Difference between revisions of "Viburnum prunifolium"

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|familia=Adoxaceae
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|genus=Viburnum
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|species=prunifolium
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|common_name=Black haw, Blackhaw
 
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'''''Viburnum  prunifolium''''' ('''Blackhaw''', also spelled '''Black haw''', '''Blackhaw Viburnum''', or '''Stag Bush'''), is a species of ''[[Viburnum]]'' native to southeastern [[North America]], from [[Connecticut]] west to eastern [[Kansas]], and south to [[Alabama]] and [[Texas]].<ref name=grin>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?41408 ''Viburnum prunifolium'']</ref>
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It is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to 2–9 m tall with a short crooked trunk and stout spreading branches; in the northern parts of its range, it is a shrub, becoming a small tree in the southern parts of its range. The [[bark]] is reddish-brown, very rough on old stems. The branchlets are red at first, then green, finally dark brown tinged with red. The winter [[bud]]s are coated with [[rusty]] [[tomentum]]. The flower buds ovate, 1&nbsp;cm long, much larger than the axillary buds. The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple, up to 9&nbsp;cm long and 6&nbsp;cm broad, oval, ovate or orbicular, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, serrate, acute, with serrated edges with a grooved and slightly winged red petiole 1.5&nbsp;cm long; they turn red in fall. The leaves are superficially similar to some species of ''[[Prunus]]'' (thus "''prunifolium''"); they come out of the bud involute, shining, green, tinged with red, sometimes smooth, or clothed with rusty tomentum; when full grown dark green and smooth above, pale, smooth or tomentose beneath.<ref name=missouriplants>Missouriplants: [http://www.missouriplants.com/Whiteopp/Viburnum_prunifolium_page.html ''Viburnum prunifolium'']</ref><ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite book|pages=279|title=The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants: A practical reference guide to more than 550 key medicinal plants and their uses|author=Andrew Chevallier|year=1996|publisher=Reader's Digest|id=ISBN 0-88850-546-9}}</ref><ref name=Keeler>{{cite book | last =Keeler | first =H. L. | title =Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them | publisher =Charles Scriber's Sons | date =1900 | location =New York | pages =184 }}</ref><ref name=Castleman>{{cite book|title=The Healing Herbs|author=Michael Castleman|pages=79-81|publisher=Rodale Press|year=1991|id=ISBN 0-87858-934-6}}</ref>
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The [[flower]]s are creamy white, 9&nbsp;mm diameter; the calyx is urn-shaped, five-toothed, persistent; the [[corolla (flower)|corolla]] is five-lobed, with rounded lobes, imbricate in bud; the five stamens alternate with the corolla lobes, the filaments slender, the anthers pale yellow, oblong, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; the ovary is inferior, one-celled, with a thick, pale green style and a flat stigma and a single ovule. The flowers are borne in flat-topped cymes 10&nbsp;cm in diameter in mid to late spring. The [[fruit]] is a [[drupe]] 1&nbsp;cm long, dark blue-black with glaucous bloom, hangs until winter, becomes edible after being frosted, then eaten by birds; the stone is flat and even, broadly oval. Wherever it lives, black haw prefers sunny [[woodland]] with well-drained soil and adequate water.<ref name=missouriplants/><ref name=encyclopedia/><ref name=Keeler/><ref name=Castleman/>
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{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
 
Viburnum prunifolium, Linn. (V. pyrifolium, Poir.). Black Haw. Stag-bush. Shrub or small tree, attaining 15 ft., with spreading, rather stout branches: winter buds short-pointed, glabrous or reddish, pubescent: lvs. broadly oval to ovate, acute, or obtuse, glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long; petioles often with narrow margin, glabrous: fls. pure white: cymes sessile, 2-4 in. broad: fr. oval to subglobose, bluish black and glaucous, little over 1/3 in. long. April-June. Conn. to Fla., west to Mich. and Texas. A.F. 12:1100. Gng. 5:310. M.D.G. 1901:628. F.E. 17:701.
 
Viburnum prunifolium, Linn. (V. pyrifolium, Poir.). Black Haw. Stag-bush. Shrub or small tree, attaining 15 ft., with spreading, rather stout branches: winter buds short-pointed, glabrous or reddish, pubescent: lvs. broadly oval to ovate, acute, or obtuse, glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long; petioles often with narrow margin, glabrous: fls. pure white: cymes sessile, 2-4 in. broad: fr. oval to subglobose, bluish black and glaucous, little over 1/3 in. long. April-June. Conn. to Fla., west to Mich. and Texas. A.F. 12:1100. Gng. 5:310. M.D.G. 1901:628. F.E. 17:701.
 
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{{Taxobox
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==Cultivation==
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = ''Black haw''
 
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| regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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| phylum = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
 
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| classis = [[Dicot|Magnoliopsida]]
 
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| ordo = [[Dipsacales]]
 
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| familia = [[Adoxaceae]]
 
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| genus = ''[[Viburnum]]''
 
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| species = '''''V. prunifolium'''''
 
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| binomial = ''Viburnum prunifolium''
 
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| binomial_authority = [[L.]]
 
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}}
 
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'''Black haw''', also spelled '''blackhaw''' (''Viburnum  prunifolium''), is a small [[tree]] native to southern [[North America]]. It has both value in the pleasure garden, providing good fall color and early winter provender for birds, and medicinal properties.
 
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==Biology and taxonomy==
 
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Black haw has the scientific name ''Viburnum  prunifolium''. It was originally classified in the family [[Caprifoliaceae]]. After genetic testing by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], the genus [[Viburnum]] was moved to the family [[Adoxaceae]].
 
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Black haw is a small [[deciduous]] [[tree]] or [[shrub]].<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite book|pages=279|title=The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants: A practical reference guide to more than 550 key medicinal plants and their uses|author=Andrew Chevallier|year=1996|publisher=Reader's Digest|id=ISBN 0-88850-546-9}}</ref> Like many species of ''[[Prunus]]'', it has oval [[leaf|leaves]] with serrated edges—<ref name=encyclopedia/> thus "''prunifolium''"— showy pale-colored [[flower]]s,<ref name=Castleman>{{cite book|title=The Healing Herbs|author=Michael Castleman|pages=79-81|publisher=Rodale Press|year=1991|id=ISBN 0-87858-934-6}}</ref>  and dark blue-black [[berry|berries]]<ref name=encyclopedia/> that are eaten by birds.  The [[bark]] is reddish-brown in color.<ref name=Castleman/> In the northern parts of its range, ''V. prunifolium'' is a shrub, becoming a small tree in the southern parts of its [[range (biology)|range]]. Wherever it lives, black haw prefers sunny [[woodland]] with well-drained soil and adequate water.<ref name=Castleman/> The tree is [[deciduous]]; its leaves turn red in fall.<ref name=Castleman/>
 
  
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==Herbalism==
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===Propagation===
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For centuries, black haw has been used for medical purposes, mainly for [[gynecology|gynecological]] conditions. The bark is the part of the plant used in treatments.<ref name=encyclopedia/>
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===Pharmacology===
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===Pests and diseases===
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The active components include [[scopoletin]], [[aesculetin]], [[salicin]], [[1-methyl-2,3 clibutyl hemimellitate]], and [[viburnin]]. [[Tannin]] is another chemical component of black haw.<ref name=encyclopedia/>
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===Medicinal uses===
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==Species==
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[[Native Americans]] used a [[decoction]] of black haw to treat gynecological conditions, including menstrual cramps, aiding recovery after [[childbirth]], and in treating the effects of menopause.<ref name=Castleman/> As a folk remedy, black haw has been used to treat menstrual pain, and [[morning sickness]]. Due to its antispasmodic properties, the plant may also be of use in treating cramps of the digestive tract or the bile ducts.<ref name=encyclopedia/>
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It has [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] with ''[[Viburnum lentago]]'' in cultivation, to give the garden hybrid ''[[Viburnum × jackii]]''.
  
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Black haw's primary use was to prevent [[miscarriage]]s.<ref name=encyclopedia/> [[Slavery in the United States|American slaveholders]] also used the plant to prevent [[abortion]]s. [[Slave]]s were a valuable asset, and their owner also owned their offspring, so ensuring that female slaves gave birth was of paramount importance. In defiance, some slave women would attempt to use [[cotton]] seeds to cause a miscarriage. The slaveowners would therefore force pregnant slaves to drink an infusion of black haw to prevent that.<ref name=Castleman/>
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
  
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The primary use of black haw today is to prevent menstrual cramps. The salicin in black haw may also be of use in pain relief.<ref name=Castleman/>
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<gallery>
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Image:Viburnum prunifolium USDA1.jpg|
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===Safety issues===
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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As black haw contains [[salicin]], a chemical relative of [[aspirin]], people who are [[allergy|allergic]] to that substance should not use black haw.<ref name=encyclopedia/> In addition, due to the connection between aspirin and [[Reye's syndrome]], young people or people afflicted with a [[virus (biology)|viral disease]] should not use black haw.
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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The chemicals in black haw do relax the uterus and therefore probably pr
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</gallery>
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event miscarriage; however, the salicin may be [[teratogenic]]. Consequently, pregnant women should not use black haw.<ref name=Castleman/> Furthermore, anyone using herbs for medical reasons should only use them under the supervision of a qualified medical professional.
 
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Black haw is not on the [[FDA]]'s "generally recognized as safe list".<ref name=FDA>{{cite web|title=SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|work=Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21, Volume 6|date=2006-04-01|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=582&showFR=1|accessdate=2007-03-08}}</ref>
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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==External links==
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*{{wplink}}
  
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[[Category:Dipsacales]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Trees of North America]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
 

Latest revision as of 16:48, 28 October 2009


Flowers


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Adoxaceae >

Viburnum >

prunifolium >


Viburnum prunifolium (Blackhaw, also spelled Black haw, Blackhaw Viburnum, or Stag Bush), is a species of Viburnum native to southeastern North America, from Connecticut west to eastern Kansas, and south to Alabama and Texas.[1]

It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 2–9 m tall with a short crooked trunk and stout spreading branches; in the northern parts of its range, it is a shrub, becoming a small tree in the southern parts of its range. The bark is reddish-brown, very rough on old stems. The branchlets are red at first, then green, finally dark brown tinged with red. The winter buds are coated with rusty tomentum. The flower buds ovate, 1 cm long, much larger than the axillary buds. The leaves are simple, up to 9 cm long and 6 cm broad, oval, ovate or orbicular, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, serrate, acute, with serrated edges with a grooved and slightly winged red petiole 1.5 cm long; they turn red in fall. The leaves are superficially similar to some species of Prunus (thus "prunifolium"); they come out of the bud involute, shining, green, tinged with red, sometimes smooth, or clothed with rusty tomentum; when full grown dark green and smooth above, pale, smooth or tomentose beneath.[2][3][4][5]

The flowers are creamy white, 9 mm diameter; the calyx is urn-shaped, five-toothed, persistent; the corolla is five-lobed, with rounded lobes, imbricate in bud; the five stamens alternate with the corolla lobes, the filaments slender, the anthers pale yellow, oblong, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; the ovary is inferior, one-celled, with a thick, pale green style and a flat stigma and a single ovule. The flowers are borne in flat-topped cymes 10 cm in diameter in mid to late spring. The fruit is a drupe 1 cm long, dark blue-black with glaucous bloom, hangs until winter, becomes edible after being frosted, then eaten by birds; the stone is flat and even, broadly oval. Wherever it lives, black haw prefers sunny woodland with well-drained soil and adequate water.[2][3][4][5]


Read about Viburnum prunifolium in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Viburnum prunifolium, Linn. (V. pyrifolium, Poir.). Black Haw. Stag-bush. Shrub or small tree, attaining 15 ft., with spreading, rather stout branches: winter buds short-pointed, glabrous or reddish, pubescent: lvs. broadly oval to ovate, acute, or obtuse, glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long; petioles often with narrow margin, glabrous: fls. pure white: cymes sessile, 2-4 in. broad: fr. oval to subglobose, bluish black and glaucous, little over 1/3 in. long. April-June. Conn. to Fla., west to Mich. and Texas. A.F. 12:1100. Gng. 5:310. M.D.G. 1901:628. F.E. 17:701.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Species

It has hybridized with Viburnum lentago in cultivation, to give the garden hybrid Viburnum × jackii.

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • Viburnum prunifolium USDA1.jpg

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

  1. ↑ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Viburnum prunifolium
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Missouriplants: Viburnum prunifolium
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Andrew Chevallier (1996). The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants: A practical reference guide to more than 550 key medicinal plants and their uses. Reader's Digest. pp. 279. ISBN 0-88850-546-9. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Keeler, H. L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 184. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Michael Castleman (1991). The Healing Herbs. Rodale Press. pp. 79-81. ISBN 0-87858-934-6. 

External links


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