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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Platanthera''
| image = Koeh-245.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Platanthera bifolia]]''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Orchidoideae]]
| tribus = [[Orchideae]]
| subtribus = [[Orchidinae]]
| alliance = [[Orchis]]
| genus = '''''Platanthera'''''
| genus_authority = [[Louis Claude Marie Richard|Rich.]], 1817
| subdivision_ranks = species
| subdivision = See text below
}}
The [[genus]] '''''Platanthera''''' belongs to the subfamily [[Orchidoideae]] of the family [[Orchidaceae]], and is comprised of about 100 [[species]] of [[orchid]]s. The members of this genus were previously included in the genus ''[[Orchis]]'', which is a close relative (along with the genus ''[[Habenaria]]''). They are distributed throughout the temperate regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. They are terrestrial and have tubercules.
== Etymology ==
[[Orchid]]s obtain their name of [[Greek language|Greek]] "orchis", meaning "[[testicle]]", for the appearance of the underground tubercles in some terrestrial species. The word "orchis" used [[Theophrastus]] for the first time (371/372 - 287/286 B.C.), in his book "De Historia Plantarum" (On the Natural History of Plants). He was student of [[Aristotle]] and it is considered the father of [[botany]] and [[ecology]].
The name ''Platanthera'' comes from the Greek and means "ample [[anther]]," referring to to the separation of the base of the pollen nodes.
''Platanthera'' was previously classified within the genus ''[[Orchis]]''.
== Range ==
These orchids may be found distributed about the subarctic and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere: from Scandinavia to North Africa, Madeira, Iceland, Asia Minor, Russia, the Himalayas, North America and Alaska. 10 species may be found in Wisconsin alone.
== Description & Habitat ==
These terrestrial orchids develop in basic soils within moist marches, on [[forest]] edges, and in clearings within the forest. Their large tuberculous roots store a great quantity of water, which allows them to survive in times of [[drought]].
''Platanthera'' may be distinguished from ''[[Orchis]]'' and ''[[Habenaria]]'' by the absence of stigmatic processes, the presence of a nectariferous spur (which attracts pollinating insects), and the ovoid, tuberculous shape of the roots.
Platantheras have large, oblong or ovoid leaves, becoming lanceolate at the distal end. They develop a short shoot which can achieve a height of 30-40 cm. The leaves above the shoot are shorter than the ones below.
The inflorescence is a cylindric shoot, with 5-25 small, fragrant [[flower]]s developing from axillary buds. They flower at the end of [[Spring (season)|spring]], or during [[summer]].
== Species of ''Platanthera'' ==
Many species can cross-fertilise, resulting in great morphologic variety and complicating classification.
The type species is ''[[Platanthera bifolia]]'' ([[L]].) [[Rich]]. 1817
More than 400 species, subspecies, and varieties have been described, of which 85 are clearly defined. Most of this are found distributed about Asia.
52 species from temperate Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan)
13 species from tropical Asian countries (Burma, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Phillipines)
37 species from North America north of Mexico
7 species from Europe
*'''Europe:'''
**''[[Platanthera algeriensis]]''
**''[[Platanthera bifolia]]''
**''[[Platanthera chlorantha]]''
**''[[Platanthera holmboei]]''
**''[[Platanthera hyperborea]]''
**''[[Platanthera obtusata var. oligantha]]''
*'''Azores'''
**''[[Platanthera azorica]]''
**''[[Platanthera micrantha]]''
*'''North Africa:'''
**''[[Platanthera algeriensis]]''
**''[[Platanthera kuenkelei]]''
*'''North America:'''
{| border="0" cellpadding="05"
|
*''[[Platanthera aquilonis]]''
*''[[Platanthera blephariglottis]]''
*''[[Platanthera brevifolia]]''
*''[[Platanthera chorisiana]]''
*''[[Platanthera ciliaris]]''
*''[[Platanthera clavellata]]''
*''[[Platanthera cristata]]''
*''[[Platanthera dilatata]]''
*''[[Platanthera flava]]''
*''[[Platanhtera grandiflora]]''
*''[[Platanthera hookeri]]''
|
*''[[Platanthera huronensis]]''
*''[[Platanthera hyperborea]]''
*''[[Platanthera integra]]''
*''[[Platanthera integrilabia]]''
*''[[Platanthera lacera]]''
*''[[Platanthera leucophaea]]''
*''[[Platanthera limosa]]''
*''[[Platanthera macrophylla]]''
*''[[Platanthera nivea]]''
*''[[Platanthera obtusata]]''
|
*''[[Platanthera orbiculata]]''
*''[[Platanthera pallida]]''
*''[[Platanthera peramoena]]''
*''[[Platanthera praeclara]]''
*''[[Platanthera sparsifolia]]''
*''[[Platanthera psycodes]]''
*''[[Platanthera stricta]]''
*''[[Platanthera tipuloides]]''
*''[[Platanthera yosemitensis]]''
*''[[Platanthera zothecina]]''
|}
*'''Asia:'''
{| border="0" cellpadding="05"
|
*''[[Platanthera brevicalcarata]]''
*''[[Platanthera chorisiana]]''
*''[[Platanthera florenti]]''
*''[[Platanthera fuscensis]]''
*''[[Platanthera holmboei]]''
|
*''[[Platanthera hologlottis]]''
*''[[Platanthera japonica]]''
*''[[Platanthera mandarinorum]]''
*''[[Platanthera metabifolia]]''
*''[[Platanthera minor]]''
|
*''[[Platanthera okuboi]]''
*''[[Platanthera ophrydioides]]''
*''[[Platanthera sachalinensis]]''
*''[[Platanthera tipuloides]]''
*''[[Platanthera ussuriensis]]''
|}
== References ==
* Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. ''Orchids: Care and Cultivation.'' London: Cassel Publishers Ltd., 1991.
* Schoser, Gustav. ''Orchid Growing Basics.'' New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1993.
* White, Judy. ''Taylor’s Guide to Orchids.'' Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996.
* The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Orchids by Alec Pridgeon. Published by the Timber Press.
* The Manual Of Cultivated Orchid Species By Bechtel, Cribb and Launert, Published by The MIT Press.
== External links ==
{{commons}}
*[http://utc.usu.edu/keys/Platanthera/Platanthera.html ''Platanthera'' Interactive Key at Utah State University]
*[http://utc.usu.edu/factsheets/PlatantheraFSF.html ''Platanthera'' Fact Sheets]
[[Category:Orchid genera]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Platanthera''
| image = Koeh-245.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Platanthera bifolia]]''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Orchidoideae]]
| tribus = [[Orchideae]]
| subtribus = [[Orchidinae]]
| alliance = [[Orchis]]
| genus = '''''Platanthera'''''
| genus_authority = [[Louis Claude Marie Richard|Rich.]], 1817
| subdivision_ranks = species
| subdivision = See text below
}}
The [[genus]] '''''Platanthera''''' belongs to the subfamily [[Orchidoideae]] of the family [[Orchidaceae]], and is comprised of about 100 [[species]] of [[orchid]]s. The members of this genus were previously included in the genus ''[[Orchis]]'', which is a close relative (along with the genus ''[[Habenaria]]''). They are distributed throughout the temperate regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. They are terrestrial and have tubercules.
== Etymology ==
[[Orchid]]s obtain their name of [[Greek language|Greek]] "orchis", meaning "[[testicle]]", for the appearance of the underground tubercles in some terrestrial species. The word "orchis" used [[Theophrastus]] for the first time (371/372 - 287/286 B.C.), in his book "De Historia Plantarum" (On the Natural History of Plants). He was student of [[Aristotle]] and it is considered the father of [[botany]] and [[ecology]].
The name ''Platanthera'' comes from the Greek and means "ample [[anther]]," referring to to the separation of the base of the pollen nodes.
''Platanthera'' was previously classified within the genus ''[[Orchis]]''.
== Range ==
These orchids may be found distributed about the subarctic and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere: from Scandinavia to North Africa, Madeira, Iceland, Asia Minor, Russia, the Himalayas, North America and Alaska. 10 species may be found in Wisconsin alone.
== Description & Habitat ==
These terrestrial orchids develop in basic soils within moist marches, on [[forest]] edges, and in clearings within the forest. Their large tuberculous roots store a great quantity of water, which allows them to survive in times of [[drought]].
''Platanthera'' may be distinguished from ''[[Orchis]]'' and ''[[Habenaria]]'' by the absence of stigmatic processes, the presence of a nectariferous spur (which attracts pollinating insects), and the ovoid, tuberculous shape of the roots.
Platantheras have large, oblong or ovoid leaves, becoming lanceolate at the distal end. They develop a short shoot which can achieve a height of 30-40 cm. The leaves above the shoot are shorter than the ones below.
The inflorescence is a cylindric shoot, with 5-25 small, fragrant [[flower]]s developing from axillary buds. They flower at the end of [[Spring (season)|spring]], or during [[summer]].
== Species of ''Platanthera'' ==
Many species can cross-fertilise, resulting in great morphologic variety and complicating classification.
The type species is ''[[Platanthera bifolia]]'' ([[L]].) [[Rich]]. 1817
More than 400 species, subspecies, and varieties have been described, of which 85 are clearly defined. Most of this are found distributed about Asia.
52 species from temperate Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan)
13 species from tropical Asian countries (Burma, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Phillipines)
37 species from North America north of Mexico
7 species from Europe
*'''Europe:'''
**''[[Platanthera algeriensis]]''
**''[[Platanthera bifolia]]''
**''[[Platanthera chlorantha]]''
**''[[Platanthera holmboei]]''
**''[[Platanthera hyperborea]]''
**''[[Platanthera obtusata var. oligantha]]''
*'''Azores'''
**''[[Platanthera azorica]]''
**''[[Platanthera micrantha]]''
*'''North Africa:'''
**''[[Platanthera algeriensis]]''
**''[[Platanthera kuenkelei]]''
*'''North America:'''
{| border="0" cellpadding="05"
|
*''[[Platanthera aquilonis]]''
*''[[Platanthera blephariglottis]]''
*''[[Platanthera brevifolia]]''
*''[[Platanthera chorisiana]]''
*''[[Platanthera ciliaris]]''
*''[[Platanthera clavellata]]''
*''[[Platanthera cristata]]''
*''[[Platanthera dilatata]]''
*''[[Platanthera flava]]''
*''[[Platanhtera grandiflora]]''
*''[[Platanthera hookeri]]''
|
*''[[Platanthera huronensis]]''
*''[[Platanthera hyperborea]]''
*''[[Platanthera integra]]''
*''[[Platanthera integrilabia]]''
*''[[Platanthera lacera]]''
*''[[Platanthera leucophaea]]''
*''[[Platanthera limosa]]''
*''[[Platanthera macrophylla]]''
*''[[Platanthera nivea]]''
*''[[Platanthera obtusata]]''
|
*''[[Platanthera orbiculata]]''
*''[[Platanthera pallida]]''
*''[[Platanthera peramoena]]''
*''[[Platanthera praeclara]]''
*''[[Platanthera sparsifolia]]''
*''[[Platanthera psycodes]]''
*''[[Platanthera stricta]]''
*''[[Platanthera tipuloides]]''
*''[[Platanthera yosemitensis]]''
*''[[Platanthera zothecina]]''
|}
*'''Asia:'''
{| border="0" cellpadding="05"
|
*''[[Platanthera brevicalcarata]]''
*''[[Platanthera chorisiana]]''
*''[[Platanthera florenti]]''
*''[[Platanthera fuscensis]]''
*''[[Platanthera holmboei]]''
|
*''[[Platanthera hologlottis]]''
*''[[Platanthera japonica]]''
*''[[Platanthera mandarinorum]]''
*''[[Platanthera metabifolia]]''
*''[[Platanthera minor]]''
|
*''[[Platanthera okuboi]]''
*''[[Platanthera ophrydioides]]''
*''[[Platanthera sachalinensis]]''
*''[[Platanthera tipuloides]]''
*''[[Platanthera ussuriensis]]''
|}
== References ==
* Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. ''Orchids: Care and Cultivation.'' London: Cassel Publishers Ltd., 1991.
* Schoser, Gustav. ''Orchid Growing Basics.'' New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1993.
* White, Judy. ''Taylor’s Guide to Orchids.'' Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996.
* The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Orchids by Alec Pridgeon. Published by the Timber Press.
* The Manual Of Cultivated Orchid Species By Bechtel, Cribb and Launert, Published by The MIT Press.
== External links ==
{{commons}}
*[http://utc.usu.edu/keys/Platanthera/Platanthera.html ''Platanthera'' Interactive Key at Utah State University]
*[http://utc.usu.edu/factsheets/PlatantheraFSF.html ''Platanthera'' Fact Sheets]
[[Category:Orchid genera]]