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{{Inc|
Rhamnus (its ancient Greek name). Including Frangula. Rhamnaceae.
Buckthorn. Ornamental woody plants grown chiefly for their handsome
foliage and some also for their attractive fruit.
Deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees, sometimes spiny: lvs.
alternate or opposite, short-petioled, with small deciduous stipules,
penninerved, serrulate or entire: fls. small, in axillary clusters,
umbels or racemes, perfect, polygamous or dioecious; sepals, petals and
stamens 4-5, petals sometimes wanting; style usually undivided; ovary
2-4-loculed: fr. a globular or oblong 2-4-seeded drupe; nutlets with a
leathery usually dehiscent wall.—About 100 species native chiefly to
the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. A few species are
found in the tropics and as far south as Brazil and S. Afr. Several
species yield yellow or green dyes and the frs. and bark of some are
used medicinally. The wood of R. Frangula is made into charcoal valued
for the manufacture of gunpowder.
The buckthorns are handsome shrubs with generally bright green often
rather large leaves and with inconspicuous greenish flowers usually in
axillary clusters followed by berry-like, usually black, rarely red,
fruits. Many of the species as R. cathartica, R. dahurica, R. fallax,
R. Frangula, and R. alnifolia, can be depended upon as hardy, while R.
Purshiana and R. lanceolata are hardy at least as far north as
Massachusetts. R. imeretina and R. caroliniana are somewhat more
tender. The handsomest in foliage are R. fallax and R. imere- tina and
the evergreen R. ilicifolia and R. crocea. R. Purshiana, R.
caroliniana, R. alnifolia, R. dahurica, and R. Frangula are also
noteworthy on account of pretty foliage. Of the evergreen species which
are not hardy North, R. crocea and R. ilicifolia are to be recommended
for their ornamental bright red fruits. Buckthorns are useful for
planting in shrubberies: they like a rather moist soil, especially R.
lanceolata, R. alnifolia, R. caroliniana, and R. Frangula, and grow
well in shaded or partly shaded situations, but R. cathartica and its
allies prefer dry soil. R. cathartica is a valuable hedge plant, though
it is now not used so extensively as in the past. The species are
propagated by seeds stratified or sown in fall, and by layers. Some, as
R. lanceolata, R. fallax, and R. alnifolia, are propagated by cuttings;
R. Purshiana, has been successfully raised in England from softwood
cuttings put in mild bottom heat under glass about the middle of July.
The evergreen species are propagated by cuttings of ripened wood under
glass. Rarer kinds are sometimes grafted, those of the Frangula group
usually on R. Frangula and the true buckthorns on R. cathartica or
allied species.
Index.
Alaternus, 10.crenata, 2, 14.japonica, 3.
alnifolia, 6.crocea, 8, 9.lanceolata, 7.
alpina, 4, 5.dahurica, 2.latifolia, 15 and suppl.
angustifolia, 10, 15.fallax, 4.libanotica, 5 and suppl.
aspleniifolia, 15.Frangula, 15.nipponica, 2.
californica, 11.grandifolia, 5.oleifolia, 11.
caroliniana, 13.heterophylla, 15.Purshiana, 11, 12.
castaneaefolia, 5.ilicifolia, 9.tomentella, 11.
cathartica, 1, 2.imeretina, 5.
colchica, 5.incana, 11.
R. alpina, Linn. Closely allied to R, fallax. Young branchlets dull
brownish gray, often pubescent: lvs. elliptic or oval, with 10-12 pairs
of veins, 1 1/2-3, rarely to 4 in. long: fr. smaller. Mountains of S.
Eu. L.B.C. 11:1077.—R. arguta, Marim. Unarmed glabrous shrub, allied to
R. cathartica: lvs. opposite, orbicular-ovate, acuminate, sharply
serrate, with bristly pointed teeth. Amurland. Probably hardy.—R.
Billardii, Hort.—R. hybrida var.—R. chlorophora, Koehne (R. chinensis,
Hort,). Shrub: branchlets glabrous or nearly so: lvs, obovate, abruptly
acuminate, pubescent on the veins beneath, with 4-6 pairs of veins, 1
1/2-3 in. long. China. Doubtful species.—R. chlorophora, Decne.=R.
globosus.—R. costata, Maxim. Allied to R. fallax. Shrub, to 15 ft.:
branchlets glabrous: lvs. elliptic- or ovate-oblong, crenately
serrulate, with about 20 pairs of veins, pubescent beneath, 3-6 in.
long; petiole very short: fr. black, 1/3in. across. Japan. S.I.F.
2:48.—R. crenulata, Ait. Evergreen shrub: lvs. oblong, obtusish,
narrowly cuneate at the base, crenulate, glabrous, 3/4-1 3/4 in. long:
fls. in dense clusters in the axils of last year's lvs. Canary Isls.
Tender.—R. dumetorum, Schneid. Spiny shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. usually
opposite, rhombic- lanceolate, acute at the ends, or elliptic,
crenate-denticulate, pubescent at least son the veins beneath, 1/3-1
1/3 in. long: fr. 1/4in. thick. W. China. Var. crenoserrata, Rehd. &
Wilson. Lvs. 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. long, more coarsely crenate-serrate. W.
China.—R. Erythoxylon, Pall. Unarmed shrub, allied to R: cathartica:
lvs. alternate, oblong- lanceolate to linear. Caucasus to Mongolia and
Siberia. Hardy.— R. globosa, Bunge (R. chlorophora, Decne. R. dahurica
var. aprica, Maxim.). Low rigid shrub: branchlets pubescent: lvs.
opposite, obovate or broadly obovate, cuneate, pubescent, 2/4-2in.
long: fr. 1/5in. thick. N, and E. China.—R. hettrophylla, Oliver.
Shrub, to 5 ft. with often decumbent branches: branchlets pubescent;
stipules persistent: lvs. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 3/4-1 1/2 in-
long or broadly ovate, 1/4-1/3in. long, puberulous on the veins
beneath: fls. 5-merous. Cent. China. H.I. 18:1759.—R. hybrida, L'Her.
(R. Alaternua X R. alpinus). Half-evergreen shrub, with alternate,
oval-oblong, glossy lvs. Var. Billardii, Lav. Lvs. narrower, more
remotely serrate. Half-hardy shrub, with handsome glossy foliage.—R.
infectoria. Linn. Spiny spreading shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. subopposite,
oval or ovate to obovate, finely toothed, glabrous or pubescent on the
veins beneath, 1/2-1 1/2 in. long: fr. black. S.W. Eu.—R. latifoia,
L'Her. Allied to R. Frangula: lvs. larger, elliptic-oblong, with 12-15
pairs of veins, 4-7 in. long: fr. 1/3-1/2in. thick, changing from red
to black. Azores. B.M. 2663. I.T. 3:106. G.W. 12, p. 342. Not hardy.—R.
leptophylla, Schneid. Shrub, to 6 ft.: brancnlets glabrous: lvs.
opposite, obovate, short- acuminate, remotely denticulate, light green,
glabrous beneath, 1 1/2-3 in. long: fr. 1/4in. thick. Cent, and W.
China.—R. libanotica, Boiss. Allied to R. imeretina; more spreading:
lvs. oblong-obovate, crenate-dentate, pubescent beneath, with 10-15
pairs of veins: fr. 1/5in. across. Asia Minor.—R. pumila. Linn. Low,
sometimes procumbent shrub, allied to R. alpinus, with smaller and
shorter lvs., usually narrowed at the base. Eu., Alps. Hardy.—R.
Rosthornii Pritz. Shrub, to 5 ft.: branchlets glabrous: lvs. opposite,
oblong- lanceolate, cuneate, crenate, pubescent beneath, 1/2-1 in.
long: fr. 1/5in. across, with usually 2 seeds. W. China.—R. rupestris.
Scop. Low, often procumbent shrub, about 3 ft. high, allied to R. caro-
liniana: lvs. ovate to oblong-obovate, thin, 1-3 in. long: umbels
1-3-fld. Alps of E. Eu.—R. Sargentiana, Schneid. Shrub, to 15 ft.:
branehlcts glabrous: lvs. alternate, oblong-elliptic, cuneate, acute or
short-acuminate, crenate-serrate, sparingly hairy beneath, with 12-18
pairs of veins, 1 3/4-5 in. long: fr. purplish black, 1/5in. across. W.
China.—R. saxatilis. Linn. Low and dense, very spiny shrub, about 3 ft.
high, allied to R. cathartica: lvs. opposite or alternate, oval or
obovate, glabrous, about 1 in. long. Mountains of Cent, and S. Eu., W.
Asia. Hardy. H. W. 3, p. 57.—R. spathulaefolia, Fisch. Spiny shrub, to
6 ft.: lvs. alternate, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, narrowed at both
ends, finely toothed, glabrous or finely pubescent, 3/4-2 in. long: fr.
black, slender-stalked. S. E. Eu., W. Asia. —R. tinctoria, Waldst. &
Kit. Closely allied to the preceding, but lvs. pubescent. Mountains of
Cent, and S. Eu., W. Asia.—R. utilis, Decne. Shrub to 10 ft.:
branchlets glabrous: lvs. opposite, elliptic- oblong, serrulate, light
green, glabrous, with 5-8 pairs of veins, 2-5 in. long. Cent, and E.
China. Alfred Rehder.
}}
Describe the plant here...
==Cultivation==
<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Propagation===
<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Pests and diseases===
<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
==Species==
<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->
==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>
==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
==External links==
*{{wplink}}
{{stub}}
__NOTOC__
|Min ht metric=cm
|Temp Metric=°F
|image=Upload.png
|image_width=240
}}
{{Inc|
Rhamnus (its ancient Greek name). Including Frangula. Rhamnaceae.
Buckthorn. Ornamental woody plants grown chiefly for their handsome
foliage and some also for their attractive fruit.
Deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees, sometimes spiny: lvs.
alternate or opposite, short-petioled, with small deciduous stipules,
penninerved, serrulate or entire: fls. small, in axillary clusters,
umbels or racemes, perfect, polygamous or dioecious; sepals, petals and
stamens 4-5, petals sometimes wanting; style usually undivided; ovary
2-4-loculed: fr. a globular or oblong 2-4-seeded drupe; nutlets with a
leathery usually dehiscent wall.—About 100 species native chiefly to
the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. A few species are
found in the tropics and as far south as Brazil and S. Afr. Several
species yield yellow or green dyes and the frs. and bark of some are
used medicinally. The wood of R. Frangula is made into charcoal valued
for the manufacture of gunpowder.
The buckthorns are handsome shrubs with generally bright green often
rather large leaves and with inconspicuous greenish flowers usually in
axillary clusters followed by berry-like, usually black, rarely red,
fruits. Many of the species as R. cathartica, R. dahurica, R. fallax,
R. Frangula, and R. alnifolia, can be depended upon as hardy, while R.
Purshiana and R. lanceolata are hardy at least as far north as
Massachusetts. R. imeretina and R. caroliniana are somewhat more
tender. The handsomest in foliage are R. fallax and R. imere- tina and
the evergreen R. ilicifolia and R. crocea. R. Purshiana, R.
caroliniana, R. alnifolia, R. dahurica, and R. Frangula are also
noteworthy on account of pretty foliage. Of the evergreen species which
are not hardy North, R. crocea and R. ilicifolia are to be recommended
for their ornamental bright red fruits. Buckthorns are useful for
planting in shrubberies: they like a rather moist soil, especially R.
lanceolata, R. alnifolia, R. caroliniana, and R. Frangula, and grow
well in shaded or partly shaded situations, but R. cathartica and its
allies prefer dry soil. R. cathartica is a valuable hedge plant, though
it is now not used so extensively as in the past. The species are
propagated by seeds stratified or sown in fall, and by layers. Some, as
R. lanceolata, R. fallax, and R. alnifolia, are propagated by cuttings;
R. Purshiana, has been successfully raised in England from softwood
cuttings put in mild bottom heat under glass about the middle of July.
The evergreen species are propagated by cuttings of ripened wood under
glass. Rarer kinds are sometimes grafted, those of the Frangula group
usually on R. Frangula and the true buckthorns on R. cathartica or
allied species.
Index.
Alaternus, 10.crenata, 2, 14.japonica, 3.
alnifolia, 6.crocea, 8, 9.lanceolata, 7.
alpina, 4, 5.dahurica, 2.latifolia, 15 and suppl.
angustifolia, 10, 15.fallax, 4.libanotica, 5 and suppl.
aspleniifolia, 15.Frangula, 15.nipponica, 2.
californica, 11.grandifolia, 5.oleifolia, 11.
caroliniana, 13.heterophylla, 15.Purshiana, 11, 12.
castaneaefolia, 5.ilicifolia, 9.tomentella, 11.
cathartica, 1, 2.imeretina, 5.
colchica, 5.incana, 11.
R. alpina, Linn. Closely allied to R, fallax. Young branchlets dull
brownish gray, often pubescent: lvs. elliptic or oval, with 10-12 pairs
of veins, 1 1/2-3, rarely to 4 in. long: fr. smaller. Mountains of S.
Eu. L.B.C. 11:1077.—R. arguta, Marim. Unarmed glabrous shrub, allied to
R. cathartica: lvs. opposite, orbicular-ovate, acuminate, sharply
serrate, with bristly pointed teeth. Amurland. Probably hardy.—R.
Billardii, Hort.—R. hybrida var.—R. chlorophora, Koehne (R. chinensis,
Hort,). Shrub: branchlets glabrous or nearly so: lvs, obovate, abruptly
acuminate, pubescent on the veins beneath, with 4-6 pairs of veins, 1
1/2-3 in. long. China. Doubtful species.—R. chlorophora, Decne.=R.
globosus.—R. costata, Maxim. Allied to R. fallax. Shrub, to 15 ft.:
branchlets glabrous: lvs. elliptic- or ovate-oblong, crenately
serrulate, with about 20 pairs of veins, pubescent beneath, 3-6 in.
long; petiole very short: fr. black, 1/3in. across. Japan. S.I.F.
2:48.—R. crenulata, Ait. Evergreen shrub: lvs. oblong, obtusish,
narrowly cuneate at the base, crenulate, glabrous, 3/4-1 3/4 in. long:
fls. in dense clusters in the axils of last year's lvs. Canary Isls.
Tender.—R. dumetorum, Schneid. Spiny shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. usually
opposite, rhombic- lanceolate, acute at the ends, or elliptic,
crenate-denticulate, pubescent at least son the veins beneath, 1/3-1
1/3 in. long: fr. 1/4in. thick. W. China. Var. crenoserrata, Rehd. &
Wilson. Lvs. 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. long, more coarsely crenate-serrate. W.
China.—R. Erythoxylon, Pall. Unarmed shrub, allied to R: cathartica:
lvs. alternate, oblong- lanceolate to linear. Caucasus to Mongolia and
Siberia. Hardy.— R. globosa, Bunge (R. chlorophora, Decne. R. dahurica
var. aprica, Maxim.). Low rigid shrub: branchlets pubescent: lvs.
opposite, obovate or broadly obovate, cuneate, pubescent, 2/4-2in.
long: fr. 1/5in. thick. N, and E. China.—R. hettrophylla, Oliver.
Shrub, to 5 ft. with often decumbent branches: branchlets pubescent;
stipules persistent: lvs. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 3/4-1 1/2 in-
long or broadly ovate, 1/4-1/3in. long, puberulous on the veins
beneath: fls. 5-merous. Cent. China. H.I. 18:1759.—R. hybrida, L'Her.
(R. Alaternua X R. alpinus). Half-evergreen shrub, with alternate,
oval-oblong, glossy lvs. Var. Billardii, Lav. Lvs. narrower, more
remotely serrate. Half-hardy shrub, with handsome glossy foliage.—R.
infectoria. Linn. Spiny spreading shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. subopposite,
oval or ovate to obovate, finely toothed, glabrous or pubescent on the
veins beneath, 1/2-1 1/2 in. long: fr. black. S.W. Eu.—R. latifoia,
L'Her. Allied to R. Frangula: lvs. larger, elliptic-oblong, with 12-15
pairs of veins, 4-7 in. long: fr. 1/3-1/2in. thick, changing from red
to black. Azores. B.M. 2663. I.T. 3:106. G.W. 12, p. 342. Not hardy.—R.
leptophylla, Schneid. Shrub, to 6 ft.: brancnlets glabrous: lvs.
opposite, obovate, short- acuminate, remotely denticulate, light green,
glabrous beneath, 1 1/2-3 in. long: fr. 1/4in. thick. Cent, and W.
China.—R. libanotica, Boiss. Allied to R. imeretina; more spreading:
lvs. oblong-obovate, crenate-dentate, pubescent beneath, with 10-15
pairs of veins: fr. 1/5in. across. Asia Minor.—R. pumila. Linn. Low,
sometimes procumbent shrub, allied to R. alpinus, with smaller and
shorter lvs., usually narrowed at the base. Eu., Alps. Hardy.—R.
Rosthornii Pritz. Shrub, to 5 ft.: branchlets glabrous: lvs. opposite,
oblong- lanceolate, cuneate, crenate, pubescent beneath, 1/2-1 in.
long: fr. 1/5in. across, with usually 2 seeds. W. China.—R. rupestris.
Scop. Low, often procumbent shrub, about 3 ft. high, allied to R. caro-
liniana: lvs. ovate to oblong-obovate, thin, 1-3 in. long: umbels
1-3-fld. Alps of E. Eu.—R. Sargentiana, Schneid. Shrub, to 15 ft.:
branehlcts glabrous: lvs. alternate, oblong-elliptic, cuneate, acute or
short-acuminate, crenate-serrate, sparingly hairy beneath, with 12-18
pairs of veins, 1 3/4-5 in. long: fr. purplish black, 1/5in. across. W.
China.—R. saxatilis. Linn. Low and dense, very spiny shrub, about 3 ft.
high, allied to R. cathartica: lvs. opposite or alternate, oval or
obovate, glabrous, about 1 in. long. Mountains of Cent, and S. Eu., W.
Asia. Hardy. H. W. 3, p. 57.—R. spathulaefolia, Fisch. Spiny shrub, to
6 ft.: lvs. alternate, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, narrowed at both
ends, finely toothed, glabrous or finely pubescent, 3/4-2 in. long: fr.
black, slender-stalked. S. E. Eu., W. Asia. —R. tinctoria, Waldst. &
Kit. Closely allied to the preceding, but lvs. pubescent. Mountains of
Cent, and S. Eu., W. Asia.—R. utilis, Decne. Shrub to 10 ft.:
branchlets glabrous: lvs. opposite, elliptic- oblong, serrulate, light
green, glabrous, with 5-8 pairs of veins, 2-5 in. long. Cent, and E.
China. Alfred Rehder.
}}
Describe the plant here...
==Cultivation==
<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Propagation===
<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Pests and diseases===
<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
==Species==
<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->
==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>
==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
==External links==
*{{wplink}}
{{stub}}
__NOTOC__
