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−Passiflora (i. e., passion flower). Including Disemma and Tacsonia.
−Passifloraceae. PassionFlower. Highly interesting herbs, shrubs, or
−trees, most of the cultivated kinds climbing by means of tendrils,
−with flowers of odd structure; some of them produce edible fruits.
−Mostly vines, but some species erect: lvs. alternate, rarely
−opposite, the petiole usually gland-bearing, the blade entire,
−digitately lobed or parted, stipules sometimes present: tendrils
−(sometimes wanting) lateral, simple: fls. solitary or racemose,
−mostly axillary, on articulated and often 3-bracted peduncles, mostly
−hermaphrodite, with colors in yellow, green, blue and red, often
−large and showy; calyx with short tube (also with long tube when
−Tacsonia is included), the lobes or petals 4 or 5 and narrow, often
−colored inside, bearing on the throat a simple double or triple showy
−fringe or crown; petals 4 or 5 (sometimes wanting, or 3), attached on
−the calyx-throat; stamens 4 or 5, the filaments joined into a tube in
−which is the gynophore or stalk of the ovary, the anthers
−linear-oblong and versatile; ovary oblong or nearly globular, with 3
−styles and 3 many-ovuled parietal placentae: fr. large or small,
−berry-like, many-seeded, oblong or globular; seeds flat, mostly
−ovate, with a fleshy aril.—Species probably 250-300. By some, the
−genus Tacsonia is separated from Passiflora, but it is here combined;
−it differs in having an elongated rather than very short calyx-tube
−or hypanthium; Andean species. See Tacsonia.
−With the exception of a few Malayan, Chinese and Australian species,
−the true passifloras are natives of tropical America, some of them in
−the subtropical and warm temperate parts. Many of them are cultivated
−as curiosities, and some of them for the beauty of their flowers and
−for their festooning foliage. The fruit is of many kinds, in most
−cases not edible. The ovary is
−supported on a long stalk, which is inclosed in or usually united
−with the tube formed by the union of the bases of the filaments. The
−structure of the fruit is well shown in Fig. 2768; the remains of the
−floral envelopes have broken from the attachment on the torus and
−rest on the fruit. A dozen passifloras occur in the United States,
−and one of them, P. lutea, grows naturally as far north as southern
−Pennsylvania and Illinois. From Virginia south, the Maypop, P.
−incarnata, is a very common plant in fields and waste places. Both
−these species are herbaceous perennials.
−In cultivation, the passifloras have been considerably hybridized,
−and they are also confused with Tacsonia. In 1871 Masters enumerated
−184 species (Trans. Linn. Soc. 27), but many species have been
−discovered since that time. Most of the passion-flowers are yellow or
−green in color of envelopes, but there are fine reds in P. racemosa,
−P. Raddiana,P. coccinea, P. alata,P. vitifolia, and others. The
−species known to gardeners are few, although many kinds are or have
−been in cultivation by fanciers and in collections. They usually
−require much rafter room in greenhouses. According to G. W. Oliver,
−P. caerulea and Constance Elliott are both hardy at Washington. Not
−many of the tender species and hybrids are grown to any great extent
−in this country. P. alata and P. quadrangularis are desirable
−climbers for a roomy warm greenhouse. P. quadrangularis var.
−variegata seems to flower quite as freely as the green- leaved one.
−Passifloras are propagated from cuttings of the half-ripened growth,
−with bottom heat. P. racemosa and P. Loudonii are a trifle difficult
−to root from cuttings; the growths should be as ripe as possible for
−this purpose. Keep the under surface of the leaves flat on the sand
−while rooting. The native P. incarnata grows very freely at
−Washington, becoming more or less of a weed and hard to eradicate.
−The peculiar charm of these plants lies in the odd flowers, the parts
−of which were fancied by the early Spanish and Italian travelers to
−represent the implements of the crucifixion (whence both the
−technical and popular names). Legend and superstition have attached
−to these plants from the first. The ten colored parts of the floral
−envelope were thought to represent the ten apostles present at the
−crucifixion, Peter and Judas being absent. Inside the corolla is a
−showy crown or corona of colored filaments or fringes, taken to
−represent the crown of thorns, or by some thought to be emblematic of
−the halo. The stamens are five, to some suggestive of the five
−wounds, by others thought to be emblematic of the hammers which were
−used to drive the three nails, the latter being represented by the
−three styles with capitate stigmas. The long axillary coiling
−tendrils represent the cords or the scourges. The digitate leaves
−suggest the hands of the persecutors. The following sketch of the
−passion-flower legend is from Folkard's "Plant Lore, Legends and
−Lyrics," and the illustration (Fig. 2769) is also produced from that
−book: "The passion-flower (Passiflora caerulea) is a wild flower of
−the South American forests, and it is said that the Spaniards, when
−they first saw the lovely bloom of this plant, as it hung in rich
−festoons from the branches of the forest trees, regarded the
−magnificent blossom as a token that the Indians should be converted
−to Christianity, as they saw in its several parts the emblems of the
−passion of our Lord. In the year 1610, Jacomo Bosio, the author of an
−exhaustive treatise on the Cross of Calvary, was busily engaged on
−this work when there arrived in Rome an Augustmian friar, named
−Emmanuel de Villegas, a Mexican by birth. He brought with him, and
−showed to Bosio, the drawing of a flower so stupenduously marvelous,'
−that he hesitated making any mention of it in his book. However, some
−other drawings and descriptions were sent to him by inhabitants of
−New Spam, and certain Mexican Jesuits, sojourning at Rome, confirmed
−all the astonishing reports of this floral marvel; moreover, some
−Dominicans at Bologna engraved and published a drawing of it,
−accompanied by poems and descriptive essays. Bosio therefore
−conceived it to be his duty to present the Flos Passionis to the
−world as the most wondrous example of the Croce trionfante discovered
−in forest or field. The flower represente, he tells us, not so
−directly the Cross of our Lord, as the past mysteries of the Passion.
−It is a native of the Indies, of Peru, and of New Spain, where the
−Spaniards call it 'the Flower of the Five Wounds," and it had clearly
−been designed by the great Creator that it might, in due time, assist
−in the conversion of the heathen among whom it grows. Alluding to the
−bell-like shape assumed by the flower during the greater part of its
−existence (i.e., whilst it is expanding and fading),Bosio remarks:
−'And it may well be that, in His infinite wisdom, it pleased Him to
−create it thus shut up and protected, as though to indicate that the
−wonderful mysteries of the Cross and of His Passion were to remain
−hidden from the heathen people of those countries until the time
−preordained by His Highest Majesty.' The figure given to the
−Passionflower in Bosio's work shows the crown of thorns twisted and
−plaited, the three nails, and the column of the flagellation just as
−they appear on ecclesiastical banners, etc. 'The upper petals,'
−writes Bosio in his description, 'are tawny in Peru, but in New Spain
−they are white, tinged with rose. The filaments above resemble a
−blood-coloured fringe, as though suggesting the scourge with which
−our blessed Lord was tormented. The column rises in the middle. The
−nails are above it; the crown of thorns encircles the column; and
−close in the center of the flower from which the column rises is a
−portion of a yellow colour, about the size of a reale, in which arc
−five spots or stains of the hue of blood, evidently setting forth the
−five wounds received by our Lord on the Cross. The colour of the
−column, the crown, and the nails is a clear green. The crown itself
−is surrounded by a kind of veil, or very fine hair, of a violet
−colour, the filaments of which number seventy-two, answering to the
−number of thorns with which, according to tradition, our Lord's crown
−was set; and the leaves of the plant, abundant and beautiful, are
−shaped like the head of a lance or pike, referring, no doubt, to that
−which pierced the side of our Savior, whilst they are marked beneath
−with round spots, signifying the thirty pieces of silver.' "
−Passifloras as gardener's ornamental plants.
−(J. J. M. Farrell.)
−These plants constitute a large family or group of evergreen
−climbers. They will show to best advantage when they can be planted
−out permanently in a warm conservatory and where they can have
−comparatively large space to climb. They may also be grown in pots
−when the conditions do not permit other methods of handling.
−Passifloras may be propagated either by cuttings or seeds. They may
−be rooted from young growth taken any time from the middle of January
−until April. These cuttings are placed in a warm propagating-bed, and
−kept shaded and moist, and in a short tune they will root; they are
−also inserted in small pots in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, in
−equal parts, and plunged in the propagating-bed. When rooted, the
−cuttings are potted off, using a compost of loam four parts, leaf-
−mold two parts, well-rotted cow-manure one part, and which should
−contain enough sand to keep it porous. Keep shaded until they become
−well established, when they may be given a place well up to the glass
−in full sun. The passifloras are also readily raised from seed sown
−in spring, and the plants potted off as soon as big enough.
−The plants will stand a night temperature of 65° to 70°: this can be
−increased until it reaches 80° to 85° for a day temperature with sun.
−Give ventilation daily, taking into account the state of the weather;
−while they like plenty of heat, they will not do well in a stagnant
−atmosphere; therefore, give air on all favorable occasions. Every
−morning in bright weather, give them a good syringing, as this is a
−great aid in keeping them in vigor and supplying the desired
−atmospheric moisture, but this does not mean a very humid atmosphere.
−By pinching, the plants are made to produce several growths. These
−plants can be shifted until they are in 10- or 12-inch pots. The
−growth may be trained on pillars or along rafters of the
−conservatory.
−When planted out in about 8 or 10 inches of soil, passifloras will
−cover a very large space, but sometimes to such an extent as to
−obscure the whole glass. The best place is on a back wall in some
−house where they may ramble at will. Keep well syringed until they
−show flower, when syringing should be discontinued until they are
−through blooming. After the plants have covered the position allotted
−to them, all that is required is the regulation of the young growth,
−so as to keep them from becoming entangled. In winter they may be cut
−back and the exhausted soil replaced by good rich compost. They will
−not need a high temperature, doing well in 55° to 60° at night. When
−they start off into growth again, keep raising the temperature until
−it has reached the figures already stated. They may now be given
−manure water regularly and throughout the growing season. Keep down
−thrip, red-spider, and mealy-bug by syringing and sponging.
−The edible-fruited passifloras. (F. W. Popenoe.)
−The principal species of Passiflora that are cultivated for their
−fruits in tropical and subtropical regions are P. quadrangularis, the
−granadilla, granadilla real of Costa Rica, barbadine of the French
−colonies, pasion- aria of Cuba, maracuja melao of Brazil; P. edulis,
−also called granadilla, as well as passion-fruit; and P. laurifolia,
−the water-lemon of the British West Indies, pomme-liane of the French
−colonies. While P. quad-rangularis is a common garden plant in
−tropical America, it is not so extensively grown in any region as is
−P. edulis in Australia. In the United States these species can be
−grown only in the warmest regions; in California P. edulis is the
−only one that is successfully cultivated in the open, the other two
−species being much more susceptible to frost; in south Florida all
−three can be grown, although the tropical species are sometimes
−injured by frost.
−The true granadilla (P. quadrangularis) is a strong rapid-growing
−climber, frequently planted for ornament in tropical regions and
−allowed to cover arbors and pergolas. Its brownish yellow ovoid
−fruits are sometimes 8 inches in length, and within the thin brittle
−pericarp is a large number of small flattened seeds surrounded by
−gelatinous pulp and subacid juice. When green, they are sometimes
−boiled and used as a vegetable; when ripe, the acidulous pulp is
−refreshing, and is used to prepare cooling drinks, or is eaten with a
−spoon directly from the fruit.
−The passion-fruit (P. edulis) is considerably smaller than the
−granadilla, rarely larger than a hen's egg, and dull purple when
−ripe. Its pulp is slightly more acid than that of the granadilla, but
−of very pleasant flavor, and highly esteemed in Queensland and New
−South Wales, where the plant is cultivated commercially. It is used
−for flavoring sherbets, for confectionery, for icing cakes, for
−"trifles,"—a dish composed of sponge cake, fruits, cream, and white
−of egg,—for jams, and for other table purposes. The pulp is also
−eaten directly from the fruit, after adding a little sugar, or is
−used to prepare a refreshing drink, by beating it up in a glass of
−ice-water and adding a pinch of bicarbonate of soda. The plants are
−grown on trellises about 6 feet high; at the top of the trellis is
−nailed a crosspiece 18 inches long, from the ends of which are run
−two wires, the long branches being allowed to hang down over these to
−the ground. The rows are placed 15 feet apart, with the vines 15 feet
−apart in the row_. The young plants must be protected in regions
−subject to frost: they begin bearing the second year, sometimes
−producing a few fruits the first season, and continue in profitable
−production four to six years, when they must be renewed. By proper
−pruning, two crops a year can be secured, in regions not subject to
−frost. The most suitable soil seems to be sandy loam, although other
−soils will grow the plant successfully. Manure should be supplied
−liberally. In Australia, the profits of passion-fruit culture are
−reported to run from $100 to $300 an acre annually. Because of the
−short life of the vines, they are often planted as a catch-crop in
−young orchards which have not yet come into bearing. Like P. quad-
−rangularis, this species is often grown as an ornamental plant, and
−makes an excellent and rapid-growing cover for fences and trellises.
−The passifloras are easily propagated by seeds or cuttings, the
−latter method being preferable in most cases. Seeds should be removed
−from the fruit, dried in a shady place, and planted in flats of light
−soil. They do not germinate very quickly, but the young plants are
−easily raised, and may be set out in the open ground when six months
−to a year old. Cuttings should be taken from fairly well-matured
−shoots, and should be about 6 inches in length. They are easily
−rooted in sand, no bottom heat being required. Cuttings of P. edulis
−will often fruit in pots at the age of one to two years, and form
−very interesting greenhouse plants. While this species usually fruits
−prolifically, P. quad- rangularis sometimes requires hand-pollination
−when grown outside its native habitat.
− INDEX
−
−adenophylla, 22. ignea, 30. Parritae, 25.
−adenopoda, 2. incarnata, 18. phaenicea, 12.
−alata, 12. insignis, 26. princeps, 8.
−alba, 21, 24. Jamesonii, 28. pruinosa, 20.
−amabilis, 8, 14. kermesina, 9.
−quadrangularis, 11.
−atomaria, 21. latifolia, 12. racemosa, 8.
−aucubi folia, 11. laurifolia, 15. Raddiana, 9.
−brasiliana, 12. Lawsoniana, 12. sanguinea, 17.
−Buchananii, 17. ligularis, 7. Smythiana. 33.
−caerulea, 24. Loudonii, 9. tinifolia, 15.
−coocinea, 16. Lowei, 7. trifasciata,
−4.
−Decaisneana, 13. lutea, 5. tubi flora,
−32.
−edulis, 19. maculifolia, 6. Van Volxemii,
−27.
−eriantha, 31. manicata, 30. variegata, 11.
−exoniensis, 29. mascarensis, 12. velutina, 16.
−fulgens, 16. mauritiana, 12. violacea, 23.
−gracilis. 1. mixta, 31. vitifolia,
−17.grandiflora,24 mollissima, 32. Watsoniana, 10.
−Hahnii, 3. oviformis, 12.
−P. alato-caerulea (P. Pfordtii, Hort.) is a hybrid from seed of P.
−alata by pollen of P. caerulea: lvs. much like those of P. alata,
−3-lobed: fls. fragrant, beautiful; sepals white; petals pink; corona
−of 3 series, the outer filaments being white at tip, blue-purple in
−the middle, and black-purple at the base. B.R. 848. R.H. 1847:121.—
−P. albo-nigra, Hort. Said to be a hybrid of P.alata and P.Raddiana:
−lvs.5-lobed: petals white:corona white above and blackish purple
−below. Gt. 1:68.—P. Allardii, Hort.=P. quadrangularis X P. caerulea
−Constance Elliott, raised by Mr. Allard of the Botanic Garden,
−Cambridge, England: lvs. usually with 3 broad lobes: free-flowering;
−petals white shaded pink; corona deep cobalt-blue.— P. ambigua,
−Hemsl. Possibly a hybrid of P. laurifolia and P. maliformis: fls.
−more than double the size of P. laurifolia (5 in. diam., pink and
−purple): petiole biglandular in middle: lf.-blades attenuate at base;
−stipules linear. Nicaraugua. B.M. 7822. G.C. 111.31:171.—P.
−atropurpurea, Hort. Hybrid: has foliage of P. racemosa, but infl. and
−fl. in general shape more like P. Raddiana: fls. about 3 in. diam.,
−tube less than 1/2.in. long; sepals deeply keeled, reddish violet or
−prune-colored; petals about length of sepals, dark blood-red; outer
−corona violet spotted white, the filaments or threads half the length
−of the petals; inner corona shorter, violet, each thread enlarged at
−top. G. 26:495.—P. Bellottii, Hort. Sepals flesh-colored; petals
−rose; corona blue. Thought to be a hybrid of French origin, having
−been received in England about 1847.—P. Bournapartea, Hort., hybrid
−of P. alata and P. quadrangularis, "possessing the sweet-scented and
−richly colored fls. of the former with the handsome foliage of the
−latter:" blooms freely when young: fls. solitary in the axils,
−reddish crimson, the corona of rich red, white, and blue filaments.
−J.H. III. 51:253.— P. capsularis, Linn. Tall slender pubescent
−climber with red tendrils: lvs. with 2 lunate ovate-oblong lobes:
−fls. solitary, 2 in. across, rose-red; calyx-tube 1/2in. long,
−cylindric, the sepals narrowly linear-oblong and obtuse; petals
−narrower and paler: outer corona much shorter than petals, white;
−inner corona, short and incurved, white; ovary hairy. Brazil. B.M.
−7751 (not 2868, which is P. rubra).—P. chelidonea. Mast. Lvs. oblong,
−forked at the end to one-fourth the length and with a small middle lobe, marked witn dots: fl. 2 in. across, reenish, with a folded corona. Ecuador. G.C. II. 12:40.—P. cinnabarina, Lindl. Branches terete: lvs. broard- ovate, 3-lobed, margins entire: fls. solitary, 2 1/2 in- across, red; corona short, folded, yellowish. Austral. G.C. 1855:724. B.M. 5911.—P. colimensis. Mast. & Rose. A Mexican species first described in 1899, but cult, for several years in Washington. It is an herbaceous
−species, with shallow-lobed obtuse denticulate lvs. and small whitish
−blue-marked fls. on single peduncles. Promising as an outdoor
−climber.—P. europhylla, Mast. Lvs. oblong, very broad, rounded and
−biglandular at base, 2-lobed at apex with small lobe between, upper
−surface dull green and lower surface purplish: fls. whitish, not
−specially attractive. British Guiana.—P. faetida. Linn. (P. hirsuta
−and P. hircina, Hort.). Allied to P. adenopoda: annual or sometimes
−perennial: lvs. pubescent, 3-lobed, the margins entire or obscurely
−angled: fls. whitish, small, the corona as long as the petals and
−colored purple and blue: fl.-bracta pinnatifid. Trop. Amer. L.B.C.
−2:138. B.M. 3635, the form known as var. nigelliflora, Mast.; and
−288, the var. ciliata, Mast. Perhaps in cult., but apparently not
−offered in the trade. Variable.—P.galbana, Mast. Sts. terete: lvs.
−lance-oblong, short-petioled, entire: stipules ovate-pointed: fl.
−solitary on a long peduncle, 3 in. across, greenish yellow, the
−sepals and petals very narrow, the not folded corona short. Brazil.
−G.C. III. 20:555.— P. Imthurnii, Mast. Lvs. broad, oblong, acute,
−entire, thick, glabrous above, but not beneath: fl. erect, 4-5 in.
−across, brilliant scarlet and rose-color, with white in the center;
−corona very short. British Guiana. G.C. III. 23:307. Very showy. — P.
−kewensis, Hort. "It is a cross raised by Mr. Watson, the assistant
−curator, between the hardy Passiflora caerulea and the Brazilian P.
−Raddiana. The fls. are larger than those of P. Raddiana, the petals
−and fringe longer, while the colour is carmine suffused with blue,
−which, though perhaps not so bright and pleasing as it is in the
−parent, is a lovely color. "—P. macro-carpa. Mast. Of the P.
−quadrangularis group: St. 4-angled. strong- climbing: lvs. oval,
−obtuse: fl. white and purple: fr. as large aa a small melon, weighing
−several pounds. Brazil. — P. maliformis, Linn. Of the granadilla
−section: st. described as cylindrical: lvs. ovate or ovate-oblong,
−entire, the petiole 2-glandular: fl. fragrant, large; petals white;
−corona blue: fr. yellow, round, and smooth, 2 in. diam., with
−agreeable pulp. W. Indies to S. Amer. — P. Miersii, Mast. Sts.
−slender and wiry: lvs. lance-ovate and entire, claret- colored
−beneath: fl. 2 in. across, white, shaded with pink, the corona half
−the length of the petals, white, barred with purple. Brazil. G.C.
−III. 4:353. — P. militaris, Hort.(Tacsonia militaris. Hort.). A showy
−winter-bloomer intro. from the Transvaal, supposed to be a hybrid of
−P. manicata X P. insignis or P. Van VolxemiixP. insignia: lvs. green
−and glabrous above, hairy beneath, deeply 3-lobed and sharp-serrate:
−fls. bright crimson taking on purplish tinge with age, 4-5 in.
−across, on hairy stalks 5 in. long; tube short, as in P. manicata,
−glabrous, inflated at base; outer calyx-lobes striped on outside,
−green in center, dull crimson on margins; corona small, purple;
−bracts 3 at base of tube, ovate, serrate. — P. penduliflora, Bert.
−Lvs. very broad, slightly 3-lobed: fls. yellow and green, solitary or
−twin, often pendulous; corona in 1 series and 12-14-parted. W.
−Indies. B.M. 4565. J.F. 2:114.—P. pinnatistipula, Csv. (Tacsonia
−pinnatistipula, Juss.). Resembles T. mollissima, but the bracts are
−free; stipules pinnatisect: fls. rose-colored. Chile. B.M. 4062. B.R.
−1536.—P. punctata, Linn. Herbaceous climber, minutely puberulous:
−lvs. nearly semi-circular or almost lunate, shallowfy 3-lobed, the
−middle lobe much smaller, variegated on both surfaces with purple:
−fls. in pairs, pale yellow, about 1 1/2 in. across; sepals
−ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly 2/4 in. long; petals similar but much
−shorter; corona in 3 rows, yellow, the filaments of the outer row
−with violet heads. S. Amer. B.M. 8101.—P. quadriglandulosa,
−Rodschied. Fls. solitary, 4-5 in. diam., rose-color with a darker
−shade in the center: corona with an outer ring of dark red filaments:
−inner filaments tubular and paler; sepals and petals much alike, very
−long and narrow, acuminate-pointed. Habitat unknown. G. 28:575.—P.
−serratifolia. Linn. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrulate,
−pubescent beneath; petiole 4-glandular: fls. purple; corona pale
−purple and bluish. Mex. B.M. 651. H.U. 2, p. 71. —P. suberosa, Linn.
−Glabrescent, with corky bark: lvs. roundish or ovate, 3-lobed, the
−lobes ovate to oblong to lanceolate, the petiole 2-glandular above
−the middle: fls. greenish yellow, without petals; corona short: berry
−ovoid, small. W. Indies, Venezuela, etc.— P. triloba, Ruiz & Pav.
−Lvs. large, cordate-ovate, 3-lobed or entire: fl. 3 in. across, with
−violet reflexed sepals and petals, and a long cuplike corona, with
−filaments banded white and purple. Peru. LH. 36:83.—P. Webriana,
−Andre. Glandular-hairy: lvs. large, 3-lobed, the margin usually
−toothed: fl. solitary, 2 in. across, white, the corona banded with
−white: fr. setose, purple. Argentina. R.H. 1887:324.
−L H B
−}}
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#REDIRECT [[Passion flower]]
#REDIRECT [[Passion flower]]