Difference between revisions of "Clematis"

From Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Line 30: Line 30:
  
 
To grow clematis most successfully, they should be given a good depth of loamy soil, with a fair supply of well-rotted manure spaded in and thoroughly distributed through the soil. In hot, dry weather, the plants should be regularly watered in order to obtain the greatest number of flowers possible, for the plants are very susceptible to injury by drought. A point of great importance, especially in caring for newly set plants, is to provide a firm support for them to climb upon. A solid wooden or metal trellis is preferable, for the reason that it prevents the plants from being whipped about by the winds, which often results in breaking the stalks just above the ground or else in cracking the outer bark of the stalks and rendering them more liable to the attacks of insects and fungous diseases. Training the vines upon strings, or a pliable support of any kind, is not to be advised for this reason. Propagation of the hybrid varieties is effected both by cuttings and by grafts. All of the type varieties grow readily from seed.
 
To grow clematis most successfully, they should be given a good depth of loamy soil, with a fair supply of well-rotted manure spaded in and thoroughly distributed through the soil. In hot, dry weather, the plants should be regularly watered in order to obtain the greatest number of flowers possible, for the plants are very susceptible to injury by drought. A point of great importance, especially in caring for newly set plants, is to provide a firm support for them to climb upon. A solid wooden or metal trellis is preferable, for the reason that it prevents the plants from being whipped about by the winds, which often results in breaking the stalks just above the ground or else in cracking the outer bark of the stalks and rendering them more liable to the attacks of insects and fungous diseases. Training the vines upon strings, or a pliable support of any kind, is not to be advised for this reason. Propagation of the hybrid varieties is effected both by cuttings and by grafts. All of the type varieties grow readily from seed.
 +
 +
The following are supposed to be hybrids of this species: C cylindrica, Sims (xC. crispa, C. integrifolia var. diversifolia, Hort. C. integrifolia var. pinnata, Hort.). Lvs. more or less irregularly lobed or pinnate: fls. solitary, cylindric-campanulate with the sepals more or less recurved from the middle, blue or bluish-violet. B.M. 1160. Lav. 13. G.W. 14, pp. 562-3. R.H. 1856:341. Here also belongs probably C. divaritica, Jacq., with short-petioled  pinnate lvs. and blue, less spreading sepals.
 +
 +
A hybrid of this species is C. Jouiniana, Schneid. (var. Davidiana XC. Vitalba). Half-climbing, to 6ft.: fls. in large panicles, bluish white, first tubular with the sepals finally spreading. G.C. III. 51:34. Another hybrid is C. Davidiana hybrida, Lem. (var. Davidiana x C. stans) of which Lemoine advertises several named forms varying from light to deep blue; very floriferous.
 +
 +
The following are garden varieties:
 +
Var. albiflora, Kuntze. Fls. white.
 +
 +
Var. rubra, Hort. Fls. purple.—Var. rubra grandiflora, Jackman, has larger bright crimson fls. and 6 sepals. F.S. 20:2053 (1783). F. 1872:265.
 +
 +
Var. kermesina, Lem. (C. kermesina. Hort.). Fls. of bright wine red color, purple being absent. Gn. 39:30.
 +
 +
Var. lilacina-floribunda, Hort. (C. lilacina-floribunda, Hort. C. floribunda, Hort.). Fls. pale gray-lilac, conspicuously veined. Gn. 18, p. 389 (note).—An abundant bloomer. Produced in an English garden in 1880.
 +
 +
Lady Bovill. Jackman (C. Lady Bovill, Hort.). Fls. cup- formed, sepals being concave and little or not at all recurved at the ends, fls. 4 in. across; sepals 4-6, grayish blue; stamens light brown. M. & J. 15. R.H. 1876:190.
 +
 +
Var. mormorata, Jackman. (C. marmorata, Hort.), Fls. rather small, with 4 broad sepals, light grayish blue with darker veins, 3 longitudinal bars. M. & J. 1, f. 2; same plate in F.S. 20:2050-55 (2008). F. 1872:265.
 +
Hybrids of C. Viticella which are closely allied to that type:
 +
 +
C. eriostemon, Decne.( x C. integrifolia; C. Hendersonii, Henderson. C. Chandleri, Hort.) Fig. 985. St. and habit of C.Viticella: lfts. and fls much like C. integrifolia: climbing 8-10 ft.: 4 blue sepals, spreading, reflexed at the tips. R.H. 1852 341. F.S. 13:1364 var. venosa). Lav.12. Here belong also: intermedia, Bonamy, smaller, with more pubescent branchlets paler fls. C. Bergeronii, Lav., resembling more C. integrifolia: lvs. usually entire: fls. pink about 2 in. across terminal panicles. Lav.10. C. distorta, Lav. with rosy-lilac twisted sepals. Lav.11. C. Boskoop, Hort. (C. Boskoop Seedling Hort. =C. V. X C. Integrifolia). A new race in 1892 growing 3-5 ft.:fls Blue, lavender, rose reddish rose.
 +
 +
C. violacea, DC (X C. Flammula). Fls. in several- to many-fld. terminal panicles, pale violet, about 1 in. across; petals sometimes 6. Here belongs also: C. Othello, Cripps (=C. V. var. rubra X C. Flammula). Fls. of medium size, of a deep velvety purple; continues blooming until Oct.—C. rubro-marginata, Jouin (C. Flammula var. rubromarginata, Cripp.). Similar to C. Flammula; sepals white bordered reddish violet.
 +
 +
C. parviflora, DC. (x C. campaniflora; C. revoluta, Deaf.). Fls. white, small, scarcely 1 in. across, sometimes larger: achenes with the tail usually pubescent at the base. A.P. De Candolle, Pl. Rar. Geneve. 12.—Of no ornamental value.
 +
 +
C.venosa, Krampen ( x C. florida; C. florida var. venosa, Lav.). Similar to C. florida, but petals obovate. Lav. 6. R.H. 1860, p. 183 G 2-251 G.Z. 6:160. F.S. 13:1364. Here also belongs Louise Carriere; fls. lilac with paler veins. R.H. 1880:10 and several forms described by Carriere as C. contorta, C. atroviolacea and C. Viticella alba. R.H. 1879:350.
 +
For other hybrids of this species see C. Guascoi, Lem., under C. patens, C. splendida under C. lanuginosa as form of C. Jackmanii.
 +
 +
Belle of Woking. A hybrid form: fls. very full and double; sepals purple.
 +
 +
John Gould Veitch (C. Veitchii. Hort.). Fls. velvet, double, resembling var. Fortunei, except in the color of- the sepals. From Japanese gardens. F.S. 18:1875-6.
 +
 +
Hybrids of this species are: C. venosa, Krampen, see C. Viticella; C. Lawsoniana, see C. lanuginosa.
 +
 +
Forms of C. lanuginosa are:
 +
Var. candida, Lemoine (C. Candida, Hort.). Like the type, except that the simple lvs. and lfts. of the compound lvs.  are much larger, and the fls. are larger, being 7-8 in. across, and white with a purplish shading around the margins. F.M. 5:310. V. 6:225.— Perhaps a hybrid of C. patens.
 +
Var. nivea, Lemoine (C. nivea, Hort.). Sepals 6-8, narrowish, pure white; anthers pale brown.—Thought to be of same origin as the above var.
 +
 +
alba magna, Jackman. Fls. very large, pure white, with about6 broad sepals and purplish brown anthers. G.C. II. 3:685.
 +
 +
Lady Caroline Nevill, Cripps. Fls. often 7 in. across; sepals 6, nearly white, with mauve - colored stripe down center of each. Gn. 46, p. 33.—- One of the finest light-colored varieties.
 +
 +
Princess of Wales, Jackman. Fls. 6 in. across; sepals 8, satiny bluish mauve, very broad. G.C. III. 27:53. Gn. 59, p. 366.
 +
 +
Marie Lefebvre, Cripps. Resembles the last, but has 8 sepals, more pointed, and darker in shade.
 +
 +
Perfection, Froebel. Fls. very large; sepals 8, very broad, lilac-mauve. R.B. 6:193.
 +
 +
Sensation, Cripps. Fls. like the type, but with 6-7 grayish blue sepals, 6 in. across.
 +
 +
Madame Emile Sorbet, Paillet. Fls. bright blue. R.H.1878:291.
 +
 +
Madame Van Houtte, Cripps. Late-blooming; sepals pale blue, becoming white.
 +
 +
Madame Thibaut. Fls. very abundant.— Thought to be a hybrid with C. Viticella.
 +
 +
The President, Noble. A rich violet- blue fl.
 +
 +
Excelsior, Cripps. Fls. double; sepals grayish purple, with a reddish bar down the center of each. F.S. 20:2055.
 +
 +
violacea. Noble. Fls. violet-blue, 7 in. across. F.M. 1876:217.
 +
 +
Robert Hanbury, Jackman. Sepals bluish lilac, flushed at the edges with red, and the bar slightly tinted with red. Gn. 16:128.
 +
 +
This species has given rise to numerous beautiful hybrids which in many cases are the product of so much intercrossing that it is impossible to recognize the exact parentage. By far the most important group of these hybrids may be classed under C, Jackmanii, which, however, by some is considered not a hybrid, but a species intro. from Japan.
 +
 +
C. Jackmanii, Moore (C. lanuginosa X C. Hendersonii and C. lanuginosa X C. Viticella. C. hakonensis, Franch. & Sav.). Fig. 987. Habit and lvs. of C. lanuginosa: fls. flat, 5-6 in. broad, usually in 3's and forming panicles at the ends of the branches; sepals 4-6. very broad, velvety purple, with a ribbed bar down the center; broad, central tuft of pale green stamens. M. & J. 5, 6, 9, 10, 11. 12, 14. I.H. 11:414. F.S. 16:1629. Gn. 22:142; 53. p. 262; 71, p. 107. A.G. 12:125; 19:269. A.F. 10:1329; 14:995-7; 16:283. R.H. 1868: 390. Gng. 4:261:9:17; 7:230-2. C.L.A. 5:379. Gn. M. 4:226, G.M. 47:102. G.Z. 9:96. F. 1864:193. V. 6:129; 9:340. 18: 70. Lav. 4. Var. alba, Hort. Fls. nearly pure white. G. 23:185. F. 1884:33. Gn. 25:126. Var. rubella, Jackman. Fls. deep velvety reddish violet. F. M.5:310. F.S.20: 2050-51 (1874). Var. superba, Hort. Fls. violet- purple, resembling C. Madame Grange.
 +
 +
Also the following hybrids are to be classed under C. Jackmanii: modesta, Modeste - Guerin (=C.V.x C.lanuginosa). Fls. well expanded, large, bright blue, bars deeper colored. fulgens, Simon Louis (=C.V. var. grandiflora x C. lanuginosa). Sepals 5-6, rather narrow, dark purple to blackish crimson, velvety, edges somewhat serrate, purpurea- hybrida, Modeste- Guerin (=C. V. X C. Jackmanii). Fls. 4-6 in. across, deep purple-violet, with red veins, but not barred. rubro -violacea, Jackman (C. lanuginosa x C. Viti- cella var. atrorubens). Lvs. pinnate, with ovate- acuminate or sometimes ovate- lanceolate lfts.: sepals 4-6, maroon-purple with a reddish bar; stamens greenish. F.S. 16:1630. G. Z. 10: 112. F. 1864:265. Var. Prince of Wales, Hort., has fls. of lighter tint. La France, Gegu (C. lanuginose X C. Jackmanii). Lvs. smooth: buds woolly; sepals deep cobalt-blue, pointed, with wavy edges. Reine des Bleues, Boisselot (same cross as the last). Fls. large, blue, with broad, recurved sepals, detoniensis, Lem. (same cross). Fls. 8-9 in. across; sepals 8, delicate lavender-blue. Gn. 9, p. 563 (note). splendida, Simon-Louis (x C. Viticella). Fls. very dark purple, changing to reddish violet. R.H. 1865:71.
 +
 +
Gipsy Queen, Cripps. Deep violet. Alexandra, Jackman. Reddish violet. Star of India, Cripps. Five in. across, purple, barred with red. tunbridgensis, Cripps. Reddish purple, barred with light blue. Lav. 4 bis. I.H. 18:50. magnifica, Jackman. Rich purple, shaded with crimson, 3 bars of red in each sepal. F.M. 8:453. R.H. 1876:110. Madame Grange, Hort. Sepals very concave, purple-crimson. R.H. 1877:150. Mrs. James Bateman, Noble. Palo lavender; a probable cross of C. J. with C. lanuginosa. M. & J. 2, f. 1. F.S. 20:2053 (1779). Mrs. Moore, Jackman. Eight to 9 in. across, sepals rather narrow, white. Thomas Moore, Jackman. As large as the last, rich violet, with white stamens. Madame Baron Veillard, Baron Veil. Rose-lilac. Madame Andre, carmine-violet. R.H. 1893:180. telutina-purpurea, Jackman. Fls. 4-6 in. across, usually 4, sometimes 5 or 6 sepals, blackish purple. Francois Morel, Morel. Fls. 4 in. across; sepals usually 4, bright violet- red. R.H 1884:444. Ville de Lyon, Morel. Fls. 5 in. across; sepals usually 6, broad, deep amaranth-red. R.H. 1899:184.
 +
 +
Other hybrids of C. lanuginosa are the following:
 +
 +
C. Durandii, Kuntze (C. integrifolia or possibly C. Jackmanii X C. integrifolia). Upright, to 6 ft.: lvs. simple, petioled: fls. and infl. similar to C. Jackmanii; fls. blue, 4-5 in. broad, flat, with usually 4, rarely 5 or 6 recurved sepals. June-Sept. Gn. 49:98. Gng. 5:276. G. 31:257.—Here belongs probably C. Pellieri. Carr., though the author gives C. lanuginosa Xrecta as the parents. R.H. 1880, p. 228.
 +
 +
C. Lawsoniana, Anderson-Henry (x C. florida var. Fortunei). Fig. 989 (adapted from Floral Magazine, 1872). Fls. very large; sepals 6-8, broad, rose-purple, marked with darker veins. Aug.- Nov. G. 33:411. Var. Symesiana (C. Symesiana, Anderson- Henry. X C. florida var. Fortunei). Fls. 7 in. across; sepals 6-8, pale mauve; a profuse bloomer. Var. Henryi (C. Henryi, Anderson- Henry). Fig. 988. Robust plant; free bloomer: fls. creamy white, becoming fully expanded when grown in the open sun or under glass. Aug.-Nov. Gn.M. 13:348. G.M. 43:318.—It resembles more the lanuginosa parent, It is not to be confused with C. Henryii, Oliv., a Chinese species allied to C. orientalis and not in cult.
 +
 +
C. Gablensii (X C. patens; C. patens var. Gablenzii, Hort.). Lvs. simple or 3-parted, ovate, subcordate: fls. large deep violet-blue; sepals 6-8. G.Z. 14:80.—Here belong also:
 +
 +
Otto Froebel, Lemoine. Lvs. leathery, simple or 3-parted: fls. of fleshy texture, grayish white, sometimes becoming bluish; sepals 8, blunt, broad; anthers brownish. Imperatrice Eugenie, Carre (C. l. var. pallid x C. patens). Lvs. simple or 3-parted; lfts. broad and woolly: fls. 8-9 in. across, with 8 broad, white sepals. Jeanne d' Arc, Dauvesse. Same cross as last and much like it, but the sepals are grayish white, with 3 blue bars down the center of each. Gloire de St. Julien, Carre. (x C. patens var. plena). Plant much like C. lanuginosa, but with larger fls.: sepals 6-8, white or pale gray at first; stamens yellow. Gem. Baker (X C. Standishii). Lvs. 3-parted or simple: fls. like C. lanuginosa in form; grayish blue.
 +
 +
The following other garden varieties or crosses belong here:
 +
Mrs. James Baker. Sepals nearly white, ribbed with dark carmine. Miss Bateman, Noble. Fls. more compact than the type, 6 in. across; sepals ovate, shortly acuminate, pure white, with cream-colored bars; anthers brown. Probably of hybrid origin; allied to var. Standishii. Stella. Jackman. Fls. not so large as the last; sepals deep mauve, with a red bar down the center of each. F.S. 22:2341. Amalia, Sieb. Sepals 6 or more, oblong-lanceolate, light lilac. From Japanese gardens. F.S, 10:1051. Lord Lanesborough, Noble. Sepals bluish lilac, each with a metallic purple bar.—A good variety to gradually force to blossom in the greenhouse by March. Lady Lanesborough, Noble. Sepals silver- gray, the bar being lighter colored.—It will blossom in March in the greenhouse. Marie, Simon-Louis. Fls. darker than the type. Mrs. G. Jackman, Jackman. Sepals blush-white with indistinct wine-red bars. Gn. 16:128. The Queen, Jackman. Fls. rather compact, the sepals being broader than the type. John Murray, Jackman. Habit and foliage bolder than the type: fls. somewhat later. Gn. 46:32. Fair Rosamond, Jackman. Sepals apiculate, broader than the type, and of the same color. F.S. 22:2342. Gn. 16:128. Countess of Lovelace, Jackman. Fls. double, blue- violet; sepals much imbricated. In the second crop of blooms the fls. are single, as is often the case in other double varieties. Albert Victor, Noble. Fls. much like the type, but large and more compact. —Suitable for forcing under  glass. Duchess of Edinburgh, Jackman. Fls.  double, white, strongly imbricated. Marcel Moser, Moser. Fls. 7 in. across; sepals 8, mauve with a reddish violet bar. J. 1897:104; 1900, p. 85. Nelly Moser, Moser. Fls. 5 in. across; sepals 8, mauve-pink, with a darker red bar. R.H. 1898:236. Louis van Houtte, Hort. Semi-double, rosy white. Vesta, Endl. Sepals gray; anthers red. Gt. 39:1333. Gn. 9:408. R.B. 6:193. Helena, Sieb. Fla. pure white, with yellow stamens. F.S. 11:1117. I.H. 1:21. R.H. 1855:341. Louisa, Sieb. Fls. pure white, with purple stamens. F.S. 10:1052. monstrosa. Planch. Fls. semi-double, pure white. F.S. 9:900. R.H. 1856:9. Sophia, Sieb. Sepals deep lilac-purple on the edges, with light green bars. F. 8.8:852. I.H. 1:21. B.H. 4:97. R.H. 1855:461. violacea, Lem. Fls. violet-blue; stamens yellow. I.H. 7:254.
 +
Some double-flowered varieties which possibly belong here are: Snowdrift, with white, very double fls. Gn. 49, p. 189. M.D.G. 1898:496. Ostrich Plume, also white and very double with narrower wavy sepals. M.D.G. 1898:496. Waverly, blue, semi double. M.D.G. 1898:497.
 +
Hybrids of this species are the following: C. Guascoi, Lem. (X C. Viticella). Branches pubescent: lfts. 5, nearly glabrous: fls. solitary, violet-purple, 3 in. across, with 4-6 sepals, strongly 3- nerved, tomentose outside. J.H. 4:117. I.H. 7:226.—C. franco- furtensis. Lav., supposed to be a hybrid of C. Jackmanii (C. hakonensis) and C. patens, is hardly different. Lav. 7 bis.—C. lanuginosa X C. patens, see the preceding species.—C. florida X C. patens. Some believe that C. patens var. Standishii represents this cross.
  
  

Revision as of 17:14, 24 July 2009


Read about Clematis in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

{{{1}}}

The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Clematis
Clematis hybrid
Clematis hybrid
Plant Info
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Clematis
Dill. ex L.

Species
See text.

Clematis (from Ancient Greek klematis, a climbing plant, probably periwinkle) is a genus of mostly vigorous climbing lianas, with attractive flowers. Some species are shrubby, and some others are herbaceous perennial plants. They are found throughout the temperate regions of both hemispheres, and also in mountains in the tropics. The cool temperate species are deciduous, but many of the warmer climate species are evergreen.

Most species are known as Clematis in English, while some are also known as traveller's joy, leather flower, vase vine and virgin's bower, the last three being names used for North American species.

One recent classification recognised 297 species of clematis. Unsurprisingly, therefore, modern taxonomists subdivide the genus. Magnus Johnson divided Clematis into 19 sections, several with subsections [1]; Christopher Grey-Wilson divided the genus into 9 subgenera, several with sections and subsections within them [2]. Several of the subdivisions are fairly consistent between different classifications, for example all Grey-Wilson's subgenera are used as sections by Johnson.

Subgenera of Clematis according to Grey-Wilson:

Clematis, Cheiropsis, Flammula, Archiclematis, Campanella, Atragene, Tubulosae, Pseudanemone, Viorna

Some of these were previously classed as separate genera.

Clematis leaves are food for the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species, including the Willow Beauty (Peribatodes rhomboidaria).

Species

Purple clematis
Clematis montana
Flowers of Clematis vitalba
Seed heads of Clematis vitalba growing in a hedge, showing why it is known colloquially as "Old man's beard"
Closeup of a Clematis flower
Macro of seeds

A partial list of species:

References

  • Grey-Wilson, Christopher Clematis: The Genus : A Comprehensive Guide for Gardeners, Horticulturists and Botanists (Timber Press, 2000)
  • Johnson, Magnus The Genus Clematis (Magnus Johnson Plantskola AB, 2001)
  • Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers, Christopher Brickell ed. (Dorling Kindersley, 1989)

External links

Template:Commons

Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Clematis&oldid=30007"