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| + | '''Cassia''' may refer to: |
| − | Cassia (ancient Greek name). Leguminosae. Senna. Herbs, shrubs or trees, a few of which are in cultivation in America, as border plants and under glass. | + | * [[Cassia (legume)|''Cassia'' (legume)]], a genus of trees and shrubs |
| − | Leaves even-pinnate: fls. nearly regular (not papilionaceous), with the nearly equal calyx-teeth mostly longer than the tube; corolla of 5 spreading, nearly equal clawed spreading petals; stamens 5-10, frequently unequal and some of the anthers abortive, the good anthers opening at the top: fr. a stalked pod which is either flat or terete, containing numerous seeds and often partitioned crosswise.—Species nearly or quite 400 in the warmer parts of the globe, some of them in cool temperate regions.
| + | * Cassia (''[[Cinnamomum aromaticum]]''), a tree related to cinnamon, used as a spice |
| − | The cassias delight in a sunny exposure. Most of those cultivated in the United States are herbs or herb-like shrubs, attractive for the finely cut foliage and the showy flowers. Some of them are cultivated only in the extreme South. C. corymbosa is probably the best garden subject. Cassias arc summer bloomers, for the most part. Propagation is mostly by divisions and seeds, the annual species always by seeds.
| + | * Cassia, (''[[Acacia farnesiana]]''), a tree |
| − | Senna leaves, used in medicine as a cathartic, are derived from various species, chiefly from C. acutifolia of Egypt, and C. angustifolia of India and other Old World tropics. The "'Cassia lignea" of pharmacopoeas is the product of a Cinnamomum. Cassia pods of commerce, used in medicine, are the fruits of C. Fistula. Many of the species contribute to therapeutics. Some of them provide tanning materials.
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| + | {{disambig}} |
| − | :'''''[[Cassia (genus)|Cassia]]''' is also a genus of plants in the [[Fabaceae|Family Fabaceae]]. For further usage, see [[Cassia (disambiguation)]]''.
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| − | {{Taxobox | |
| − | | color = lightgreen
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| − | | name = Cassia
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| − | | image = Koeh-039.jpg
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| − | | image_width = 240px
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| − | | image_caption = from Koehler's ''Medicinal-Plants'' (1887)
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| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| − | | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| − | | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| − | | ordo = [[Laurales]]
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| − | | familia = [[Lauraceae]]
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| − | | genus = ''[[Cinnamomum]]''
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| − | | species = '''''C. aromaticum'''''
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| − | | binomial = ''Cinnamomum aromaticum''
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| − | | binomial_authority = [[Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck|Nees]]
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| − | }}
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| − | '''Cassia''' (''Cinnamomum aromaticum'', synonym ''C. cassia''), is an [[evergreen]] [[tree]] native to southern [[China]] and [[Indochina|mainland Southeast Asia]] west to [[Myanmar]]. Like its close relative, [[Cinnamon]] (''Cinnamomum zeylanicum'', also known as "true cinnamon" or "Ceylon cinnamon"), it is used primarily for its aromatic bark, which is used as a [[spice]], often under the [[culinary name]] of "cinnamon". The buds are also used as a spice, especially in India and in Ancient Rome.
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| − | The Cassia tree grows to 10-15 m tall, with greyish bark, and hard elongated [[leaf|leaves]] 10-15 cm long, that have a decidedly reddish colour when young.
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| − | ==Production and uses==
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| − | [[Image:zimtbaum.jpg|left|thumb|Young Cassia tree, Indonesia]]
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| − | Cassia is a close relative to the [[cinnamon]] (''Cinnamomum zeylanicum'', or "true cinnamon"), [[Saigon Cinnamon]] (''Cinnamomum loureiroi'', also known as "Vietnamese Cinnamon"), Camphor laurel (''[[Cinnamomum camphora]]''), [[Malabathrum]] (''Cinnamomum tamala'') and [[Cinnamomum burmannii]] trees. As with these species, the dried bark of cassia is used as a spice. Cassia's flavour, however, is less delicate than that of true cinnamon; for this reason the less expensive cassia is sometimes called "bastard cinnamon".
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| − | Whole branches and small trees are harvested for cassia bark, unlike the small shoots used in the production of [[cinnamon]]; this gives cassia bark a much thicker and rougher texture than that of true cinnamon.
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| − | Most of the spice sold as [[cinnamon]] in the United States and Canada (where true cinnamon is still generally unknown) is actually cassia. In some cases, cassia is labeled "Chinese cinnamon" to distinguish it from the more expensive [[cinnamon|true cinnamon]] (''Cinnamomum zeylanicum''), which is the preferred form of the spice used in [[Mexico]] and [[Europe]] [http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:3JiMVHVu2msJ:www.detnews.com/2002/food/0201/14/e06-377804.htm+%22there%27s+true+cinnamon,%22&hl=en].
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| − | "Indonesian cinnamon" can also refer to [[Cinnamomum burmannii]], which is also
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| − | commonly sold in the United States, labeled only as cinnamon.
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| − | Cassia is produced in both mainland and island [[Southeast Asia]]. Up to the 1960s [[Vietnam]] was the world's most important producer of Saigon Cinnamon, a species so closely related to cassia that it was often marketed as cassia (or, in North America, "cinnamon"). Because of the disruption caused by the [[Vietnam War]], however, production of cassia in the highlands of the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Sumatra]] was increased to meet demand, and Indonesia remains one of the main exporters of cassia today. Saigon Cinnamon, only having become available again in the United States since the early 21st century, has an intense flavour and aroma and a higher percentage of essential oils than Indonesian cassia. Tung Hing, a rarer form of cassia produced in [[China]], is said to be sweeter and more peppery than Indonesian cassia.[http://www.thespicehouse.com/product/product_China-Tung-Hing-Cassia-Cinnamon.php]
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| − | Cassia bark (both powdered and in whole, or "stick" form) is used as a flavouring agent, for candies, desserts, baked goods, and meat; it is specified in many [[curry]] recipes, where cinnamon is less suitable. Cassia is sometimes added to true cinnamon but is a much thicker, coarser product. Cassia is sold as pieces of bark (as pictured below) or as neat quills or sticks. Cassia sticks can be distinguished from true Cinnamon sticks in the following manner: Cinnamon sticks have many thin layers and can easily be made into powder using a coffee or spice grinder, whereas Cassia sticks are extremely hard, are usually made up of one thick layer and can break an electric spice or coffee grinder if one attempts to grind them without first breaking them into very small pieces.
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| − | Cassia buds, although rare, are also occasionally used as a spice. They resemble cloves in appearance and flavor.[http://www.theepicentre.com/Spices/cassia.html]<sup>[http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/pictures/cinn_06.jpg photo]</sup>
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| − | ===Health benefits and risks===
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| − | [[Image:Cassia bark.jpg|right|thumb|Dried cassia bark]]
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| − | Cassia (called ròu gùi; [[wiktionary:肉|肉]][[wiktionary:桂|桂]] in Chinese) is used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]], where it is considered one of the [[Chinese herbology#50 fundamental herbs|50 fundamental herbs]].
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| − | A 2003 study published in the DiabetesCare journal<ref>[http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/12/3215 Cinnamon Improves Glucose and Lipids of People With Type 2 Diabetes]</ref> followed Type 2 diabetics ingesting 1, 3 or 6 grams of cassia daily. Those taking 6 grams shows changes after 20 days, and those taking lesser doses showed changes after 40 days. Regardless of the amount of cassia taken, they reduced their mean fasting serum glucose levels 18–29%, their triglyceride levels 23–30%, their LDL cholesterol 7–27%, and their total cholesterol 12–26%, over others taking placebos.
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| − | The effects, which may even be produced by brewing a tea from cassia bark, may also be beneficial for non-diabetics to prevent and control elevated glucose and blood lipid levels. Cassia's effects on enhancing [[insulin sensitivity]] appear to be mediated by [[polyphenol]]s [http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=176887]. Despite these findings, cassia should not be used in place of [[anti-diabetic drug]]s, unless blood glucose levels are closely monitored and its use is combined with a strictly controlled diet and exercise program.
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| − | There is also much anecdotal evidence that consumption of cassia has a strong effect in lowering blood pressure, making it potentially useful to those suffering from [[hypertension]]. The USDA has three ongoing studies that are monitoring the blood pressure effect.
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| − | Though the spice has been used for thousands of years, there is concern that there is as yet no knowledge about the potential for toxic buildup of the [[fat-soluble]] components in cassia, as anything fat-soluble could potentially be subject to toxic buildup. There are no concluded long term clinical studies on the use of cassia for health reasons.
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| − | European health agencies have warned against consuming high amounts of cassia, due to a toxic component called [[coumarin]].<ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6672644</ref>
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| − | ==History==
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| − | In classical times, four types of cinnamon were distinguished (and often confused):
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| − | *Cassia (Hebrew ''qəṣi`â''), the bark of ''Cinnamomum iners'' from Arabia and [[Ethiopia]]
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| − | *[[Cinnamon]] proper (Hebrew ''qinnamon''), the bark of ''Cinnamomum zeylanicum'' from Sri Lanka
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| − | *[[Malabathrum]] or Malobathrum (from [[Sanskrit]] तमालपत्त्रम्, '' tamālapattram'', literally "dark-tree leaves"), ''Cinnamomum malabathrum'' from the North of India
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| − | *Serichatum, ''Cinnamomum aromaticum'' from [[Seres]], that is, China.
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| − | In [[Exodus]] 30:23-4, [[Moses]] is ordered to use both sweet [[cinnamon]] (Kinnamon) and cassia (qəṣî`â) together with [[myrrh]], sweet [[Sweet Flag|calamus]] (qənê-bosem, literally cane of fragrance) and [[olive oil]] to produce a [[holy anointing oil|holy oil]] to anoint the [[Ark of the Covenant]]. Psalm 45, 8, mentions the garments of [[Torah]] scholars that smell of myrrh, [[agarwood|aloes]] and cassia.
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| − | The first Greek reference to ''kasia'' is found in a poem by [[Sappho]] in the 7th century B.C.
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| − | According to [[Herodotus]], both cinnamon and cassia grow in Arabia, together with incense, myrrh, and [[Labdanum|ladanum]]<!--do not change to "laudanum"; "ladanum" (an alternate spelling of "labdanum," an aromatic resin), is correct-->, and are guarded by winged serpents. The [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] builds its nest from cinnamon and cassia. But Herodotus mentions other writers that see the home of [[Dionysos]], e.g. India, as the source of cassia. While [[Theophrastus]] gives a rather good account of the plants, but a curious method for harvesting (worms eat away the wood and leave the bark behind), [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscorides]] seems to confuse the plant with some kind of water-lily.
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| − | [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] (nat. 12, 86-87) gives a fascinating account of the early spice trade across the Red Sea in "rafts without sails or oars", obviously using the [[trade wind]]s, that costs Rome 100 million [[Sestertius|sesterces]] each year. According to Pliny, a pound (the Roman pound, 327 g) of cassia, cinnamon or serichatum cost up to 300 denars, the wage of ten month's labour. [[Diocletian]]'s [[Edict on Maximum Prices]] from 301 AD gives a price of 125 denars for a pound of cassia, while an agricultural labourer earned 25 denars per day.
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| − | The Greeks used ''kásia'' or ''malabathron'' to flavour wine, together with [[Absinth Wormwood|absinth]] (''Artemisia absinthia''). Pliny mentions cassia as a flavouring agent for wine as well (Plin. nat. 14, 107f.). Malabathrum leaves (folia) were used in cooking and for distilling an oil used in a caraway-sauce for oysters by the Roman gourmet Gaius Gavius [[Apicius]] (de re coquinaria I, 29, 30; IX, 7). Malabathrum is among the spices that, according to Apicius, any good kitchen should contain.
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| − | Egyptian recipes for ''kyphi'', an aromatic used for burning, included cinnamon and cassia from Hellenistic times onwards. The gifts of Hellenistic rulers to temples sometimes included cassia and cinnamon as well as incense, [[myrrh]], and Indian incense (''kostos''), so we can conclude that the Greeks used it in this way too.
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| − | The famous Commagenum, an unguent produced in [[Commagene]] in present-day eastern [[Turkey]] was made from goose-fat and aromatised with cinnamon oil and [[spikenard]] (''Nardostachys jatamansi''). Malobrathum from Egypt (Dioscorides I, 63) was based on cattle-fat and contained cinnamon as well; one pound cost 300 denars. The Roman poet Martial (VI, 55) makes fun of Romans who drip unguents, smell of cassia and cinnamon taken from a bird's nest and look down on him who does not smell at all.
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| − | Cinnamon, as a warm and dry substance, was believed by doctors in ancient times to cure snakebites, freckles, the common cold, and kidney troubles, among other ailments.
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| − | ==Related species==
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| − | *[[Cinnamon]]
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| − | *[[Malabathrum]]
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| − | *[[Saigon Cinnamon]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | *Dalby, Andrew (1996). ''Siren Feasts: A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece''. London: Routledge.
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| − | *Faure, Paul (1987). ''Parfums et aromates de l'antiquité''. Paris: Fayard.
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| − | *Paszthoty, Emmerich (1992). ''Salben, Schminken und Parfüme im Altertum''. Mainz, Germany: Zabern.
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| − | *Paterson, Wilma (1990). ''A Fountain of Gardens: Plants and Herbs from the Bible''. Edinburgh.
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| − | <references/>
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| − | [[Category:Laurales]]
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| − | [[Category:Spices]]
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| − | {{Herbs & spices}}
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