher=sun.ars-grin.gov
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|accessdate=2008-04-18
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|last=
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|first=
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}}
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</ref>
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== Species ==
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*''[[Ephedra alata]]'' Decne
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*''[[Ephedra altissima]]'' Desf.
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*''[[Ephedra americana]]'' Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.<ref name=grin>
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{{cite web
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|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?4296
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|title=Species in GRIN for genus
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|publisher=www.ars-grin.gov
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|accessdate=2008-05-03
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|last=
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|first=
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}}
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</ref>
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*''[[Ephedra antisyphilitica]]'' Berl. ex C.A.Meyer - Clapweed, Erect Ephedra
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*''[[Ephedra aspera]]'' Engelm. ex S.Wats. - Boundary Ephedra, Pitamoreal
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*''[[Ephedra californica]]'' S.Wats. - California Ephedra, California Jointfir
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*''[[Ephedra campylopoda]]'' C. A. Mey.<ref name=grin/>
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*''[[Ephedra chilensis]]'' C. Presl<ref name=grin/>
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*''[[Ephedra ciliata]]'' Fisch. ex C. A. Mey.<ref name=grin/>
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*''[[Ephedra coryi]]'' E.L.Reed - Cory's Ephedra
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*''[[Ephedra cutleri]]'' Peebles - Navajo Ephedra, Cutler's Ephedra, Cutler Mormon-tea, Cutler's Jointfir
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*''[[Ephedra distachya]]'' L. - Joint-pine, Jointfir
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**''Ephedra distachya'' L. subsp. ''distachya''<ref name=grin/>  
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**''Ephedra distachya'' subsp. ''helvetica'' (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn.
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**''Ephedra distachya'' L. subsp. ''monostachya'' (L.) Riedl<ref name=grin/>
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*''[[Ephedra equisetina]]'' Bunge - Ma huang
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*''[[Ephedra fasciculata]]'' A.Nels. - Arizona Ephedra, Arizona Jointfir, Desert Mormon-tea [http://seinet.asu.edu/images/vasc_herbarium_images/Ephedraceae/herbarium_sheets/EPFA_143777_M.jpg Photo]
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*''[[Ephedra fedtschenkoae]]'' Pauls.
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*''[[Ephedra foliata]]'' Boiss. ex C.A.Mey.
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*''[[Ephedra fragilis]]'' Desf.
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**''Ephedra fragilis'' subsp. ''campylopoda'' (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn.
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*''[[Ephedra frustillata]]'' Miers - Patagonian Ephedra
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*''[[Ephedra funerea]]'' Coville & Morton - Death Valley Ephedra, Death Valley Jointfir
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*''[[Ephedra gerardiana]]'' Wallich ex C.A.Meyer - Gerard's Jointfir, Shan Ling Ma Huang
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*''[[Ephedra holoptera]]'' Riedl
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*''[[Ephedra intermedia]]'' Schrenk ex C.A.Meyer
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*''[[Ephedra lepidosperma]]'' C.Y.Cheng[[Image:Illustration Ephedra distachya0.jpg|thumb|''Ephedra distachya'']]
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*''[[Ephedra likiangensis]]'' Florin
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*''[[Ephedra lomatolepis]]'' Shrenk
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*''[[Ephedra macedonica]]'' Kos.
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*''[[Ephedra major]]'' Host
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**''Ephedra major'' subsp. ''procera'' Fischer & C.A.Meyer
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*''[[Ephedra minuta]]'' Florin
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*''[[Ephedra monosperma]]'' C.A.Meyer
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*''[[Ephedra multiflora]]'' Phil. ex Stapf
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*''[[Ephedra nevadensis]]'' S.Wats. - Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Jointfir, Nevada Mormon-tea
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*''[[Ephedra pachyclada]]'' Boiss.<ref name=grin/>
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*''[[Ephedra pedunculata]]'' Engelm. ex S.Wats. - Vine Ephedra, Vine Jointfir
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*''[[Ephedra procera]]'' Fisch. & C. A. Mey.<ref name=grin/>
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*''[[Ephedra przewalskii]]'' Stapf
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**''Ephedra przewalskii'' var. ''kaschgarica'' (B.Fedtsch. & Bobr.) C.Y.Cheng
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*''[[Ephedra regeliana]]'' Florin - Xi Zi Ma Huang
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*''[[Ephedra saxatilis]]'' (Stapf) Royle ex Florin
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*''[[Ephedra sinica]]'' Stapf - Cao Ma Huang, Chinese ephedra
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*''[[Ephedra strobilacea]]'' Bunge<ref name=grin/>
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*''[[Ephedra torreyana]]'' S.Wats. - Torrey's Ephedra, Torrey's Jointfir, Torrey's Mormon-tea, Cañutillo
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*''[[Ephedra trifurca]]'' Torrey ex S.Wats. - Longleaf Ephedra, Longleaf Jointfir, Longleaf Mormon-tea, Popotilla, Teposote
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*''[[Ephedra viridis]]'' Coville - Green Ephedra, Green Mormon-tea
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==Gallery==
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<gallery>
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Image:Ephedra antisyphilitica branch.jpg|''[[Ephedra antisyphilitica]]''
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Image:Ephedra chilensis.jpg|Ephedra chilensis
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Image:Lumbar plant ephedra distachya.jpg|''[[Ephedra distachya]]''
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Image:Ephedra fragilis1 ies.jpg|''[[Ephedra fragilis]]''<br>Male plant with cones
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Image:Ephedra fragilis2 ies.jpg|''[[Ephedra fragilis]]''<br>Pollen cones
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Image:Ephedra-nevadensis-cones.jpg|''[[Ephedra nevadensis]]''
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Image:Ephedra regalia.JPG|''[[Ephedra regeliana]]'' with Canadian quarter for scale
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Image:Ephedra_viridis_1.jpg|''[[Ephedra viridis]]''<br>in western Nevada
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</gallery>
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===Seeds===
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<gallery>
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Image:Ephedra-ciliata-seed.jpg|''[[Ephedra ciliata]]''
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Image:Ephedra-nevadensis-seeds.jpg|''[[Ephedra nevadensis]]''
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Image:Ephedra trifurca seed.jpg|''[[Ephedra trifurca]]''
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Image:Ephedra-viridis-seeds.jpg|''[[Ephedra viridis]]''
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</gallery>
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==References==
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*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_tea
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{{reflist}}
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==External links==
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*[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Ephedra%20viridis ''Ephedra viridis'' (Plants for a Future Database)]
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*[http://shen-nong.com/eng/herbal/index.html Usage in Chinese Medicine ]
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*[http://seinet.asu.edu/seinet/symbiota/taxa/taxaprofile.php?taxon=4586&cl=Arizona Ephedra Herbarium Specimens Arizona and Maps (seinet.asu.edu)]
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*[http://www.ephedra.nu/en/ The Ephedra Site]

Latest revision as of 15:05, 1 November 2008

Template:About

Ephedra
Ephedra distachya in France
Ephedra distachya in France
Plant Info
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Gnetophyta
Class: Gnetopsida
Order: Ephedrales
Family: Ephedraceae
Genus: Ephedra
L.

Species
See text.

Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in the family Ephedraceae and order Ephedrales. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the northern hemisphere, across southern Europe, north Africa, southwest and central Asia, southwestern North America, and, in the southern hemisphere, in South America south to Patagonia. They are also called Joint-pine, Jointfir, or Mormon-tea. The Chinese name is 麻黄, má huáng, which means "yellow hemp". Ephedra is also sometimes called sea grape (from the French raisin de mer), although that is also a common name for Coccoloba uvifera.

Medical uses

Main article: Ephedra

Plants of the Ephedra genus, including E. sinica and others, have traditionally been used by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal purposes, including treatment of asthma, hay fever, and the common cold.[1] They have also been proposed as a candidate for the Soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are active constituents of E. sinica and other members of the genus. These compounds are sympathomimetics with stimulant and decongestant qualities and are related chemically to the amphetamines. Ephedra nevandensis contains ephedrine in its roots, stems and branches.[2] Ephedra distachya contains up to 3% ephedrine in the entire plant.[3] Ephedra sinica contains approximately 2.2% ephedrine.[4]

Species

Gallery

Seeds

References

  1. ↑ Abourashed E, El-Alfy A, Khan I, Walker L (2003). "Ephedra in perspective--a current review". Phytother Res 17 (7): 703–12. doi:10.1002/ptr.1337. PMID 12916063. 
  2. ↑ "Species Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on 2008-04-17.
  3. ↑ "Meerträubel (Ephedra distachya) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-18.
  4. ↑ "Species Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on 2008-04-18.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 "Species in GRIN for genus". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.

External links

Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Ephedrales&oldid=16078"