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English equivalents of Latin names of species
Plants may have one or more common names, which are like nicknames, but they only have one botanical name (which is also called a Latin name, scientific name or technical name). The botanical name of a plant consists of two words, the genus name (generic word, common to the entire group or genus), followed by the the species name (specific or particular word, designating the given species). The species name is often somehow descriptive of the plant, or where it was found, or derived from someone's name. So for example, ''Briza maxima'' is the large briza, ''B. minor'' the small briza, and ''B. media'' the intermediate briza. ''Abies sibirica''; the Siberian abies, is a geographic example, while ''A. Fraseri'', Fraser's abies, is commemorative.
Plants may have one or more common names, which are like nicknames, but they only have one botanical name (which is also called a Latin name, scientific name or technical name). The botanical name of a plant consists of two words, the genus name (generic word, common to the entire group or genus), followed by the the species name (specific or particular word, designating the given species). The species name is often somehow descriptive of the plant, or where it was found, or derived from someone's name. So for example, ''Briza maxima'' is the large briza, ''B. minor'' the small briza, and ''B. media'' the intermediate briza. ''Abies sibirica''; the Siberian abies, is a geographic example, while ''A. Fraseri'', Fraser's abies, is commemorative.
Although the species-word is not always designative and is sometimes even inapplicable, nevertheless the student is aided if he knows what the word means in English translation; and the following list is inserted to supply this knowledge for characteristic Latin or Latinized descriptive adjectives (in some cases nouns in the genitive or in apposition) applied to the species of plants. These words are likely to be used in differing meanings in different genera and as applied by different authors; in many cases, they do not follow the usages of classical Latin: therefore a list of this kind cannot be exact or give all the meanings in which the words may be applied as specific names. The generic names (the first word in the combination) need not be listed here, for they are not adjectives of description but made-up substantives; and, moreover, their origins are explained at the entries in the text.
Although the species-word is not always designative and is sometimes even inapplicable, nevertheless the student is aided if he knows what the word means in English translation; and the following list is inserted to supply this knowledge for characteristic Latin or Latinized descriptive adjectives (in some cases nouns in the genitive or in apposition) applied to the species of plants. These words are likely to be used in differing meanings in different genera and as applied by different authors; in many cases, they do not follow the usages of classical Latin: therefore a list of this kind cannot be exact or give all the meanings in which the words may be applied as specific names. The generic names (the first word in the combination) need not be listed here, for they are not adjectives of description but made-up substantives; and, moreover, their origins are explained at the entries in the text.
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==A==
==A==
abbreviatus: abbreviated, shortened.
abortivus: aborted, parts failing.
abruptus: abrupt, suddenly changing in shape or character.
abyssinicus: Abyssinian.
acaulis: stemless.
acephalus: headless.
acerbus: acerb, harsh or sour (taste).
aceroldes: acer-like, maple-like.
acerosus: needle-shaped.
acicularis: needle-like.
acidissimus: exceedingly sour.
acidus: acid, sour.
acinaceus: scimetar-or saber-shaped.
acris: acrid, sharp.
aculeatus: prickly.
acuminatus: acuminate, long-pointed, tapering.
acutangulus: acutely or sharply angled.
acutifidus: acutely or sharply cut.
acutifolius: acutely leaved, sharp-leaved.
acutilobus: acutely lobed.
acutipetalus: petals acute or sharp (pointed).
acutus: acute, sharp-pointed.
admirabills: admirable, noteworthy.
adnatus: adnate, joined to.
adpressus: pressed against.
adscendens: ascending.
adsurgens: rising to an erect position, ascending.
aduncus: hooked.
advenus: newly arrived, adventive.
aegyptiacus: Egyptian.
aemulus: emulative, imitating.
aeneus: brazen, bronze-colored.
aequinoctialis: pertaining to the equinox.
aequipetalus: equal-petaled.
aeruginosus: rusty, rust-colored.
aestivalis: summer.
aestivus: summer.
aethiopicus: Ethiopian, African.
affinis: related (to another species).
africanus: African.
agavoides: Agave-like.
ageratoides: ageratum-like.
aggregatus: aggregate, clustered.
agrarius: of the fields.
agrestis: of or pertaining to the fields.
aizoides: aizoon-like (Aizo on, an evergreen or tenacious plant).
alatus: winged.
albescens: whitish, becoming white.
albicans: whitish.
albicaulis: wnite-stemmed.
albidus: white.
albiflorus: white-flowered.
albifrons: white-fronded, white-herbaged.
albispinus: white-spined.
albocinctus: white-girdled, white-crowned.
albospicus: white-spiked.
albus: white.
alcicornis: elk-horned.
aleppicus: of Aleppo (in Syria).
alliaceus: of the alliums, garlic-like.
aloides: aloe-like.
alpestris: alpine.
alpinus: alpine.
altaicus: of the Altai Mts. (S. Siberia).
alternans: alternating.
alternus: alternating, alternate.
altifrons: tall-fronded or -herbaged.
altissimus: very tall, tallest.
altus: tall.
amabills: lovely.
amarus: bitter.
ambiguus: ambiguous, doubtful.
amelloides: amellus-like.
americanus: American.
amethystinus: amethystine, violet-colored.
amoenus: charming, pleasing.
amphibius: amphibious, growing both in water and on land.
amplexicaulis: stem-clasping.
amplissimus: most or very ample.
amplus: ample, large, extended.
amurensis: of the Amur River region (E. Siberia).
amygdalinus: pertaining to or like amygdalus.
anacanthus: without spines.
anatolicus: of Anatolia (Asia Minor).
anceps: two-headed, two-edged.
andicolus: native of the Andes.
andinus: Andiuc, Andian, pertaining to the Andes
androgynus: with both staminate and pistillate flowers in one cluster.
anfractuosus: twisted.
anglicus: English, pertaining to England.
anglicus: English, pertaining to England.
anguinus: snaky, pertaining to serpents.
angularis: angular, angled.
angulatus: angular, angled.
angulosus: angular, angled.
angustus: narrow.
annotinus: year-old.
annularis: annular, ringed.
annulatus: annular.
annuus: annual, living but one year.
anomalus: anomalous, out of the ordinary or usual.
antillaris: of the Antilles (W. Indies).
antipodum: of the antipodes.
antiquorum: of the ancients.
antiquus: ancient.
apenninus: pertaining to the Apennines (Italy).
apertus: uncovered, bare.
apetalus: without petals.
aphyllus: leafless.
apiculatus: apiculate, tipped with a point.
appendiculatus: appendaged, bearing an extension or additional part or process.
applanatus: flattened.
applicatus: joined, attached.
apterus: wingless.
aquaticus, aquat ilis: aquatic.
aqueus: aqueous, watery.
aquilinus: aquiline, pertaining to the eagle.
arabicus: Arabian.
arachnoides: spider-like, cobwebby.
arborescens: becoming tree-like, woody.
arboreus: tree-like.
arcticus: arctic.
arcuatus: bow-like, bowed.
arenarius: of sand or sandy places.
areolatus: areolate, pitted.
argentatus: silvery, silvered.
argenteus: silvery.
argophyllus: silver-leaved.
argutus: sharp-toothed.
argyraeus: silvery.
aridus: arid.
arietinus: like a ram's head.
aristatus: aristate, bearded.
aristosus: bearded.
armatus: armed (as with thorns).
aromaticus: aromatic.
arrectus: raised up, erect.
articulatus: articulated, jointed.
arundinaceus: reed-like.
arvensis: pertaining to cultivated fields.
ascendens: ascending.
asiaticus: Asian.
asper: rough.
asperatus: rough.
aspericaulis: rough-stemmed.
asperrimus: very rough.
assimilis: similar, like to.
assurgens: assurgent, clambering.
ater: coal-black.
atlunticus: Atlantic, growing in Atlantic regions.
atratus: blackened.
atropurpureus: dark purple.
atrorubens: dark red.
atrosanguineus: dark blood-red.
atrovirens: dark green.
attenuatus: attenuated, produced to a point.
atticus: pertaining to Attica or Athens, Greek.
augustissimus: very notable.
augustus: august, notable, majestic.
aurantiacus: orange-red.
aureolus: golden.
aureus: golden.
auriculatus: auricled, eared.
australiensis: belonging to Australia.
australis: southern.
austriacus: Austrian.
autumnalis: autumnal.
axillaris: axillary, borne in the axils, pertaining to the axils.
azureus: azure, sky-blue.
==B==
==B==
baccatus: berried.
baccifera: berry-bearing.
balearicus: Balearian, of the Balearic Islands.
balsameus: balsamic, balsam-1ike, with balsam odor.
balsamifera: balsam-bearing.
bambusoides: bambusa-like, bamboo-like.
banaticus: of Banat (S. Hungary).
barbadensis: of Barbadoes.
barbarus: foreign, from a strange country.
barbatus: barbed, bearded.
barbigera: bearing barbs or beards.
basilaris: pertaining to the base or bottom.
bellus: handsome.
benedictus: blessed.
benghalensis: of Bengal (E. India).
betuloides: Betula-like, birch-like.
bicarinatus: twice-keeled, with two keels.
bicolor: two-colored.
bicarnis: two-horned.
bicornutus: two-horned.
bidentatus: two-toothed.
biennis: biennial, living only two years.
bifidus: twice cut, in two parts.
bifiorus: two-flowered.
bifurcatus: twice-forked.
bigibbus: with two swellings or projections.
biglumis: two-glumed.
bijugus: yoked two together, joined, fastened together.
bilobus: two-lobed.
binatus: twin, double, two-and-two.
binervis: two-nerved.
binocularis: binocular, two-eyed, two-spotted.
bipartitus: two-parted.
bipetalus: two-petaled.
bipinnatifidus: bipinnatifid, twice pinnately cut.
bipinnatus: bipinnate, twice pinnate.
bipunctatus: two-spotted.
bisectus: cut in two parts.
bispinosus: two-spined.
biternatus: twice ternate.
blandus: bland, mild.
bonus: good.
burbonicus: of Bourbonne (in N. E. France).
borealis: northern.
botryoides: cluster-like, grape-like.
brachiatus: brachiate, branched at right angles.
brachypodus: short-stalked.
bracteatus: bracteate, bearing bracta.
bracteosus: bract-bearing.
brevicaulis: short-stemmed.
brevifrons: short-fronded, short- leaved.
brevipes: short-footed, as with abort pedicel or petiole.
brevirostris: short-beaked.
brevis: short.
brevisetus: short-bristled.
brevispathus: short-spathed.
brevissimus: very short, shortest.
brilliantissimus: most brilliant, very brilliant.
brunneus: deep brown.
bucephalus: ox-headed.
bufonius: pertaining to the toad.
bulbifera: bulb-bearing.
bulbosus: bulbous.
bullatus: inflated,swelling, puckered, bullate.
byzantinus: Byzantine (of the Constantinople region).
==C==
==C==
caerulescens: becoming or turning dark blue.
caeruleus: cerulean, dark blue.
caesius: bluish gray.
caespitosus: cespitose, tufted, growing in low dense clumps.
catfer, caffra: Kafir.
calabricus: from Calabria(in S. Italy).
calathinus: basket-like.
calcaratus: spurred, with spurs.
calcareus, of or pertaining to lime.
callosus: thick-skinned, with callosities.
calvus: bald, hairless.
calycinus: calyx-like.
calyculatus: calyx-like, calyx-bearing, fruit inclosed in a calyx.
cambricus: Cambrian, Welsh.
campanulatus: campanulate, bell-shaped.
campestris: of the fields or plains.
canadensis: Canadian.
canaliculatus: channeled, grooved.
canariensis: of the Canary Isle.
candicans: white, hoary, particularly white-hairy or white-woolly.
candidissimus: very white-hairy or hoary.
cantabricus: from Cantabria (in Spain).
candidus: white, white-hairy, shining.
canescens: gray-pubescent.
canus: ash-colored, hoary.
capensis: of the Cape (of Good Hope).
capillaris: hair-like.
capreolatus: winding, twining.
capsularis: eapsular.
cardinalis: cardinal.
carinatus: keeled.
carneus: flesh-colored.
carnonus: fleshy.
carolinianus: Carolinian, pertaining to North or South Carolina, or indefinitely to the Carolinas.
carpathicus: of the Carpathian region (Europe).
cartilagineus: like cartilage.
caryophyllaceus: clove-like; perhaps also pertaining to the pink family.
cashmerianus: of Cashmere (Asia).
catharticus: cathartic.
cathayanus: of Cathay (China).
caucusicus: belonging to the Caucasus (mountain region between the Black and Caspian Seas).
caudatus: caudate, tailed.
caulescens: caulescent, having a stem or stems.
cauliflorus: stem-flowered.
cenisius: of Mt. Cenis (between France and Italy).
cephalatus: headed, bearing heads.
cerasiformis: cherry-formed.
cerefolius: wax-leaved.
cerifera: wax-bearing.
cernuus: bending forward, inclined, drooping, nodding.
ceylanicus: of Ceylon; same as zeylanicus.
chalcedonicus: of Chalcedon (on the Bosphorus).
chilensis: belonging to Chile.
chinensis: belonging to China.
chloranthus: green-flowered.
chrysanthus: golden-flowered.
chrysocarpus: golden-fruited.
chrysophyllus: golden-leaved.
chrysostomus: golden-mouthed, golden-throated.
ciliaris: ciliate, fringed with hairs on the margin.
ciliatus: ciliate, hairy fringed.
cilicicus: of Cilicia (in S. E. Asia Minor).
cinctus: girded, girdled.
cinereus: ash-colored.
cinnabarinus: cinnabar-red.
cinnamomeus: cinnamon-brown.
circinatus: circinate, coiled.
cirrhosus: tendrilled.
citratus: citrus-like.
citrinus: citron-colored or -like.
clandestinus: concealed.
clavatus: clavate, club-shaped.
clematideus: pertaining to or like clematis.
clypeatus: with a shield.
coccifera: berry-bearing.
coccineus: scarlet.
cochlearis: spoon-like.
cochleatus: spoon-like.
coelestinus: sky-blue.
coelestis: celestial, sky-blue.
collinus: pertaining to a hill.
coloratus: colored (other than green).
comatus: with coma or hair.
communis: common, general, gregarious.
commutatus: changed or changing.
comosus: with long hair.
compactus: compact, dense.
complexus: circled, embraced.
complicatus: complicate; page 162.
compressus: compressed.
comptus: adorned, ornamented.
concavus: concave, hollowed out.
concinnus: neat, well made.
concolor: colored similarly.
condensus: condensed, crowded.
confertus: crowded.
conformis: similar, like to.
confusus: confused, uncertain (as to characteristics).
congestus: congested, brought together.
conglomeratus: conglomerate, crowded together.
conifera: cone-bearing.
conjugatus: connected, joined together.
conoideus: conoid, cone-like.
consolidus: consolidated, solid, stable.
conspicuus: conspicuous, marked.
constrictus: constricted.
contiguus: contiguous, near together.
contortus: contorted, twisted.
contractus: contracted.
coralliflorus: coral-flowered.
corallinus: coral-red.
cordatus: cordate, heart-shaped.
cordifolius: cordate-leaved, heart-leaved.
coriaceus: leathery.
corniculatus: horned.
cornigera: horn-bearing.
cornutus: horned.
coronarius: used for or belonging to garlands.
coronatus: crowned.
corrugatus: corrugated, wrinkled.
corsicus: Corsican (island in the Mediterranean).
corticosus: heavily furnished with bark.
coruscans: vibrating, glittering.
corymbifera: corymb-bearing.
corymbosus: corymbose.
costatus: costate, ribbed.
crassicaulis: thick-stemmed.
crassifolius: thick-leaved.
crassipes: thick-footed or -stalked.
crassus: thick, fleshy.
crenatus: crenate, scalloped.
crenulatus: crenulate, somewhat scalloped.
crepidatus: sandaled, slippered.
crepitans: rattling, rustling.
cretaceus: cretaceous, pertaining to chalk.
creticus: of Crete (island in Eastern Mediterranean).
crinitus: hairy, provided with hair.
crispus: crisped, curled.
cristatus: cristate, crested.
crocatus: saffron-yellow.
croceus: saffron-colored, yellow.
cruciatus: cruciate, cross-like.
crucifera: cross-bearing.
cruentus: bloody.
crystallinus: crystalline.
cubensis: Cuban.
cucullatus: hooded.
cultratus: cultrate, knife-shaped.
cuneatus: cuneate, wedge-shaped.
cuneifolius: wedge-leaved.
cuneiformis: wedge-formed.
cupreus: copper-like or –colored.
curvatus: curved.
cuspidatus: cuspidate, with a cusp or sharp stiff point.
cyaneus: blue.
cylindraceus: cylindrical.
cylindricus: cylindrical.
cymbiformis: boat-formed.
cymosus: cymed, having a cyme or cymes.
cypreus: copper-like; see cupreus.
==D==
==D==
dactyiffera: finger-bearing.
dahuricus, davu ricus: Of Dahuria or Dauria (in Trans-Baikal Siberia, near the frontier of China).
dalmaticus: Dalmatian (on eastern side of the Adriatic).
damascenus: of Damascus.
dasycarpus: thick-fruited.
dealbatus: whitened, white-washed.
debilis: weak, frail.
decandrus: ten-stamened.
decapetalus: ten-petaled.
deciduus: deciduous, with parts falling.
decipiens: deceptive.
declinatus: declined, bent downward.
decolorans: discoloring, staining.
decompositus: decompound, more than once compound or divided.
decorans: adorning.
decorus: elegant, comely, becoming.
decumbens: decumbent, reclining at the base but the top or tips upright.
decurrens: decurrent, as a leaf extending down the stem.
deflexus: deflexed, bent abruptly downward.
deformis: misshapen, deformed.
delectus: chosen.
delicatissimus: most or very delicate.
delicatus: delicate, tender.
deliciosus: delicious.
deltoideus: deltoid, triangular.
demissus: low, weak.
dendroideus: tree-like.
densiflorus: densely flowered.
densus: dense.
dentatus: toothed.
denticulatus: denticulate, slightly toothed.
dentosus: toothed.
denudatus: denuded, naked.
depauperatus: depauperate, starved, dwarfed.
dependens: hanging down.
depressus: depressed.
deustus: burned.
devastator: (feminine devastatrix): devastating, laying waste.
diacanthus: two-spined.
diadema: a diadem, crown.
diandrus: with two stamens.
diaphanus: diaphanous, very thin, transparent.
dichotomus: forked, two-branched equally.
dichrous: of two colors.
dicoccus: with two berries.
didymus: in a pair, as of anthers.
difformis: of differing forms.
diffusus: diffuse, spreading.
digititus: digitate, compound in form like the fingers.
dilatatus: dilated, expanded.
dilutus: dilated, spread out.
dimidiatus: halved, in two equal parts.
dimorphus: dimorphous, two-formed.
diodon: with two teeth.
dioicus: dioecious.
dipetalus: two-petaled.
diphyllus: two-leaved.
dipsaecus: of the teasel or Dipsacus.
discoideus: discoid, rayless.
discolor: of two or of different colors.
discolor: of two or of different colors.
dispar: dissimilar, unlike.
dissectus: dissected, deeply cut.
dissimilis: dissimilar, unlike.
dissitiflorus: remotely or loosely flowered.
distachyus: two-spiked.
distans: distant, separate, remote.
distichus: two-ranked, with leaves or flowers in ranks on opposite sides of stem.
distylus: two-styled.
diurnus: day-flowering.
divaricatus: divaricate, spreading, widely divergent.
divergens: diverging, wide-spreading.
diversiflorus: diversely flowered, variable-flowered.
diversifolius: variable-leaved.
divisus: divided, separated.
dodecandrus: twelve-stamened.
dolabriformis: hatchet- or ax-shaped.
dolosus: deceitful.
domesticus: domestic, domesticated.
drupaceus: drupe-like.
drupifera: drupe-bearing.
dubius: dubious, doubtful.
dulcis: sweet.
dumetorum: of bushea or hedges.
dumosus: bushy.
duplex: double.
duplicatus: duplicate, double.
durabilis: durable, lasting.
duracinus: hard-berried.
duriusculus: somewhat hard or rough.
==E==
==E==
ebenaceus: ebony-like.
ebracteatus: bractless.
eburneus: ivory-white.
echinatus: bristly, prickly.
echinocarpus: prickly-fruited,
echinosepalus: prickly-sepaled.
ecornutus: hornless.
edulis: edible.
effusus: very loose-spreading.
elasticus: elastic.
elatior: taller.
elatus: tall.
elegans: elegant.
elegantissimus: most elegant, very elegant.
elephantum: of the elephants.
elllpticus: elliptical.
elongatus: elongated, lengthened.
emarginatus: emarginate, with a shallow notch at the apex.
emeticus: emetic.
eminens: eminent, prominent.
enneaphyilus: nine-leaved.
ensatus: sword-shaped.
ensifolius: sword-leaved.
ensiformis: sword-formed or –shaped.
entomophilus: insect-loving.
equestris: pertaining to the horse.
equinus: of horses.
erectus: erect, upright.
erianthus: woolly-flowered.
ericoides: erica-like, heath-like.
eriocarpus: woolly-fruited.
eriocephalus: woolly-headed.
erosus: erose, jagged, as if gnawed.
erraticus: erratic, unusual, sporadic.
erubescens: blushing.
erythrocarpus: red-fruited.
erythrocephalus: red-headed.
erythropodus: red-footed, red-stalked.
erythropterus: red-winged.
esculentus: esculent, edible.
estriatus: without stripes.
etuberosus: without tubers.
europaeus: Europeans.
exaltatus: exalted, very tall.
excavatus: excavated, hollowed out.
excellens: excellent, excelling.
excelsus: tall.
excisus: excised, cut away.
exiguus: little, small, poor.
eximius: distinguished, out of the ordinary.
exitiosus: pernicious, destructive.
exoletus: mature, fully grown, dying away.
exoticus: exotic, from another country.
expansus: expanded.
exsculptus: dug out, carved out.
exsertus: exserted, protruding from.
exsurgens: rising up, standing up.
extensus: extended.
exudans: exuding.
==F==
==F==
fabaceus: faba-like, bean-like.
falcatus: falcate, sickle-shaped or scythe-shaped.
falcifolius: falcate-leaved.
falciformis: sickle-formed.
fallax: deceptive.
farinaceus: containing farina or starch, or like flour; perhaps also farinose,
farinifera: farina-bearing.
farinosus: farinose, mealy, powdery.
fasciatus: fasciate, abnormally flattened and broadened.
fascicularis: fascicled, clustered, brought together.
fasciculatus: fascicled.
fascinator: fascinating, charming.
fastigiatus: fastigiate, branches erect and close together.
fastuosus: proud.
febrifugus: febrifuge, fever-dispelling.
fenestralis: with window-like openings.
ferox: ferocious; very thorny.
ferreus: pertaining to iron.
ferrugineus: rusty, of the color of iron rust.
fertilis: fertile, fruitful.
festivus: festive, gay, bright.
fibrosus: fibrous, bearing prominent fibers.
ficoldeus: fig-like.
filamentosus: filamentous, composed of threads or bearing threads.
filicatus: fern-like, ferny.
filicifolius: fern-leaved.
filicinus: fern-like.
fllicoides: fern-like.
filifera: bearing filaments or threads.
filifolius: thread-leaved, with leaves cut into thread-like divisions.
filiformis: filiform, thread-like.
filipes: with stalks thread-like.
fimbriatus: fimbriated, fringed.
firmatus: firm, made firm.
firmus: firm, strong.
fissifolius: split-leaved.
fissilis: fissile, cleft or split.
fissus: cleft, split.
fistulosus: fistular, hollow-cylindrical.
flabellatus: flabellate, with fan-like parts.
flabelliformis: fan-formed.
flaccidus: flaccid, soft.
flagellaris: flagellate, whip-like.
flagellatus: whip-like.
flagelliformis: whip-formed.
flagellum: a scourge or flail.
flammeus: flame-colored.
flavescens: yellowish, becoming yellow or yellowish.
flavicomus: yellow-wooled or -haired.
flavidus: yellow, yellowish.
fiavispinus: yellow-spined.
flavissimus: very yellow, deep yellow.
flavus: yellow.
flexilis: flexible, pliant.
flexuosus: flexuose, tortuous, zig-zag.
floccosus: woolly.
flore-albo: with white flowers.
florentinus: Florentine.
flore-pleno: with full or double flowers.
floribundus: free-flowering, blooming profusely.
floridus: flowering, full of flowers.
fluitans: floating.
fluviatilis: pertaining to a river.
foemina: female.
foeniculaceus: fennel-like.
foetidissimus: very fetid.
foetidus: fetid, bad-smelling.
foliatus: with leaves.
foliolatus: with leaflets.
foliosus: leafy, full of leaves.
follicularis: bearing follicles, follicled.
forficatus: shear-shaped.
formicaeformis: ant-shaped, ant-like,
formosissimus: most or very beautiful.
formosus: beautiful, handsome.
foveatus: pitted.
fragilis: fragile, brittle.
fragrans: fragrant, odoroua.
fragrantissimus: very fragrant.
fraxineus: fraxinous, like Fraxinus or ash trees.
frigidus: cold, of cold regions.
frondosus: fronded, leafy.
fructifera: fruit-bearing, fruitful.
fructigenus: fruitful.
frutescens: shrubby, bushy.
fruticosus: fruticose, shrubby, bushy.
fucatus: painted, dyed.
fugax: swift.
fulgens: shining, glistening.
fulgidus: fulgid, shining.
fuliginosus: black-painted or -colored, sooty.
fulvescens: fulvous or becoming fulvous.
fulvus: fulvous, tawny, orange-gray-yellow.
fulvus: fulvous, tawny, orange-gray-yellow.
funalis: of a rope or cord.
funebris: funereal.
fungosus: fungous, pertaining to a fungus, spongy.
funiculatus: of a slender rope or cord; with a funicle (stalk of an ovule or seed).
furcans: forked.
furcatus: furcate, forked.
fuscus: fuscous, brown, dusky.
fusiformis: spindle-shaped.
==G==
==G==
galericulatus: helmet-like.
gallicus: of Gaul or France; also pertaining to a cock or rooster.
gandavensis: belonging to Ghent, Belgium.
garganicus: belonging to Gargano (Eastern Italy).
gelidus: ice-cold.
geminatus: twin.
geminiflorus: twin-flowered.
gemmatus: gemmed, jewelled; also bearing buds.
gemmifera: bud-bearing.
genevensis: belonging to Geneva.
geniculatus: jointed, kneed.
geoides: of the earth.
geometricus: geometrical, in a pattern.
germanicus: German, of Germany.
gibberosus: humped, hunchbacked.
gibbiflorus: gibbous-flowered.
gibbosus: swollen on one side.
gibbus: gibbous, swollen on one side.
giganteus: gigantic, very large.
giganticus: gigantic.
gigas: of giants, immense.
glabellus: smoothish.
glaber: glabrous, smooth.
glaberrimus: most smooth, smoothest.
glabratus: somewhat glabrous or smooth.
glabrescens: smoothish, or becoming so.
glacialis: icy, frozen.
gladiatus: sword-like.
glandulifera: gland-bearing.
glandulosus: glandular.
glastifolius: with leaves like the dyer's woad (Isatis, once called Glastum).
glaucescens: glaucescent, becoming glaucous.
glaucifolius: glaucous-leaved
glaucophyllus: glaucous-leaved.
glaucus: glaucous, with a bloom, grayish.
globosus: globose, spherical, nearly or quite globular.
globularis: of a little ball or sphere.
globulifera: globule-bearing, globe-bearing.
globulosus: globuled, like a little ball.
glomeratus: glomerate, clustered.
gloriosus: glorious, superb.
glumaceus: glumed, with glumes or glume-like structures.
glutinosus: glutinous, gluey, sticky.
gongylodes: roundish.
gracilentus: slender.
gracilis: graceful, slender.
gracillimus: graceful, very slender.
graecus: of Greece, Greek.
gramineus: grassy, grass-like.
graminifolius: grass-leaved.
grandiceps: large-headed.
grandicuspis: with large cusps or points.
grandidentatus: large-or big-toothed.
grandiflorus: large-flowered.
grandifolius: large-leaved.
grandiformis: on a large scale, of a big kind.
grandipunctatus: with large spots.
grandis: large, big.
granulatus: granulate, covered with minute grains.
granulosus: granulate, granulose.
gratissimus: very pleasing or agreeable.
gratus: pleasing, agreeable.
graveolens: heavy-scented.
groenlandicus: of Greenland.
guianensis: of Guiana (South America).
guineensis: of Guinea (Africa).
gummifera: gum-bearing.
guttatus: spotted, speckled.
gymnocarpus: naked-fruited.
gyrans: gyrating, revolving in a circle.
==H==
==H==
haemanthus: blood-red-flowered.
hamatus: hooked.
hamosus: hooked.
harpophyllus: sickle-leaved.
hastatus: hastate, spear-shaped.
hastifera: spear-bearing.
hastilis: of a javelin or spear.
hebecarpus: pubescent-fruited.
hederaceus: of the ivy (Hedera).
helianthus: sunflower.
helveticus: Swiss, of Helvetia (Switzerland).
helvolus: pale yellow.
hemisphaericus: hemispherical.
heptaphyllus: seven-leaved.
herbaceus: herbaceous, dying to the ground and not woody.
herbariorum: of the herbaria.
heteracanthus: various-spined.
heteranthus: various-flowered, variable in flowers.
heterocarpus: various-fruited.
heterodon: various-toothed.
heteroglossus: various-tongued.
heteromorphus: various in form.
heterophyllus: various-leaved, with leaves of more than one shape.
hexagonopterus: six-angled-winged.
hexagonus: hexagonal, six-angled.
hexapetalus: six-petaled.
hians: open, gaping.
hibernalis: of or pertaining to winter.
hibernicus: Hibernian, of or pertaining to Ireland.
hieroglyphicus: hieroglyphic, marked as if with signs.
himalaicus: Himalayan.
hircinus: of a goat, with a goat's odor.
hirsutissimus: very hairy, most hairy.
hirsutulus: somewhat hirsute or hairy.
hirsutus: hirsute, hairy.
hirtellus: somewhat hairy.
hirtiflorus: hairy-flowered.
hirtipes: hairy-stalked or-stemmed.
hirtus: hairy.
hispanicus: Spanish, of Spain.
hispidissimus: most or very bristly.
hispidulus: somewhat hispid or bristly.
hispidus: hispid, bristly.
histrionicus: histrionic, pertaining to the stage or to actors.
holosericeus: woolly-silky. .
horizontalis: horizontal.
horridus: provided with spines or barbs, prickly.
hortensis: belonging to the hortus or garden.
horticolus: a little garden; of the garden.
hortorum: of gardens.
hortulanus: pertaining to a garden.
humifusus: sprawling on the ground.
humilis: low-growing, dwarf.
hyacinthinus: hyacinthine, sapphire- colored.
hyacinthoides: like the hyacinth.
hyalinus: transparent, translucent.
hybridus: hybrid, mixed, mongrel.
hyemalis: of winter; also hiemalis.
hygrometricus: hygrometric, taking up water.
hymenanthus: membranaceous-flowered.
hymenodes: membrane-like.
hyperboreus: far northern.
hypocrateriformis: salver-shaped, flower with a slender cylindrical tube and flat spreading limb.
hypogaeus: underground, subterranean.
hypoglaucus: glaucous beneath.
hypoleucus: whitish, pale.
hypophyllus: under the leaf.
hystrix: porcupine-like, bristly.
==I==
==I==
zona tus: zoned, banded.
zona tus: zoned, banded.
==More information on species names==
The species-adjective is made to agree with its genus in gender: thus the Latin adjective ''aureus'' (golden) takes the regular masculine termination in ''Calochortus aureus'', because Calochortus is masculine; the feminine termination in Albuca aurea; the neuter in ''Acrostichum aureum''; in Sorbus it is feminine (''S. aurea'') even though the generic name is masculine in form, because most trees are feminine whatever the termination of the name. In the following list, for convenience most of the adjectives are printed in the masculine form. The leading exceptions are those that terminate in ''-fer'' and ''-ger'', meaning "bearuig," these being given in the feminine form.
The above examples illustrate prevailing terminations of species-words. Other adjectives have other forms, as ''niger''; ''nigra'', ''nigrum'' (black); ''asper'', ''aspera'', ''asperum'' (rough); ''acaulis'', ''acaule'' (stemless); the termination ''-ensis'' (belonging to, citizen of), as in ''canadensis'', ''canadense'' (not ''-um''). Commemorative personal species-names may be in the genitive or in the form of an adjective; as ''Stanhopea Lindleyi''. Lindley's stanhopea; ''Selenipedium Lindleyanum'', Lindleyan selenipedium. If the person's name ends in a hard consonant, the termination (under the recent Vienna code) is in double ii, as ''Canna Lambertii''. If for a woman, the termination is feminine, as Acacia Wayae. Substantive names in apposition hold their own termination, and the word in such cases should begin with a capital letter, if it is a proper name or an old generic name, as ''Hibiscus Sabdariffa'', ''Artemisia Absinthium'', ''Begonia Rex''. Such words are usually old generic names or prominent vernacular substantives, and they commonly record some historical connection of the plant.
Very many names are compounded from generic or subgeneric names, representing similarity or likeness to. These the reader will be able to recognize at once, and they need not be entered in this list. Examples are: ''achilleaefolius'', achillea-leaved; ''achilleoides'', achillea-like; ''acrostichoides'', acrostichum-like; ''bellidiflorus'', bellis-flowered; ''lamiifolius'', lamium-leaved; ''xiphioides'', xiphium-like; ''tremuliformis'', tremula-formed or -shaped; ''cacaliopsis'', cacalia-like; ''atriplicis'', atriplex-like; ''scillaris'', scilla-like.
