Difference between revisions of "Asplenium"

From Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
(new)
 
 
(2 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
+
{{SPlantbox
−
| name = ''Asplenium''
+
|genus=Asplenium
−
| common_names =     <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
+
|Temp Metric=°F
−
| growth_habit =     <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
+
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
−
| high =     <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
+
|image=Asplenium marinum (aka).jpg
−
| wide =     <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
+
|image_width=240
−
| origin =    <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
+
}}
−
| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
+
'''''Asplenium''''' is a [[genus]] of about 700 [[species]] of [[fern]]s, often treated as the only genus in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Aspleniaceae]], though other authors consider ''[[Hymenasplenium]]'' separate, based on [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis of [[DNA sequence]]s. The [[type species]] for the genus is ''[[Asplenium marinum]]''.
−
| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
+
 
−
| exposure =    <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
+
Many groups of species have been separated from ''Asplenium'' as [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] genera. These include ''Camptosorus'', ''Ceterach'', ''Phyllitis'', and ''Tarachia'', but these species can form [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s with other ''Asplenium'' species and because of this are usually included in a more broadly defined ''Asplenium''.
−
| water =    <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
+
 
−
| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
+
Some of the older classifications elevate the Aspleniaceae to the [[taxonomic rank]] of [[order (biology)|order]] as Aspleniales. The newer classifications place it in the subordinal group called eupolypods within the order [[Polypodiales]]. Within the eupolypods, Aspleniaceae belongs to a [[clade]] informally and provisionally known as eupolypods II.
−
| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
+
 
−
| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
+
It has been found that in some species, the [[chloroplast]] [[plastome|genome]] has [[Introduction to evolution|evolved]] in complex and highly unusual ways. This makes standard [[cladistic]] analyses unsuited to resolve the [[phylogeny]] of that particular group of ferns, and even very sophisticated [[computational phylogenetics]] methods yield little information. In addition to hybridization running rampant in parts of this genus, there are also some species like the [[Mother Spleenwort]] (''A. bulbiferum'') or ''[[Asplenium viviparum|A. viviparum]]'' which mainly [[asexual reproduction|reproduce asexually]], essentially [[cloning]] themselves over and over again. While most are [[diploid]] or [[tetraploid]], some species (e.g. ''[[Asplenium shuttleworthianum|A. shuttleworthianum]]'') are octoploid.<ref>Shepherd ''et al.'' (2008)</ref>
−
| usda_zones =    <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
+
 
−
| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
+
The most common vernacular name is '''spleenworts''', applied to the more &quot;typical&quot; species. ''[[Asplenium nidus|A. nidus]]'' and several similar species are called '''[[bird's-nest fern]]s''', the ''Camptosorus'' group is known as '''[[walking fern]]s''', and distinct names are applied to some other particularly well-known species.
−
| color = IndianRed
+
 
−
| image = Upload.png  <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
+
{{Inc|
−
| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
+
Asplenium (Greek, not the spleen; referring to supposed medicinal properties). Polypodiaceae. A large, widely distributed genus of ferns, containing some 200 species. Some of them hardy, and many others grown in the greenhouse.
−
| image_caption =    <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
+
 
−
| regnum = Plantae  <!--- Kingdom -->
+
Aspleniums are distinguished by the free veins, and by the elongated sori covered by an indusium, which normally is attached to one side of a vein. The species here included under Asplenium, which have some of the sori curved across the subtending veinlets and certain differences in the internal structure of the st. are placed by many botanists in a separate genus, Athyrium; in the list below, Nos. 10, 25, 26, and 27 belong in this group.
−
| divisio =  <!--- Phylum -->
+
 
−
| classis =    <!--- Class -->
+
Aspleniums enjoy an abundance of moisture at the roots, but they will turn brown in the winter months in an excessively moist atmosphere. They should be kept in a very- lightly shaded position. A good potting material consists of equal parts of rich soil and leaf-mold or peat. The following are some of the most useful commercial kinds: A. Belangeri, height 2½ feet; A. bulbiferum (including A. laxum), which grows quickly into a handsome specimen about 20 inches high, and seems to stand the hot, dry American summers better than other species; A. salicifolium; and A. viviparum, which is dwarf, compact, with lace-like fronds, and easily propagated. For hanging-baskets, A. flaccidum is best. The foregoing species and others of like habit develop small plantlets on the surface and edge of pinnae. As soon as these are sufficiently strong, they may be detached, with a small piece of old pinnae, and pricked into shallow pans, the older part being placed below ground to hold the young plant firmly in position until roots have formed. The best soil for this purpose is composed of equal parts of fresh garden soil, leaf-mold or fine peat, and sand. Plant very firmly, and place in a shady, moderately moist and close position, where in ten or fifteen days they will make roots. The foregoing ones do best in a temperature of 50° F A. cristatum is easily grown from spores, and is very useful for fern-dishes.
−
| ordo =    <!--- Order -->
+
 
−
| familia =    <!--- Family -->
+
Supplementary list of less common trade names: A. aculeatum, Hort. Hab.(?).—A. arboreum. See Diplazium.—A. bifidum A. lineatum.—A. decorum, a sport from A. bulbiferum.—A. decussatum. See Callipteris.—A. ellipticum, Hort., a trade name.—A. flaccidum, Forst. Coolhouse basket fern from Austral., Tasmania and New Zeal. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 4-8 in. broad: stipes stout, flexible, greenish, naked; pinnae numerous, close or distant, lanceolate, leathery, 4-8 in. long, ½-¾ in. broad. Very variable.—A. Goringianum var. pictum. Mett (Athyrium Goringianum var. pictum. Hort.). Distinguished from all other members of the genus by the bright color of its entirely deciduous lvs., which are 10-15 in. long, spear-shaped, and pendulous. Possibly the only hardy variegated fern. It, however, needs glass protection for best results. Stalks purple or claret-colored: Lvs. green with a central band of gray; lvs. divided into sharply toothed pinnules on which the oblong or kidney-shaped son are arranged in 2 rows parallel to the midvein. Japan.—A. laceratum, Desv. Allied to A. Nidus and possibly a variety of that species. Lvs. narrower, cut into irregular lobes, each lobe having black stripe about 3 in. long. Brazil.— A. lanceum. See Diplazium. —A. Laurentii, Christ, var. denticulátum. Allied to A. macrophyllum but smaller. Congo.—A. lineatum, Swartz. Warmhouse species from Mauritius and Bourbon, is very variable, running into forma with lfts. again pinnate, which have either small, linear pinnules or these again twice cut: Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 4-6 in, wide: stalks erect, 6-9 in. long, more or less scaly.—A. longissimum, Blume. The best of all the genus for large baskets. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 4-6 in. broad: stalks blackish, 3-12 in. long: lfts. sessile, auricled. E. Indies. S. 1:602.—A. macrophyllum, Swartz. Coolhouse species from Polynesia, Malaya, China, and Himalayas. Lvs. 6-18 in. long, 6-12 in. wide: stalks brownish: lfts. 6-12 pairs, stalked, 3-6 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, sharp-pointed, serrate.—A. Shepherdii, Spreng. See Diplazium.
−
| genus = Asplenium
 
−
| species =
 
−
| subspecies =
 
−
| cultivar =
 
 
}}
 
}}
−
{{edit-desc}}<!--- Type GENERAL genus/plant description below this line, then delete this entire line -->
 
  
 
==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
−
{{monthbox
 
−
| color = IndianRed
 
−
| name = <!--- type name of plant just to the right of the equal sign on the left -->
 
−
| jan =
 
−
| feb =
 
−
| mar =
 
−
| apr =
 
−
| may =
 
−
| jun =
 
−
| jul =
 
−
| aug =
 
−
| sep =
 
−
| oct =
 
−
| nov =
 
−
| dec =
 
−
| notes =
 
−
}}
 
 
{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
 
{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
Line 58: Line 36:
  
 
==Species==
 
==Species==
−
<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->
+
Selected species==
−
<!-- Usually in list format like this:   -->
+
[[Image:Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 141007.jpg|thumb|right|[[Black Spleenwort]] (''[[Asplenium adiantum-nigrum|A. adiantum-nigrum]]'')]]
−
<!--  *''[[Freesia alba]]'' -->
+
[[Image:Starr_050423-6681_Asplenium_aethiopicum.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Asplenium aethiopicum]]'']]
−
<!-- *''[[Freesia laxa]]'' (syn. ''Anomatheca laxa'', ''Lapeirousia laxa'')  -->
+
[[Image:Asplenium australasicum 001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Crow's-nest Fern]] (''[[Asplenium australasicum|A. australasicum]]''), one of the [[bird's-nest fern]]s]]
 +
[[Image:Asplenium azoricum (Habitus).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Asplenium azoricum]]'']]
 +
[[Image:Asplenium marinum (aka).jpg|thumb|right|[[Sea Spleenwort]] (''[[Asplenium marinum|A. marinum]]'')]]
 +
[[Image:Asplenium_ruta-muraria.JPG|thumb|right|[[Wall-rue]] (''[[Asplenium ruta-muraria|A. ruta-muraria]]'')]]
 +
[[Image:Asplenium septentrionale 070906.jpg|thumb|right|[[Forked Spleenwort]] (''A. septentrionale'')]]
 +
[[Image:Asplenium-viride.jpg|thumb|right|[[Green Spleenwort]] (''[[Asplenium viride|A. viride]]'')]]
 +
{{col-begin|width=70%}}
 +
{{col-1-of-2}}
 +
* ''[[Asplenium adiantum-nigrum]]'' <small>[[Carl Linné|L.]]</small> &ndash; [[Black Spleenwort]] (= ''A. lucidum'' <small>Burm.f.</small>)<!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->
 +
** ''Asplenium adiantum-nigrum'' ssp. ''adiantum-nigrum''
 +
** ''Asplenium adiantum-nigrum'' ssp. ''serpentini'' <small>(Tausch) Koch</small>
 +
* ''[[Asplenium adulterinum]]'' <small>Milde</small> &ndash; [[Ladder Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium aequibasis]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium aethiopicum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium africanum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium × alternifolium]]'' <small>Wulf.</small>
 +
* ''[[Asplenium angustum]]'' <small>Sw.</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium antiquum]]'' <small>Makino</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. "antiguum" is lapsus. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium ascensionis]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium attenuatum]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
 +
* ''[[Asplenium aureum]]'' (sometimes in ''Ceterach'')
 +
* ''[[Asplenium auritum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium australasicum]]'' <small>(J.Sm.) Hook.</small> &ndash; [[Crow's-nest Fern]]<!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
** ''Asplenium australasicum'' f. ''australasicum''
 +
** ''Asplenium australasicum'' f. ''robinsonii''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium azoricum]]'' <small>Lovis, Rasbach & Reichst.</small>
 +
* ''[[Asplenium azomanes]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium bifrons]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium billottii]]'' &ndash; [[Lanceolate Spleenwort]]<!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium bipinnatifidum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium brachycarpum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium bradleyi]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium bulbiferum]]'' &ndash; [[Mother Spleenwort]], Hen and Chickens Fern, ''mouku'' ([[Maori language|Māori]])
 +
* ''[[Asplenium cardiophyllum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium caudatum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium ceterach]]'' &ndash; [[Rustyback Fern]] (sometimes in ''Ceterach'')
 +
* ''[[Asplenium cheilosorum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium compressum]]'' <small>Sw.</small>
 +
* ''[[Asplenium congestum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium corderoanum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium crinicaule]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium cristatum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium cuneifolium]]'' &ndash; [[Serpentine Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium cymbifolium]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium dalhousiae]]'' (sometimes in ''Ceterach'')
 +
* ''[[Asplenium dareoides]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium daucifolium]]'' &ndash; [[Mauritius Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium difforme]]'' <small>R.Br.</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium fissum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium dimorphum]]'' &ndash; [[Norfolk Island Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium divaricatum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium dregeanum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium ebenoides]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium ecuadorense]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium euneifolium]]'' <small>Viv.</small> (= ''A. forsteri'' <small>''auct. non'' Sadl.</small>)
 +
* ''[[Asplenium feei]]'' <small>Kunze ex Fée</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium fissum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium flabellifolium]]'' &ndash; [[Necklace Fern]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium flaccidum]]'' <small>G.Forst.</small> &ndash; [[Weeping Spleenwort]], [[Hanging Spleenwort]]<!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium fontanum]]'' <small>(L.) Bernh.</small> &ndash; [[Smooth Rock Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium forisiense]]'' &ndash; [[Rock Spleenwort]]<!-- "foriziense" is lapsus. BiolConserv137:248. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium formosum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium gemmiferum]]'' <small>Schrad.</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium germanicum]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- possibly trichomanes x septentrionale -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium gueinzii]]'' <small>Mett.</small>
 +
* ''[[Asplenium hemionitis]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium hookerianum]]'' <small>Colenso</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium hybridum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium incisum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium × kenzoi]]'' - oni-hinokishida,<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?415751 Asplenium ×kenzoi Sa. Kurata] Germplasm Resources Information Network</ref> cultivated in Japan<ref>Murakami, N., S. Nogami, M. Watanabe, K. Iwatsuki. 1999. Phylogeny of Aspleniaceae inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences. ''American Fern Journal'' 89: 232-243. {{doi|10.2307/1547233}}</ref>
 +
* ''[[Asplenium laciniatum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium lamprophyllum]]'' <small>Carse</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium laserpitiifolium]]'' &ndash; [[Johnston River Fern]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium lepidum]]'' <small>C.Presl</small>{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- might be "C.Presl." -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium listeri]]'' &ndash; [[Christmas Island Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium longissimum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium lucidum]]''<!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium lunulatum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium lyallii]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium majoricum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium marinum]]'' &ndash; [[Sea Spleenwort]]
 +
{{col-2-of-2}}
 +
* ''[[Asplenium milnei]]'' <small>Carruth.</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium montanum]]'' &ndash; [[Mountain Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium musifolium]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium nidus]]'' &ndash; "[[bird's-nest fern]]"
 +
* ''[[Asplenium normale]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium obliquum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium oblongifolium]]'' <small>Colenso</small> &ndash; [[Shining Spleenwort]] (= ''A. lucidum'' <small>''auct. non'' Burm.f., ''sensu'' G.Forst.</small>)<!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. The synonym "A. lucidum" applies to this species and A. oligolepidum. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium obovatum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium obtusatum]]'' <small>G.Forst.</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
** ''Asplenium obtusatum'' ssp. ''northlandicum'' <small>(Brownsey) Ogle</small> (possibly distinct species)<!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
** ''Asplenium obtusatum'' 'Chile' (possibly distinct species, sometimes included in ''A. obliquum'')<!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium oligolepidum]]'' <small>C.Chr.</small> (= ''A. lucidum'' <small>''auct. non'' Burm.f., ''sensu'' G.Forst.</small>)<!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. The synonym "A. lucidum" applies to this species and A. oblongifolium. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium oligophlebium]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium onopteris]]'' <small>[[Carl Linné|L.]]</small>{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- "L. Heufl."? --> &ndash; [[Western Black Spleenwort]], [[Irish Spleenwort]] (sometimes included in ''A. adiantum-nigrum'')
 +
* ''[[Asplenium pacificum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium paleaceum]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> &ndash; [[Chaffy Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium palmeri]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium petrarchae]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium pinnatifidum]]'' &ndash; [[Lobed Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium planicaule]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium platybasis]]'' <small>Kunze ex Mett.</small>
 +
* ''[[Asplenium platyneuron]]'' &ndash; [[Ebony Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium polyodon]]'' <small>G.Forst.</small> &ndash; [[Sickle Spleenwort]]<!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium praemorsum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium prolongatum]]'' <small>Hook.</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium pteridioides]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium resiliens]]'' &ndash; [[Black-stemmed Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium rhizophyllum]]'' &ndash; [[American Walking Fern]] (sometimes in ''Camptosorus'')
 +
* ''[[Asplenium richardii]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium ruprechtii]]'' &ndash; [[Asian Walking Fern]] (sometimes in ''Camptosorus'')
 +
* ''[[Asplenium ruta-muraria]]'' <small>[[Carl Linné|L.]]</small> &ndash; [[Wall-rue]], [[Wall-rue Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium rustifolium]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium sagittatum]]'' &ndash; [[Mule's Spleenwort]] (sometimes in ''Phyllitis'')
 +
* ''[[Asplenium sandersonii]]'' <small>Hook.</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium schweinfurthii]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium scleroprium]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium scolopendrium]]'' &ndash; [[Hart's-tongue]] (sometimes in ''Phyllitis'')
 +
** ''Asplenium scolopendrium'' var. ''americanum'' &ndash; American Hart's-tongue
 +
* ''[[Asplenium seelosii]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium septentrionale]]'' &ndash; [[Forked Spleenwort]], Northern Spleenwort
 +
* ''[[Asplenium septentrionale × trichomanes]]'' <small>Wulf.</small>
 +
* ''[[Asplenium serra]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium serratum]]'' &ndash; [[Wild Bird's-nest Fern]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium sessilifolium]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium shuttleworthianum]]'' <small>Kunze</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium simplicifrons]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium splendens]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium surrogatum]]'' <small>P.S.Green</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium tenerum]]'' <small>G.Forst.</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium terrestre]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium theciferum]]'' <small>(Kunth) Mett.</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium thunbergii]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium trichomanes]]'' &ndash; [[Maidenhair Spleenwort]]
 +
** ''Asplenium trichomanes'' ssp. ''quadrivalens'' <small>D.E. Meyer</small>{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- "ssp. quadrivalvus" which is a lapsus -->
 +
** ''Asplenium trichomanes'' ssp. ''trichomanes''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum]]'' &ndash; [[Bright-green Spleenwort]]
 +
* ''[[Asplenium unilaterale]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium vespertinum]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium vieillardii]]'' <small>Mett.</small><!-- MolPhylogenetEvol48:176. -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium virens]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium viride]]'' <small>Huds.</small> &ndash; [[Green Spleenwort]]<!-- "viridis" is probably lapsus -->
 +
* ''[[Asplenium vittiforme]]''
 +
* ''[[Asplenium viviparum]]''
 +
{{col-end}}
 +
</div>
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
Line 73: Line 197:
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
<references/>
 +
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
Line 81: Line 207:
  
 
{{stub}}
 
{{stub}}
−
[[Category:Categorize]]
+
__NOTOC__
−
 
 
−
<!--  in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->
 

Latest revision as of 23:25, 28 January 2010


Asplenium marinum (aka).jpg


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Asplenium >


If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!


Asplenium is a genus of about 700 species of ferns, often treated as the only genus in the family Aspleniaceae, though other authors consider Hymenasplenium separate, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. The type species for the genus is Asplenium marinum.

Many groups of species have been separated from Asplenium as segregate genera. These include Camptosorus, Ceterach, Phyllitis, and Tarachia, but these species can form hybrids with other Asplenium species and because of this are usually included in a more broadly defined Asplenium.

Some of the older classifications elevate the Aspleniaceae to the taxonomic rank of order as Aspleniales. The newer classifications place it in the subordinal group called eupolypods within the order Polypodiales. Within the eupolypods, Aspleniaceae belongs to a clade informally and provisionally known as eupolypods II.

It has been found that in some species, the chloroplast genome has evolved in complex and highly unusual ways. This makes standard cladistic analyses unsuited to resolve the phylogeny of that particular group of ferns, and even very sophisticated computational phylogenetics methods yield little information. In addition to hybridization running rampant in parts of this genus, there are also some species like the Mother Spleenwort (A. bulbiferum) or A. viviparum which mainly reproduce asexually, essentially cloning themselves over and over again. While most are diploid or tetraploid, some species (e.g. A. shuttleworthianum) are octoploid.[1]

The most common vernacular name is spleenworts, applied to the more "typical" species. A. nidus and several similar species are called bird's-nest ferns, the Camptosorus group is known as walking ferns, and distinct names are applied to some other particularly well-known species.


Read about Asplenium in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Asplenium (Greek, not the spleen; referring to supposed medicinal properties). Polypodiaceae. A large, widely distributed genus of ferns, containing some 200 species. Some of them hardy, and many others grown in the greenhouse.

Aspleniums are distinguished by the free veins, and by the elongated sori covered by an indusium, which normally is attached to one side of a vein. The species here included under Asplenium, which have some of the sori curved across the subtending veinlets and certain differences in the internal structure of the st. are placed by many botanists in a separate genus, Athyrium; in the list below, Nos. 10, 25, 26, and 27 belong in this group.

Aspleniums enjoy an abundance of moisture at the roots, but they will turn brown in the winter months in an excessively moist atmosphere. They should be kept in a very- lightly shaded position. A good potting material consists of equal parts of rich soil and leaf-mold or peat. The following are some of the most useful commercial kinds: A. Belangeri, height 2½ feet; A. bulbiferum (including A. laxum), which grows quickly into a handsome specimen about 20 inches high, and seems to stand the hot, dry American summers better than other species; A. salicifolium; and A. viviparum, which is dwarf, compact, with lace-like fronds, and easily propagated. For hanging-baskets, A. flaccidum is best. The foregoing species and others of like habit develop small plantlets on the surface and edge of pinnae. As soon as these are sufficiently strong, they may be detached, with a small piece of old pinnae, and pricked into shallow pans, the older part being placed below ground to hold the young plant firmly in position until roots have formed. The best soil for this purpose is composed of equal parts of fresh garden soil, leaf-mold or fine peat, and sand. Plant very firmly, and place in a shady, moderately moist and close position, where in ten or fifteen days they will make roots. The foregoing ones do best in a temperature of 50° F A. cristatum is easily grown from spores, and is very useful for fern-dishes.

Supplementary list of less common trade names: A. aculeatum, Hort. Hab.(?).—A. arboreum. See Diplazium.—A. bifidum A. lineatum.—A. decorum, a sport from A. bulbiferum.—A. decussatum. See Callipteris.—A. ellipticum, Hort., a trade name.—A. flaccidum, Forst. Coolhouse basket fern from Austral., Tasmania and New Zeal. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 4-8 in. broad: stipes stout, flexible, greenish, naked; pinnae numerous, close or distant, lanceolate, leathery, 4-8 in. long, ½-¾ in. broad. Very variable.—A. Goringianum var. pictum. Mett (Athyrium Goringianum var. pictum. Hort.). Distinguished from all other members of the genus by the bright color of its entirely deciduous lvs., which are 10-15 in. long, spear-shaped, and pendulous. Possibly the only hardy variegated fern. It, however, needs glass protection for best results. Stalks purple or claret-colored: Lvs. green with a central band of gray; lvs. divided into sharply toothed pinnules on which the oblong or kidney-shaped son are arranged in 2 rows parallel to the midvein. Japan.—A. laceratum, Desv. Allied to A. Nidus and possibly a variety of that species. Lvs. narrower, cut into irregular lobes, each lobe having black stripe about 3 in. long. Brazil.— A. lanceum. See Diplazium. —A. Laurentii, Christ, var. denticulátum. Allied to A. macrophyllum but smaller. Congo.—A. lineatum, Swartz. Warmhouse species from Mauritius and Bourbon, is very variable, running into forma with lfts. again pinnate, which have either small, linear pinnules or these again twice cut: Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 4-6 in, wide: stalks erect, 6-9 in. long, more or less scaly.—A. longissimum, Blume. The best of all the genus for large baskets. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 4-6 in. broad: stalks blackish, 3-12 in. long: lfts. sessile, auricled. E. Indies. S. 1:602.—A. macrophyllum, Swartz. Coolhouse species from Polynesia, Malaya, China, and Himalayas. Lvs. 6-18 in. long, 6-12 in. wide: stalks brownish: lfts. 6-12 pairs, stalked, 3-6 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, sharp-pointed, serrate.—A. Shepherdii, Spreng. See Diplazium.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Do you have cultivation info on this plant? Edit this section!

Propagation

Do you have propagation info on this plant? Edit this section!

Pests and diseases

Do you have pest and disease info on this plant? Edit this section!

Species

Selected species==

Black Spleenwort (A. adiantum-nigrum)
Asplenium aethiopicum
Crow's-nest Fern (A. australasicum), one of the bird's-nest ferns
Asplenium azoricum
Sea Spleenwort (A. marinum)
File:Asplenium ruta-muraria.JPG
Wall-rue (A. ruta-muraria)
Forked Spleenwort (A. septentrionale)
Green Spleenwort (A. viride)

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

  1. ↑ Shepherd et al. (2008)
  2. ↑ Asplenium ×kenzoi Sa. Kurata Germplasm Resources Information Network
  3. ↑ Murakami, N., S. Nogami, M. Watanabe, K. Iwatsuki. 1999. Phylogeny of Aspleniaceae inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences. American Fern Journal 89: 232-243. Template:Doi

External links


Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Asplenium&oldid=95144"