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Monarda didyma (view source)

Revision as of 21:38, 7 January 2010

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{{Taxobox
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{{SPlantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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|familia=Lamiaceae
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| name = ''Monarda didyma''
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|genus=Monarda
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| image = Bee_balm.jpg
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|species=didyma
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| image_width = 240px
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|common_name=bee balm, oswego tea, horsemint
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| image_caption = ''Monarda didyma''
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|habit=herbaceous
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|Min ht metric=cm
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|Max ht box=1
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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|Max ht metric=m
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| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
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|Max wd box=20
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| familia = [[Lamiaceae]]
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|Max wd metric=cm
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| genus = ''[[Monarda]]''
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|lifespan=perennial
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| species = '''''M. didyma'''''
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|exposure=sun
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| binomial = ''Monarda didyma''
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|water=moderate
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| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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|features=fragrance, edible
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| range_map = Monarda didyma in the USA.svg
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| range_map_width = 240px
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|sunset_zones=2-11, 14-17, 30-41
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| range_map_caption = U.S. distribution of ''Monarda didyma''
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|image=Monarda-didyma.JPG
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|image_width=180
 
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}}
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This plant provides flavor and scent with its leaves and flowers. The Earl Grey tea is scented with this plant.
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''Monarda didyma'' ('''Bergamot''', '''Scarlet Beebalm''', '''Scarlet Monarda''', '''Oswego Tea''', or '''Crimson Beebalm''') is an aromatic [[herb]] in the family [[Lamiaceae]], native to eastern [[North America]] from [[Maine]] west to [[Ohio]] and south to northern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. Its name is derived from its odor which is considered similar to that of the [[bergamot orange]]. The [[binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] comes from [[Nicolas Monardes]], who described the first American flora in [[1569]].  
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{{Inc|
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Monarda didyma Linn  (M. Kalmiana, Pursh. M. coccinea, Hort.). Oswego Tea. Bee-balm. Fragrant Balm. St. acutely 4-angled: lvs. thin, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate. Vars. alba and rosea, Hort., are offered, but the latter should be compared with the next species. In 1893 John Saul advertised M. Kalmiana as if horticulturally distinct, calling it the finest of monardas. Var. salmonea, Perry. Large heads of delicate shade of salmon-pink.—Suited to moister positions than the others.
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}}
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Description===
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===Pests and diseases===
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This hardy [[perennial plant]] grows to 0.7-1.5 m in height, with the stems square in cross-section. The [[Leaf|leaves]] are opposite on the square stems, 6-15 cm long and 3-8 cm broad, and dark green with reddish leaf veins and a coarsely-toothed margin; they are glaborous or sparsely pubescent above with spreading hairs below. It has ragged, bright red tubular [[flower]]s 3-4 cm long, borne on showy heads of about 30 together, with reddish bracts. It grows in dense clusters along stream banks, thickets and ditches, flowering from July to late August.  
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Very sensitive to mold. Do not overwater.
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==Cultivars==
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Scarlet colored: 'Adam'
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Pink colored: 'Croftway Pink', 'Granite Pink', 'Marshall's Delight', 'Snow White'
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Dark red colored: 'Mahogany', 'Cambridge Scarlet'
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'Violet Queen'
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===Cultivation and uses===
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==Gallery==
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Bergamot is extensively grown as an [[ornamental plant]] both within and outside its native range; it is [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] further west in the [[United States]] and also in parts of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. It grows best in full sun, but tolerates light shade and will thrive in any moist soil that is well-drained. Several [[cultivar]]s have been selected for different flower color, ranging from white through pink to dark red and purple.
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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The name ''Oswego Tea'' comes from the [[Iroquois|Oswego]] Indians who taught the immigrants how to use it for [[tea]] after the [[Boston tea party]] in [[1773]]. The flowers and leaves are good ingredients for [[potpourri]] making.  
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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Image:Bee_balm.jpg|Monarda didyma
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</gallery>
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Note that the bergamot herb is ''not'' the source of bergamot oil, used to flavor [[Earl Grey tea]]; that comes from the [[bergamot orange]], a [[Mediterranean]] [[citrus]] [[fruit]].
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==References==
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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==References==  
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==External links==
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*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24535 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Monarda didyma'']
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*{{wplink}}
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*[http://www.missouriplants.com/Redopp/Monarda_didyma_page.html Missouri Plants: ''Monarda didyma'']
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*[http://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_oswego_tea.htm  Oswego tea]
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* {{cite book | author=[[Neltje Blanchan|Blanchan, Neltje]] | title=[[Wild Flowers Worth Knowing]] | year=[[2005]] | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]]}}
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* {{cite book | author=[[Alfred Pink|Pink, A.]] | title=[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11892 Gardening for the Million.] | year=[[2004]] | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]]}}
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*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MODI USDA Plants Profile: ''Monarda didyma'']
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{{wikiversity-bc|Monarda didyma}}
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Lamiaceae]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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[[Category:Wildflowers of the Great Smoky Mountains]]
 
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