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| − | {{Taxobox | + | __NOTOC__{{Plantbox |
| − | | color = lightgreen
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| | | name = ''Xanthosoma'' | | | name = ''Xanthosoma'' |
| | + | | common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank --> |
| | + | | growth_habit = <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc --> |
| | + | | high = <!--- 1m (3 ft) --> |
| | + | | wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) --> |
| | + | | origin = <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc --> |
| | + | | poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous --> |
| | + | | lifespan = perennial |
| | + | | exposure = <!--- sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) --> |
| | + | | water = <!--- frequent, regular, drought tolerant, let dry then soak --> |
| | + | | features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, naturalizes, invasive --> |
| | + | | hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5[[Celsius|°C]], etc --> |
| | + | | bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers --> |
| | + | | usda_zones = <!--- eg. 8-11 --> |
| | + | | sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available --> |
| | + | | color = IndianRed |
| | | image = Elephantear_reduced.jpg | | | image = Elephantear_reduced.jpg |
| | | image_width = 240px | | | image_width = 240px |
| | | image_caption = ''Xanthosoma roseum'' | | | image_caption = ''Xanthosoma roseum'' |
| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | + | | regnum = Plantae |
| − | | divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | + | | divisio = Magnoliophyta |
| − | | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | + | | classis = Liliopsida |
| − | | ordo = [[Alismatales]] | + | | ordo = Alismatales |
| − | | familia = [[Araceae]] | + | | familia = Araceae |
| − | | genus = '''''Xanthosoma''''' | + | | genus = Xanthosoma |
| − | | subdivision_ranks = Species
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| − | | subdivision =
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| − | ''About 50; see text''
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| | }} | | }} |
| | + | {{edit-desc}}<!--- Type GENERAL genus/plant description below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | '''''Xanthosoma''''' is a genus of about 50 species of tropical and sub-tropical arums in the [[flowering plant]] family, [[Araceae]], all native to tropical [[Americas|America]]. Several species are grown for their [[starch]]y [[corm]]s, an important [[root vegetable|food staple]] of tropical regions, known variously as '''malanga''', '''new cocoyam''', '''tannia''', '''tannier''', '''yautía''', '''macabo''', '''taioba ''', '''dasheen''' and '''‘ape'''. Many other species (including especially ''X. roseum'') are utilized as [[ornamental plant]]s, and in popular horticultural literature are known as ‘ape or '''elephant ear''' (from the purported resemblance of the leaf to an [[elephant]]'s [[ear]]), although the latter name is sometimes also applied to members with similar appearance and uses in the closely related genera of ''[[Caladium]]'', ''[[Colocasia]]'' (i.e., [[taro]]), and ''[[Alocasia]]''.
| + | ==Cultivation== |
| | + | {{monthbox |
| | + | | color = IndianRed |
| | + | | name = <!--- type name of plant just to the right of the equal sign on the left --> |
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| | + | }} |
| | + | {{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | The [[leaf|leaves]] of most ''Xanthosoma'' species are 40-200 cm long, saggitate (arrowhead-shaped) or subdivided into 3 or as many as 18 segments. Unlike the leaves of ''Colocasia'', those of ''Xanthosoma'' are usually not ''peltate''—the upper v-notch extends in to the point of attachment of the leaf ''petiole'' to the blade.
| + | ===Propagation=== |
| | + | {{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | == Pollination biology == | + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
| | + | {{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | Inflorescences of ''Xanthosoma'' are composed by a spadix with pistillate flowers
| + | ==Species== |
| − | at the base, a belt of sterile flowers offered as a reward for
| + | Genus of around 50 species, including: |
| − | pollinators in the middle, and staminate flowers on the upper part.
| + | *''[[Xanthosoma saggittifolium]]'' |
| − | Prior to opening, the inflorescence is enclosed within a leaf-like
| + | *''[[Xanthosoma undipes]]'' |
| − | spathe. When the inflorescence is ready to open, the upper part of
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| − | the spathe opens and exposes the staminate area of the spadix; the
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| − | basal area of the spathe remains closed, forming a spacious chamber
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| − | (i.e., the spathe tube) that encloses the pistillate and sterile flowers
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| − | (García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).
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| − | [[Image:Arum flower.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Inflorescence of ''X. roseum'']]
| + | ==Gallery== |
| − | [[Image:Inflo_detail.jpg|thumb|left|158px|Inflorescence of ''X. daguense'']]
| + | {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> |
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| | + | <gallery> |
| | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 1 |
| | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 2 |
| | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 3 |
| | + | </gallery> |
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| − | The inflorescences last for two nights and are protogynous (but ''see'' Valerio 1988), | + | ==References== |
| − | changing from the pistillate phase that attracts pollinators on the
| + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| − | night it opens, to a staminate phase on the second night, when pollen
| + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| − | is shed (Garcıa-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b). When inflorescences open, produce heat and release a sweet scent attracting its pollinators, Dynastine beetles (''Cyclocephala'' spp.). Dinastines arrive covered with pollen from another inflorescence, and remain in the spathe
| + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> |
| − | tube for 24 h, pollinating the pistillate flowers as they feed on the
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| − | sterile area of the spadix. On the second night, they come out of
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| − | the tube and walk over the staminate flowers, getting covered with
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| − | pollen and then flying to the nearest recently opened inflorescence (García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).
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| − | [[Image:Pollination.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Beetle pollination in ''X. daguense'' A. First night B. Second night C. after third night after inflorescence anthesis]]
| + | ==External links== |
| | + | *{{wplink}} |
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| | + | {{stub}} |
| | + | [[Category:Categorize]] |
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| − | Fruit maturation takes several months. Fruits start to grow
| + | <!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! --> |
| − | within the shelter of the spathe tube. When the infructescence
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| − | is mature, in some species it arches back and downwards. In other species it stays erect. Then, the tissue of the spathe tube rolled
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| − | outwards, exhibiting the bright orange fruits and the
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| − | velvety pink inner spathe surface (García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).
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| − | [[Image:Infruc Xanthosoma copy.jpg|thumb|left|350px|A. Infructescence of ''X. poeppigii'', Peruvian Amazonas B. Infructescence of ''X. daguense'' . Western Cordillera of Los Andes, Colombia]]
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| − | == Crop uses ==
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| − | [[Image:Bakweri cocoyam farmer from Cameroon.jpg|thumb|240px|right|A Cameroonian man works his cocoyam field.]]
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| − | Domestication of ''Xanthosoma'' species (especially ''X. saggitifolium'' but also ''X. atrovirens'', ''X. violaceum'', ''X. maffaffa'', and others) is thought to have originated in northern lowland [[South America]] then spread to the [[Antilles]] and [[Mesoamerica]]. Today ''Xanthosoma'' is still grown in all those regions but is especially popular in [[Cuba]] and [[Puerto Rico]], where it is used in [[Alcapurria]]s. It is grown in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]] and [[Jamaica]] to make the popular [[callaloo]] dish.It is also grown in [[West Africa]], now a major producer, where it can be used as a replacement for [[yam (vegetable)|yams]] in a popular regional dish called ''[[fufu]]''. ''Xanthosoma'' is also grown as a crop in the [[Philippines]].
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| − | {| class="wikitable" align=left style="clear:left"
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| − | ! colspan=2|Top Yautía (Cocoyam) Producers - 2005<br>(million metric ton)
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| − | |-
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| − | | {{CUB}} || align="right" | 0.25
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| − | |-
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| − | | {{DOM}} || align="right" | 0.07
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| − | |-
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| − | | {{ESA}}|| align="right" | 0.05
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| − | |-
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| − | | {{VEN}} || align="right" | 0.05
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| − | |-
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| − | | {{PER}} || align="right" | 0.04
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| − | |-
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| − | |'''World Total''' || align="right" | '''0.47'''
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| − | |-
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| − | |colspan=2|''Source: <br>[[UN Food & Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO)''[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN]
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| − | |}
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| − | Traditionally ''Xanthosoma'' has been a subsistence crop with excess sold at local markets, but in the [[United States]], large numbers of [[Latin American]] immigrants have created a market for commercial production. In general, production has yet to meet demand in some areas. In Polynesia, ''Xanthosoma'' (‘ape) was considered a [[famine food]], utilized only in the event of failure of the much preferred taro (''kalo'') crop.
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| − | The typical ''Xanthosoma'' plant has a growing cycle of 9 to 11 months, during which time it produces a large stem called a [[corm]], this surrounded by smaller edible ''cormels'' about the size of [[potato]]es. These cormels (like the corm) are rich in starch. Their taste has been described as earthy and nutty and they are a common ingredient in soups and stews. They may also be eaten [[grilling|grilled]], [[frying|fried]], or [[purée]]d. The young, unfurled leaves of some varieties can be eaten as boiled [[leafy vegetable]]s or used in [[soup]]s and [[stew]]s, such as the Caribbean [[callaloo]].
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| − | ''Xanthosoma'' starch is highly [[hypoallergenic]] due to the small size of the starch grains.
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| − | [[Image:Cocoyams for sale.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Cocoyam corms for sale in a Cameroonian market]]
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| − | == References ==
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| − | '''García -Robledo, C., '''G. Kattan, C. Murcia, P. Quintero.2005a. Equal and opposite effects of floral offer and spatial distribution on fruit production and pre-dispersal seed predation in ''Xanthosoma daguense'' (Araceae). Biotropica. 37: 373-380
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| − | '''García–Robledo, C., '''P. Quintero-Marín. F. Mora-Kepfer. 2005b. Geographic Variation and Succession of Arthropod Communities in Inflorescences and Infructescences of ''Xanthosoma'' (Araceae). Biotropica. 37: 650-656
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| − | '''García-Robledo, C. , '''G. Kattan, C. Murcia and P. Quintero. 2004. Beetle pollination and fruit predation in ''Xanthosoma daguense'' (Araceae). Journal of Tropical Ecology. 20: 459 – 469
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| − | '''Valerio, C. E.''' 1988. Notes on the phenology and pollination of
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| − | ''Xanthosoma wendlandii'' (Araceae) in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologıa
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| − | Tropical 36:55–61.
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Xanthosoma_nex.html ''Xanthosoma'' spp. at Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plants Products]
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| − | * [http://www.kallus.com/aroids/ediblescientific.htm Distribution and names of edible aroids]
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| − | [[Category:Araceae]]
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| − | [[Category:Root vegetables]]
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| − | [[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
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| − | [[Category:Staple foods]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
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