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Lilium (view source)

Revision as of 19:10, 17 July 2009

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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| name = ''Lilium''
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| common_names = Lily
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| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
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| image = 2000px_lillium_michiganese.jpg
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| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption = Lilium michiganense
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = Liliopsida
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| ordo = Liliales
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| familia = Liliaceae
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| genus = Lilium
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}}
 
{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
 
LILIUM (Latin, from the Greek name, said to be derived from the Celtic word li, meaning whiteness, referring to L.candidum). Liliaceae. Lily. Noble plants for outdoor bloom, and a few of them grown under glass. They comprise one of the distinctive flower forms, and the name lily is applied to many other plants.
 
LILIUM (Latin, from the Greek name, said to be derived from the Celtic word li, meaning whiteness, referring to L.candidum). Liliaceae. Lily. Noble plants for outdoor bloom, and a few of them grown under glass. They comprise one of the distinctive flower forms, and the name lily is applied to many other plants.
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Early shipments of lilies arrive in tune to follow the last of the cold-storage bulbs.
 
Early shipments of lilies arrive in tune to follow the last of the cold-storage bulbs.
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{{SCH}}
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{{Taxobox
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = ''Lilium''
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| image = 2000px_lillium_michiganese.jpg
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| image_width = 240px
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| image_caption = ''Lilium michiganense''
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| classis = [[monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]
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| ordo = [[Liliales]]
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| familia = [[Liliaceae]]
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| genus = '''''Lilium'''''
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subdivision = See text
   
}}
 
}}
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The plants of the [[genus]] '''''Lilium''''' are the true lily plants, comprising a genus of about 100 [[species]] in the lily family, [[Liliaceae]]. They are important as showy and large flowered garden plants, and in literature.
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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==Range==
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===Propagation===
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Lilies are native to the northern temperate regions. Their range in the [[Old World]] extends across much of [[Europe]], the north [[Mediterranean]], across most of [[Asia]] to [[Japan]], south to the [[Nilgiri]] mountains in [[India]], and south to the [[Philippines]]. In the [[New World]] they extend from southern [[Canada]] through much of the [[United States]]. A few species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include ''[[Cardiocrinum]]'' and ''[[Nomocharis]]''.
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often [[mountain|montane]], or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an [[epiphyte]] (''L. arboricola''). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Classification of garden forms===  
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==Botany==
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[[Image:Lilium canadense.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Asiatic hybrid flower]]
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Lilies are usually erect leafy stemmed herbs. The majority of species form naked or tunic-less scaly underground [[bulb]]s from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into [[rhizome]]s, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop [[stolon]]s. A few species form bulbs at or near the soil surface .  
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Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups{{wp}};
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*'''Species''' (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group. {{wp}}
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Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out [[adventitious]] roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.  
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*'''Asiatic hybrids''' (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and east Asian species. {{wp}}
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*'''Martagon hybrids''' (Division II). These are based on ''L. martagon'' and ''L. hansonii''. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved). {{wp}}
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The large [[flower]]s have three [[petals]] along with three petal-like [[sepal]]s, often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds, purples, bronze and even nearly black. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees.  
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*'''Candidum hybrids''' (Division III). This includes hybrids of ''L. candidum'' with several other mostly European species. {{wp}}
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*'''American hybrids''' (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''L. pardalinum''. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks. {{wp}}
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The plants are summer flowering. Most species are [[deciduous]], but ''Lilium candidum'' bears a basal rosette of leaves for much of the year. Flowers are formed at the top of a single erect stem, with leaves being borne at intervals up the stem.
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*'''Longiflorum hybrids''' (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids. {{wp}}
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}}
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*'''Trumpet lilies''' (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including ''L. regale'' and ''L. aurelianse''. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant. {{wp}}
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*'''Oriental hybrids''' (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of ''L. auratum'' and ''L. speciosum'', together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is [[Lilium "Stargazer"]].{{wp}}
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*'''Other hybrids''' (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.{{wp}}
    
==Species==
 
==Species==
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The following is a partial list of the recognised species{{wp}}.  
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The following is a partial list of the recognised species.  
      
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==Uses==
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{{Inc|
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Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.  
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*Lilium albanicum, Griseb. Very similar to L. Jankae. Albania.{{SCH}}
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*L. Alexandrae, Baker (L. japonicum var. Alexandrae, Hort.). St. 2-3 ft. high: leaves scattered, 5-6 in. long, 1/2 - 3/4 in. wide: flowers trumpet-shaped, usually solitary, semi-erect, 5-6 in. long, nearly as wide, delicately fragrant., with waxy, pure white segms. shaded green at the base. Late June. July. Liu Kiu Isls. Possibly a hybrid between L. auratum and L. longiflorum.{{SCH}}
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*L. Bakeri, Purdy (L. Purdyi, Waugh). Bulb similar to that of L. columbianum: st. 2-5 ft. high: leaves mostly verticillate: flowers 1-10, horizontal or semi-pendulous, slightly fragrant, with reflexed orange-red segms., spotted deep purple. Wash. and Brit. Col {{SCH}}
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* L. Bakerianum (syn. L. Lowi). {{SCH}}
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* L. Berensii, Hort. A garden hybrid between L. testaceum and L. chalcedonicum: st. 3-4 ft. high: flowers fragrant, similar to those of L. testaceum in size and shape, but brighter, and richer in color. Aug., early Sept.{{SCH}}
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*L. Biondii, Hort. Resembles L. Maximowiczii: st. 3-4 ft. high: leaves scattered, linear: flowers several, pendulous, 2 1/2 in. across, with reflexed segms., orange-red spotted deep purple-black with reddish brown anthers. {{SCH}}
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*L. claptonense, Hort. (syn. L. primulinum). {{SCH}}
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*L. davidii, Duch. Allied to L. concolor; st. 2-3 ft. high, with narrow, scattered leaves; flowers erect, solitary, star-shaped, orange, spotted purple. Thibet. L. Delavayi, Franch. flowers rosy crimson; belongs in subgenus Archelirion. China.{{SCH}}
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*L. Daei, Hort. A garden hybrid, resembling L. longiflorum. desc, {{SCH}}
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*L. Duchartrei, Franch. St. about 3 ft. high, smooth: leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 2 1/2  in. long, 1/2 in. wide: flowers 1-7, pendulous, 3 in. diam., white, tinged rose outside, finely spotted inside. W. and S.W. China. {{SCH}}
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*L. Fargesii. Franch. A Martagon with small yellow flowers China. {{SCH}}
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*L. Farquhari, Hort. (syn. L. Sargentiae). {{SCH}}
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*L. formasum, Franch. flowers erect, white, similar to those of L. elegans. China. {{SCH}}
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*L. Glehnii, F. Schmidt. Differs only slightly from L. cordifolium. Japan. {{SCH}}
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*L. Heldreichii, Baker. Intermediate between L. carniolicum and L. chalcedonicum: St. 2-3 ft. high, with narrow, scattered leaves and 1-4 bright orange-red flowers tinged yellow outside. Late June, July. Greece. {{SCH}}
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*L. kewense, Hort. A garden hybrid between L. Henryi and L. Browni var. Chloraster; resembles a small L. auratum in habit of growth and form of flowers, but the leaves are similar to those of L. Henryi; Flowers rich cream-color, fading to nearly white and with a deep creamy-yellow band through the center of each segm. July, Aug. {{SCH}}
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* L. lankongense, Franch. Flowers purple, spotted black. Belongs in subgenus Martagon. Yunnan, China.{{SCH}}
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*L. lophaphorum, Franch. A Martagon about 1 ft. high, with canary-yellow flowers Western China. {{SCH}}
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*L. Lawi, Baker (L. Bakerianum, Coll. & Hemal.). St. 2-3 ft. high: leaves scattered, narrow, erect: flowers 1-3, pendulous, bell-shaped, 3—4 in. long, nearly as wide, with slightly recurved ivory-white segms. spotted or blotched purple near the base inside and tinged green outside. Yunnan and N. Burma. -L.Masseyi, Hyams. A southern form of L. philadelphicum, differing but slightly. N. C. {{SCH}}
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*L. Miquelianum, Makino. Said to be an improved form of L. medeoloides. Japan. {{SCH}}
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*L. mirabile, Franch. Similar to L. cordifolium. China.{{SCH}}
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*L. occident, Purdy. Resembles L. maritimum, but the segms. of the flowers are more reflexed: bulb rhizomatous: st. 2-4 ft. high: leaves usually verticillate, lower ones sometimes scattered: flowers 1-15, orange-yellow, tipped red, spotted purple. Calif. {{SCH}}
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*L. ochraceum, Franch. A yellow-flowered Martagon resembling L. monadelphum. China. {{SCH}}
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*L. oxypetalum, Baker. 1-1 1/2 ft. tall: leaves 20-30, scattered, lanceolate-linear: fl. wide funnel-shaped or nearly rotate, purplish, tinged with green beneath, somewhat dotted inside. W. Himalayas. {{SCH}}
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*L. papilliferum. Franch. A dwarf L. Maximowiczii, with orange-red flowers China.{{SCH}}
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*L. Parkmannii. T. Moore. A hybrid between L. auratum and L. speciosum: St. slender, 2—4 ft. high: leaves scattered, alternate: flowers 8-12 in. diam. of the same shape as those of L. auratum, but colored like those of L. speciosum. {{SCH}}
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*L. panticum, Koch. Resembles L. monadelphum, but is smaller, seldom over 2 ft. high. Asia Minor. {{SCH}}
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* L. primullinum, Baker (L. claptonense, Hort.) flowers pure primrose- yellow, trumpet-shaped, intermediate in form between those of L. neilgherrense  and L. nepalense. N. Burma. .{{SCH}}
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*L. Purdyi (syn. L. Bakeri).{{SCH}}
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*L. Rasthernii, Diels. Belongs in subgenus Martagon. China. {{SCH}}
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*L. taliense, Franch. A tall-growing Martagon with white flowers China. L. thayerae, Wilson. Bulb 2-2 1/2 in. diam., ivory-white: st. 4 — 4.5 ft. high, clothed with long, linear leaves and usually bearing 16 or 17 flowers. W.China.  Intro, as L. sutchuense.{{SCH}}
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*L. tubiflorum, Wight. Closely resembles L. neilgherrense, except the leaves and perianth-segms. are narrower. Himalaya Mts. {{SCH}}
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*L. Warei, Purdy. Said to be intermediate in character between L. pardalinum and L. Parryi: flowers fragrant, bright yellow, spotted deep purple. Calif. {{SCH}}
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*L. willmottiae, Wilson (L. warleyense, Hort.). St. about 4 ft. high: leaves numerous, spirally arranged, linear, 3-5 in. long: flowers 20 or more, pendulous, 3 in. diam.. recurved, orange-red, spotted reddish brown. China. {{SCH}}
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*L. yoshidaii, Leicht. Flowers fragrant, resembling those of L. Brownii. Philippine Isls. {{SCH}}
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*L. yunnanense, Franch. St. 1-3 ft. high: flowers 1-3, small, pendulous, pink or nearly white. Yunnan, China.{{SCH}}
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}}
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Some lilies, especially ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'', as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, ''L. longiflorum'' for the [[Easter]] trade, when it may be called the [[Easter lily]].
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
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''Lilium'' bulbs are [[starch]]y and edible as [[root vegetable]]s, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter.  The non-bitter bulbs of ''[[Tiger lily|L. lancifolium]]'', ''L. pumilum'', and especially ''L. brownii'' (called [[wiktionary:百|百]][[wiktionary:合|合]][[wiktionary:干|干]] in Chinese) are grown at large scale in [[China]] as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form.  They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and [[stir frying|stir-fried]], grated and used to thicken [[soup]], or processed to extract starch.  Their texture and taste draw comparison with the [[potato]], although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis ([[kidney]] failure) in cats which have eaten some species of ''Lilium'' and ''[[Hemerocallis]]'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12680447&dopt=Abstract].
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:WhiteLily.jpg| (white Lily)
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Lilies are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Dun-bar|The Dun-bar]].
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Image:Lilium auratum - pollen.jpg|Pollen of ''Lilium auratum'' (Oriental Lily) Back-scattered electron microscope image
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</gallery>
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Lilies are considered the most common of flowers to be presented at funerals.  The presence of Lilies at funerals symbolizes that the soul of the departed has received restored innocence after death.
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===Classification of garden forms===
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[[Image:Lilium canadense.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Asiatic hybrid flower]]
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Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;
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*'''Species''' (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.
  −
*'''Asiatic hybrids''' (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and east Asian species.
  −
*'''Martagon hybrids''' (Division II). These are based on
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''L. martagon'' and ''L. hansonii''. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).
  −
*'''Candidum hybrids''' (Division III). This includes hybrids of ''L. candidum'' with several other mostly European species.
  −
*'''American hybrids''' (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''L. pardalinum''. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.  
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*'''Longiflorum hybrids''' (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.
  −
*'''Trumpet lilies''' (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including ''L. regale'' and ''L. aurelianse''. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be  strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.
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*'''Oriental hybrids''' (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of ''L. auratum'' and ''L. speciosum'', together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is [[Lilium "Stargazer"]].
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*'''Other hybrids''' (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.
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===Propagation and growth===
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Liliums can be propagated in several ways;
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* by division of the bulbs,
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* by growing-on [[Bulb#Bulbil|''bulbils'']] which are [[adventitious]] bulbs formed on the stem,
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* by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb,
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* by seed; [[Lily Seed Germination Types|seed germination patterns]] are variable and can be complex.
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==Names==
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The botanic name ''Lilium'' is the [[Latin]] form and is a [[Linnaean]] name. The Latin name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''leirion'', which is generally assumed to be the [[Madonna lily]]. [http://members.shaw.ca/lilynet/netlil/id35.htm]
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The term "lily" (generally with a modifier, such as "[[water lily]]", "[[daylily]]", "[[arum lily]]" or "[[blackberry lily]]") is also applied to a large number of other plants, which have flowers that may resemble true lilies to a greater or lesser extent. Most of them are quite unrelated to the true lilies.
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==Trivia==
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==References==
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*[[Johannes Brahms]]' famous berceuse, ''[[Brahms' Lullaby]]'', mentions lilies in the common English version. In the original German composition, it mentions [[rose]]s and [[carnation]]s.
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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==See also==
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Seed_Germination_Types ''Lily Seed Germination types'']
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
    
==External links==
 
==External links==
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*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Lilium&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Lilium'']
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*{{wplink}}
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 Flora of China: ''Lilium'']
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=118558 Flora of Nepal: ''Lilium'' species list]
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Flora of North America: ''Lilium'']
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*[http://www.lilyregister.com/ Online Lily Register, over 9400 entries ''Lilium'']
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*[http://www.deflorum.com/lilium.html de Florum: ''Lilium'' species]
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*[http://www.lilies.org/ North American Lily Society]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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<!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->
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<gallery>
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Image:Lilium auratum - pollen.jpg|Pollen of ''Lilium auratum'' (Oriental Lily) Back-scattered electron microscope image
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</gallery>
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<gallery>
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Image:WhiteLily.jpg| (white Lily)
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</gallery>
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{{Commons|Lilium}}
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[[Category:Liliales]]
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[[Category:Root vegetables]]
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[[Category:Flowers]]
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[[Category:Garden plants]]
 
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