Difference between revisions of "Zizania"

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{{plantbox
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{{SPlantbox
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| color = IndianRed
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|familia=Poaceae
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| common_names = Water oats, Wild rice
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|genus=Zizania
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| growth_habit = Grass
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|common_name=Water oats, Wild rice
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| lifespan = Annual or Perennial
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|habit=grass
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| exposure = Sun
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|Min ht metric=cm
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| water = immersion
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|lifespan=perennial, annual
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| features = Edible
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|exposure=sun
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| hardiness = Tropical
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|water=wet
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| usda_zones = varies
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|features=edible
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| sunset_zones =
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| name = Wild Rice
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|image=WildRice23.jpg
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| image = WildRice23.jpg
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|image_width=180
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| image_width = 180px
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}}
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|regnum = Plantae
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{{Inc|
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|unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
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Zizania (an old Greek name of some wild grain). Gramineae. Tall aquatic grasses with lush sts., long blades, and large terminal panicles of monoecious fls.: spikelets 1-fld., the pistillate upper portion of the panicle narrow and appressed, the staminate lower portion spreading; pistillate spikelets long-awned.—Species 3, 2 in N. Amer. and 1 in N. Asia.
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|unranked_classis = Monocots
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}}
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|unranked_ordo = Commelinids
 
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|ordo = Poales
 
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|familia = Poaceae
 
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|genus = Zizania
 
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|}}
 
  
 
Genus of 3 species of annual or perennial, marginal aquatic grasses.  Originally from the marshland and lakeshores of E. Asia and North America.  Cultivated for their linear, flat leaves which are on tall and reedy stems. Pyramidical or conical, feathery panicles of spikelets are borne from summer to autumn, followed by edible seeds which are rice-like.  Plants are suitable for large ponds or wildlife pools.  They can be grown in a warm greenhouse where they are not hardy.
 
Genus of 3 species of annual or perennial, marginal aquatic grasses.  Originally from the marshland and lakeshores of E. Asia and North America.  Cultivated for their linear, flat leaves which are on tall and reedy stems. Pyramidical or conical, feathery panicles of spikelets are borne from summer to autumn, followed by edible seeds which are rice-like.  Plants are suitable for large ponds or wildlife pools.  They can be grown in a warm greenhouse where they are not hardy.
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Leaf smut, ergot and fungal spots.
 
Leaf smut, ergot and fungal spots.
  
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==OLD CONTENT===
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==Species==
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'''Wild rice''' is any of the four species of plants that make up the genus '''''Zizania''''' (common names: ''Canada rice'', ''Indian rice'', and ''water oats''), a group of [[Poaceae|grasses]] that grow in shallow [[water]] in small [[lake]]s and slow-flowing [[stream]]s; often, only the flowering head of wild rice rises above the water.  The genus is closely related to true [[rice]], genus [[Oryza]], which is also a grass, and shares the [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Oryzeae]].  Three species of wild rice are native to [[North America]]:
 
'''Wild rice''' is any of the four species of plants that make up the genus '''''Zizania''''' (common names: ''Canada rice'', ''Indian rice'', and ''water oats''), a group of [[Poaceae|grasses]] that grow in shallow [[water]] in small [[lake]]s and slow-flowing [[stream]]s; often, only the flowering head of wild rice rises above the water.  The genus is closely related to true [[rice]], genus [[Oryza]], which is also a grass, and shares the [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Oryzeae]].  Three species of wild rice are native to [[North America]]:
 
* '''Northern wild rice''' (''Zizania palustris'') is an [[annual plant]] native to the [[Great Lakes (North America)|Great Lakes]] region of North America, the aquatic areas of the [[Boreal forest of Canada|Boreal Forest]] regions of [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Manitoba]].  Northern wild rice is the [[state symbols|state grain]] of the [[United States|U.S.]] [[state (United States)|state]] of [[Minnesota]].
 
* '''Northern wild rice''' (''Zizania palustris'') is an [[annual plant]] native to the [[Great Lakes (North America)|Great Lakes]] region of North America, the aquatic areas of the [[Boreal forest of Canada|Boreal Forest]] regions of [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Manitoba]].  Northern wild rice is the [[state symbols|state grain]] of the [[United States|U.S.]] [[state (United States)|state]] of [[Minnesota]].
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Texas wild rice is in danger of [[extinction]] due to loss of suitable habitat in its limited range and to [[pollution]].  The pollen of Texas wild rice can only travel about 30 inches away from a parent plant. If pollen does not land on a receptive female flower within that distance, no seeds are produced.<ref>[http://newswise.com/articles/view/542638/ Pollination Habits of Endangered Rice Revealed to Help Preservation] Newswise, Retrieved on July 15, 2008.</ref>  Manchurian wild rice has almost disappeared from the wild in its native range, but has been accidentally introduced into the wild in [[New Zealand]] and is considered an [[invasive species]] there[http://www.niwascience.co.nz/ncabb/abb/2003-05/invader].
 
Texas wild rice is in danger of [[extinction]] due to loss of suitable habitat in its limited range and to [[pollution]].  The pollen of Texas wild rice can only travel about 30 inches away from a parent plant. If pollen does not land on a receptive female flower within that distance, no seeds are produced.<ref>[http://newswise.com/articles/view/542638/ Pollination Habits of Endangered Rice Revealed to Help Preservation] Newswise, Retrieved on July 15, 2008.</ref>  Manchurian wild rice has almost disappeared from the wild in its native range, but has been accidentally introduced into the wild in [[New Zealand]] and is considered an [[invasive species]] there[http://www.niwascience.co.nz/ncabb/abb/2003-05/invader].
  
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==Use as a food grain==
 
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[[Image:Wildriceharvesting19thcentury.svg|thumb|left|Harvesting wild rice.]]
 
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The species most commonly harvested as [[cereal|grain]] is the annual species ''Zizania palustris''.  [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] harvest wild rice by [[canoe]]ing into a stand of plants, and bending the ripe grain heads with wooden sticks called knockers, so as to [[threshing|thresh]] the seeds into the canoe.
 
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The size of the knockers, as well as other details, are prescribed in state and tribal law.  By Minnesota statute, knockers must be at most 1 inch in diameter, 30 inches long, and one pound in weight.<ref> [https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/statutes/?id=84.111 Minnesota statute 84.111, subd. 1.]</ref>  The plants are not beaten with the knockers but require only a gentle brushing to dislodge the mature grain.  The [[Ojibwa]] people call this plant ''manoomin'' meaning "good berry". Some seeds fall to the muddy bottom to overwinter and [[germinate]] in the spring. Wild rice and [[maize]] are the only [[cereal]] crops native to North America. It is a favorite food of [[dabbling duck]]s and other aquatic wildlife.
 
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[[Image:wildriceraw.jpg|thumb|left|Uncooked wild rice.]]
 
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Almost always sold as a dried [[whole grain]], wild rice is high in [[protein]], the [[amino acid]] [[lysine]] and [[dietary fiber]], and low in [[fat]]. Like true rice, it does not contain [[gluten]]. It is also a good source of the minerals [[potassium]] and [[phosphorus]], and the [[vitamin]]s [[thiamine]], [[riboflavin]] and [[niacin]].  Because commercial, paddy-grown wild rice is harder and denser than naturally growing wild rice, it must be cooked longer to become soft enough to be eaten; it generally requires cooking for at least 45–60 minutes in a ratio of wild rice to water of approximately 1 to 3.  Because of its comparatively high cost and chewy texture, it is often cooked together with true rice, often in a ratio of true rice to wild rice of 8 to 1 or 4 to 1. Manoomin, on the other hand, is not nearly as hard as paddy rice, allowing it to be cooked in 15–30 minutes. This is usually because of the lower temperatures and high degree of scarification used in smaller processing facilities where much of this wild rice is processed <ref>[http://www.nettlakewildrice.com/ Nett Lake Wild Rice] and [http://savewildrice.org/default.asp?active_page_id=32 Save Wild Rice]</ref>  Manoomin often has a softer texture than cultivated wild rice and is preferred by the traditional wild rice users in wild-rice-growing regions of Minnesota and Canada.
 
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[[Image:wildricecooked.jpg|thumb|left|Cooked wild rice.]]
 
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Because of its [[nutrition]]al value and taste, wild rice increased in popularity in the late 20th century, and commercial cultivation began in the US and [[Canada]] to supply the increased demand. In the US the main producers are [[California]] and [[Minnesota]] (where it is the official state grain) and it is mainly cultivated in [[paddy field]]s.  In Canada, it is usually harvested from natural bodies of water; the largest producer is the province of [[Saskatchewan]]. Wild rice is also produced in [[Hungary]] and [[Australia]]. In Hungary, cultivation started in 1974 on the rice field of Szarvas.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} The Indian Rice Ltd. was founded in 1990. Now, the Hungarian wild rice growing and processing is managed only by this company. In Australia production is controlled by Ricewild Pty. Ltd. at [[Deniliquin, New South Wales|Deniliquin]]&nbsp;in Southern New South Wales.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}
 
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Manchurian wild rice ({{zh-cp|c=菰|p=gū}}), gathered from the wild, was once an important grain in ancient [[China]].  Because of the difficulty of its domestication, it gradually lost importance with increasing population density, as its habitat was converted for use in raising rice.  It is now very rare in the wild, and its use as a grain has completely disappeared in China, though it continues to be cultivated for its stems.
 
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== Species ==
 
 
''[[Zizania aquatica]]'' (Annual wild rice, Canadian wild rice, Water rice).  Marginal aquatic annual plant with linear, grass-like leaves, deep green in color, up to 4ft (1.2m) long.  Flowers are a pale green, and born upon pyramidal panicles, to 30cm (75cm) long in the summer, after which edible, rice-like seeds develop.  Up to 10ft (3m) in height, 18in (45cm) in width.  Native to N. America.  USDA Zones 3-9  <br>
 
''[[Zizania aquatica]]'' (Annual wild rice, Canadian wild rice, Water rice).  Marginal aquatic annual plant with linear, grass-like leaves, deep green in color, up to 4ft (1.2m) long.  Flowers are a pale green, and born upon pyramidal panicles, to 30cm (75cm) long in the summer, after which edible, rice-like seeds develop.  Up to 10ft (3m) in height, 18in (45cm) in width.  Native to N. America.  USDA Zones 3-9  <br>
 
''[[Zizania latifolia]]''<br>
 
''[[Zizania latifolia]]''<br>
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*''[[Zizania texana]]'' Hitchc.
 
*''[[Zizania texana]]'' Hitchc.
  
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== Ornamental use ==
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==Gallery==
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Wild rice is also grown as an [[ornamental plant]] in garden ponds.
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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==Diseases==
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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{{Main|List of wild rice diseases}}
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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Image:Wildriceharvesting19thcentury.svg|Harvesting wild rice.
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Image:wildriceraw.jpg|Uncooked wild rice.
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Image:wildricecooked.jpg|Cooked wild rice.
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</gallery>
  
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==See also==
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==References==
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*[[Aquatic plants]]
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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*[[Camargue red rice]] - modern domesticated variety from the [[Camargue]] area of France.
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
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==Notes==
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==External links==
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{{reflist}}
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*{{wplink}}
  
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== External links ==
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{{stub}}
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* [http://www.ricewild.com.au Australian wild rice; information about cultivated wild rice in Australia]
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__NOTOC__
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* [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=41318 ITIS 41318]
 
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* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Zizania.html Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne]
 
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* [http://www.bemidjiwoolenmills.com/category.php?search=Minnesota%20Wild%20Rice Bemidji Woolen Mills - Minnesota Wild Rice]
 
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* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-387.html Asian Vegetables]
 
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* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Zizania_aquatica.html Zizania aquatica]
 
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* [http://www.ynfumin.gov.cn/pubnews/doc/read/mytc/426843804.114108104/index.asp Photograph of rough harvested ''gaosun'' culms (not yet peeled)]
 

Latest revision as of 05:11, 9 December 2009


WildRice23.jpg


Plant Characteristics
Habit   grass

Lifespan: ⌛ perennial, annual
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun
Water: ◍ wet
Features: ✓ edible
Scientific Names

Poaceae >

Zizania >



Read about Zizania in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Zizania (an old Greek name of some wild grain). Gramineae. Tall aquatic grasses with lush sts., long blades, and large terminal panicles of monoecious fls.: spikelets 1-fld., the pistillate upper portion of the panicle narrow and appressed, the staminate lower portion spreading; pistillate spikelets long-awned.—Species 3, 2 in N. Amer. and 1 in N. Asia.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Genus of 3 species of annual or perennial, marginal aquatic grasses. Originally from the marshland and lakeshores of E. Asia and North America. Cultivated for their linear, flat leaves which are on tall and reedy stems. Pyramidical or conical, feathery panicles of spikelets are borne from summer to autumn, followed by edible seeds which are rice-like. Plants are suitable for large ponds or wildlife pools. They can be grown in a warm greenhouse where they are not hardy.

Cultivation

Outdoors, grow at the edge of a large pool under full sun, under about 9in (23cm) of water.

Propagation

Seeds should be overwintered in trays of damp loam. Sow in early spring at 64F (18C). When seedling emerge, cover them with 2in (5cm) of water and maintain the same temperature. When all danger of frost is passed, they can be planted outdoors.

Pests and diseases

Leaf smut, ergot and fungal spots.

Species

Wild rice is any of the four species of plants that make up the genus Zizania (common names: Canada rice, Indian rice, and water oats), a group of grasses that grow in shallow water in small lakes and slow-flowing streams; often, only the flowering head of wild rice rises above the water. The genus is closely related to true rice, genus Oryza, which is also a grass, and shares the tribe Oryzeae. Three species of wild rice are native to North America:

One species is native to Asia:

  • Manchurian wild rice (Z. latifolia; incorrect synonym: Z. caduciflora), is a perennial native to China.

Texas wild rice is in danger of extinction due to loss of suitable habitat in its limited range and to pollution. The pollen of Texas wild rice can only travel about 30 inches away from a parent plant. If pollen does not land on a receptive female flower within that distance, no seeds are produced.[1] Manchurian wild rice has almost disappeared from the wild in its native range, but has been accidentally introduced into the wild in New Zealand and is considered an invasive species there[1].

Zizania aquatica (Annual wild rice, Canadian wild rice, Water rice). Marginal aquatic annual plant with linear, grass-like leaves, deep green in color, up to 4ft (1.2m) long. Flowers are a pale green, and born upon pyramidal panicles, to 30cm (75cm) long in the summer, after which edible, rice-like seeds develop. Up to 10ft (3m) in height, 18in (45cm) in width. Native to N. America. USDA Zones 3-9
Zizania latifolia
Zizania palustris
Zizania texana

Gallery

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

  • Wildriceharvesting19thcentury.svg

    Harvesting wild rice.

  • Uncooked wild rice.

  • Cooked wild rice.

References

External links


  1. ↑ Pollination Habits of Endangered Rice Revealed to Help Preservation Newswise, Retrieved on July 15, 2008.
Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Zizania&oldid=90150"