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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Dipterocarpaceae
| image = Koeh-054.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''[[Dipterocarpus retusus]]''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malvales]]
| familia = '''Dipterocarpaceae'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
''[[Anisoptera (tree)|Anisoptera]]''<br>
''[[Cotylelobium]]''<br>
''[[Dipterocarpus]]''<br>
''[[Dryobalanops]]''<br>
''[[Hopea]]''<br>
''[[Marquesia]]''<br>
''[[Monotes]]''<br>
''[[Neobalanocarpus]]''<br>
''[[Pakaraimaea]]''<br>
''[[Parashorea]]''<br>
''[[Shorea]]''<br>
''[[Stemonoporus]]''<br>
''[[Upuna]]''<br>
''[[Vateria]]''<br>
''[[Vateriopsis]]''<br>
''[[Vatica]]''
}}
'''Dipterocarpaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of 17 genera and approximately 580-680 species of mainly [[tropical]] lowland [[rainforest]] [[tree]]s with two-winged fruits. The largest genera are ''Shorea'' (360 species), ''Hopea'' (105 species), ''Dipterocarpus'' (70 species), and ''Vatica'' (60 species). Many are large [[forest]] emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40-70 m tall, with the tallest known living specimen over 85 m tall. The species of this family are of major importance in the [[timber]] trade. Their distribution is [[pantropical]], from northern [[South America]] to [[Africa]], the [[Seychelles]], [[India]], [[Indochina]] and [[Malaysia]], with the greatest diversity and abundance in western [[Malaysia]]. Some species are now [[endangered species|endangered]] as a result of overcutting and extensive [[illegal logging]]. They provide valuable woods, aromatic [[essential oil]]s, [[balsam]], [[resins]] and as a source for [[plywood]].
Because most specimens are illegally harvested, Greenpeace suggests that consumers avoid using meranti.[http://archive.greenpeace.org/foresthouse/foresthouse.swf]
The dipterocarp family is generally divided into three subfamilies:
* Monotoideae: 3 genera, 30 species. ''[[Marquesia]]'' is native to [[Africa]]. ''[[Monotes]]'' has 26 species, distributed across Africa and Madagascar. ''[[Pseudomonotes]]'' is native to the Colombian Amazon.
* Pakaraimoideae: contains a single species, ''[[Pakaraimaea roraimae]]'', found in the [[Guiana|Guaianan highlands]] of South America.
* Dipterocarpoideae: the largest of the subfamilies, it contains 13 genera and 470-650 species. Distribution includes the [[Seychelles]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]] to [[New Guinea]], but mostly in west Malaysia, where they form the dominant species in the lowland forests. The Dipterocarpoideae can be divided into two groups (Ashton, 1982; and Maury-Lechon and Curtet, 1998):
**Valvate-Dipterocarpi group (''Anisoptera, Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Stemonoporus, Upuna, Vateria, Vateriopsis, Vatica''). The genera of this group have valvate sepals in fruit, solitary vessels, scattered resin canals, and basic chromosome number x = 11.
** Imbricate-Shoreae group (''Balanocarpus, Hopea, Parashorea, Shorea''). The genera of this group have imbricate sepals in fruit, grouped vessels, resin canals in tangential bands, and basic chromosome number x = 7. A recent molecular study (Dayanandan ''et. al.'', 1999) suggest that the genus ''Hopea'' forms a clade with ''Shorea'' sections ''Anthoshorea'' and ''Doona'', and should be merged into ''Shorea''.
A recent genetic study (Ducousso ''et. al.'' 2004) found that the Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the [[Sarcolaenaceae]], a tree family endemic to Madagascar. This suggests that ancestor of the Dipterocarps originated in the southern supercontinent of [[Gondwana]], and that the common ancestor of the Asian dipterocarps and the Sarcolaenaceae was found in the India-Madagascar-Seychelles land mass millions of years ago, and were carried northward by India, which later collided with Asia and allowed the dipterocarps to spread across Southeast Asia and Malaysia.
==Timbers==
The following table associates tree species, wood name and wood color. The term '''Philippine red mahogany''' refers to the wood of trees belonging to the genera ''[[Shorea]]'' and ''[[Parashorea]]''.
{| border="1" align="center"
|- bgcolor="#D05A3A"
! Genus & section
! Species
! Wood name
! Wood colour
! Wood type
|-
| ''[[Anisoptera (tree)|Anisoptera]]''
| ''A. cochinchinensis, A. marginata, A. scaphula, A. thurifera'' and about ten other species
| '''Mersawa'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Cotylelobium]]''
| ''C. burckii, C. lanceolatum, [[Cotylelobium melanoxylon|C. melanoxylon]]''
| '''Resak'''
|
| heavy hardwood
|-
| ''[[Dipterocarpus]]''
| ''D. alatus, D. baudii, D. basilanicus, D. borneensis, D. caudiferus, D. costulatus, D. grandiflorus, D. kerrii, D. tonkinensis, D. verrucosus, D. warburgii'', and about 60 other species
| '''Keruing'''
|
| medium hardwood
|-
| ''[[Dryobalanops]]''
| ''D. aromatica, D. camphora, D. junghunii, D. kayanensis, D. lanceolata, D. oblongifolia, D. sumatrensis''
| '''Kapur''', '''Kapor'''
|
| medium hardwood
|-
| ''[[Hopea]]''
| ''H. acuminata, H. beccariana, H. dryobalanoides, H. mengarawan, H. nervosa, H. odorata, H. sangal'' and other species
| '''Merawan'''
|
| medium hardwood
|-
| ''[[Hopea]]''
| ''H. ferrea, H. forbesii, H. helferi, H. nutans, H. semicuneata'' and other species
| '''Giam'''
|
| heavy hardwood
|-
| ''[[Neobalanocarpus]]''
| ''N. heimii''
| '''Cengal'''
|
| heavy hardwood
|-
| ''[[Parashorea]]''
| ''P. aptera, P. buchananii, P. chinensis, P. densiflora, P. globosa, P. lucida, P. macrophylla, P. malaanonan, P. parvifolia, P. smythiesii, P. stellata, P. tomentella''
| '''Gerutu'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Parashorea]]''
| ''Parashorea plicata''
| '''Bagtikan'''
| grey-brown
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]'' ''(Pentacme)''
| ''S. contorta, S. minandensis''
| '''White Lauan'''
| grey to very light red
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]'' sect. ''Shorea''
| ''S. atrinervosa, S. brunnescens, S. crassa, S. exelliptica, S. foxworthyi, S. glauca, S. havilandii, S. laevis, S. leptoderma, S. materialis, S. maxwelliana, S. seminis, S. submontana, S. sumatrana, S. superba''
| '''Balau'''
|
| heavy hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]'' sect. ''Almon''
| ''S. almon, S. contorta, S. leprosula, S. leptoclados, S. smithiana''
| '''Almon'''
| light red to pink
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]'' sect. ''Anthoshorea''
| ''S. assamica, S. assamica, S. bracteolata, S. dealbata, S. hypochra, S. javanica, S. lamellata, S. maranti''
| '''White Meranti'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]'' sect. ''Richetia''
| ''S. acuminatissima, S. faguetiana, S. gibbosa, S. hopeifolia, S. multiflora''
| '''Yellow Meranti'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Shorea]]'' sect. ''Rubroshorea''
| ''S. curtisii, S. hemsleyana, S. macrantha, S. pauciflora, S. platyclados, S. rugosa, S. singkawang'', 4 other spp.
| '''Dark red Meranti''' (Meranti bukit)
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''S. acuminata, S. dasyphylla, S. johorensis, S. lepidota, S. parvifolia''
| '''Light red Meranti'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea balangeran]], [[Shorea collina]], [[Shorea guiso]], [[Shorea kunstleri]], [[Shorea ochrophloia]], [[Shorea plagata''
| '''Red Balau'''
|
| heavy hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea macroptera]]''
| '''Melantai'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea negrosensis]]''
| '''Red Lauan'''
| dark red-brown to brick red
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea ovata]]''
| '''Tianong'''
| light red to light red-brown
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea platyclados]]''
| '''Meranti Bukit'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea polysperma]]''
| '''Tanguile'''
| red to red-brown
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea robusta]]''
| '''[[Sal]]'''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea squamata]]''
| '''Mayapis'''
| light red to red-brown
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea uliginosa]]''
| '''Meranti Bakau'''
|
| light hardwood
|}
==References==
* Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. ''Flora Malesiana'', 1982 Series I, 92: 237-552.
* Maury-Lechon, G. and Curtet, L. Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae. In ''A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture'', 1998. Appanah, S. and Turnbull, J.M. eds. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. ISBN 979-8764-20-X.
* Dayanandan, S. Ashton, P.S. Williams, S.M. Primack, R.B. 1999. Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast RBCL gene. ''American Journal of Botany''. 86(8): 1182.
* M. Ducousso, G. Béna, C. Bourgeois, B. Buyck, G. Eyssartier, M. Vincelette, R. Rabevohitra, L. Randrihasipara, B. Dreyfus, Y. Prin. The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India-Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago. ''Molecular Ecology'' 13: 231 January 2004.
==External links==
*[http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Dipterocarps.pdf ''A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture'' (PDF version)]
*[http://193.62.154.38/diptero/ Dipterocarpaceae Data Base]
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/dipteroc.htm Dipterocarpaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com
*[http://www.nativetreesociety.org/worldtrees/sea_ei/borneo_rucker.htm]
[[Category:Dipterocarpaceae| ]]
[[Category:Plant families]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = Dipterocarpaceae
| image = Koeh-054.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''[[Dipterocarpus retusus]]''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malvales]]
| familia = '''Dipterocarpaceae'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
''[[Anisoptera (tree)|Anisoptera]]''<br>
''[[Cotylelobium]]''<br>
''[[Dipterocarpus]]''<br>
''[[Dryobalanops]]''<br>
''[[Hopea]]''<br>
''[[Marquesia]]''<br>
''[[Monotes]]''<br>
''[[Neobalanocarpus]]''<br>
''[[Pakaraimaea]]''<br>
''[[Parashorea]]''<br>
''[[Shorea]]''<br>
''[[Stemonoporus]]''<br>
''[[Upuna]]''<br>
''[[Vateria]]''<br>
''[[Vateriopsis]]''<br>
''[[Vatica]]''
}}
'''Dipterocarpaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of 17 genera and approximately 580-680 species of mainly [[tropical]] lowland [[rainforest]] [[tree]]s with two-winged fruits. The largest genera are ''Shorea'' (360 species), ''Hopea'' (105 species), ''Dipterocarpus'' (70 species), and ''Vatica'' (60 species). Many are large [[forest]] emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40-70 m tall, with the tallest known living specimen over 85 m tall. The species of this family are of major importance in the [[timber]] trade. Their distribution is [[pantropical]], from northern [[South America]] to [[Africa]], the [[Seychelles]], [[India]], [[Indochina]] and [[Malaysia]], with the greatest diversity and abundance in western [[Malaysia]]. Some species are now [[endangered species|endangered]] as a result of overcutting and extensive [[illegal logging]]. They provide valuable woods, aromatic [[essential oil]]s, [[balsam]], [[resins]] and as a source for [[plywood]].
Because most specimens are illegally harvested, Greenpeace suggests that consumers avoid using meranti.[http://archive.greenpeace.org/foresthouse/foresthouse.swf]
The dipterocarp family is generally divided into three subfamilies:
* Monotoideae: 3 genera, 30 species. ''[[Marquesia]]'' is native to [[Africa]]. ''[[Monotes]]'' has 26 species, distributed across Africa and Madagascar. ''[[Pseudomonotes]]'' is native to the Colombian Amazon.
* Pakaraimoideae: contains a single species, ''[[Pakaraimaea roraimae]]'', found in the [[Guiana|Guaianan highlands]] of South America.
* Dipterocarpoideae: the largest of the subfamilies, it contains 13 genera and 470-650 species. Distribution includes the [[Seychelles]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]] to [[New Guinea]], but mostly in west Malaysia, where they form the dominant species in the lowland forests. The Dipterocarpoideae can be divided into two groups (Ashton, 1982; and Maury-Lechon and Curtet, 1998):
**Valvate-Dipterocarpi group (''Anisoptera, Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Stemonoporus, Upuna, Vateria, Vateriopsis, Vatica''). The genera of this group have valvate sepals in fruit, solitary vessels, scattered resin canals, and basic chromosome number x = 11.
** Imbricate-Shoreae group (''Balanocarpus, Hopea, Parashorea, Shorea''). The genera of this group have imbricate sepals in fruit, grouped vessels, resin canals in tangential bands, and basic chromosome number x = 7. A recent molecular study (Dayanandan ''et. al.'', 1999) suggest that the genus ''Hopea'' forms a clade with ''Shorea'' sections ''Anthoshorea'' and ''Doona'', and should be merged into ''Shorea''.
A recent genetic study (Ducousso ''et. al.'' 2004) found that the Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the [[Sarcolaenaceae]], a tree family endemic to Madagascar. This suggests that ancestor of the Dipterocarps originated in the southern supercontinent of [[Gondwana]], and that the common ancestor of the Asian dipterocarps and the Sarcolaenaceae was found in the India-Madagascar-Seychelles land mass millions of years ago, and were carried northward by India, which later collided with Asia and allowed the dipterocarps to spread across Southeast Asia and Malaysia.
==Timbers==
The following table associates tree species, wood name and wood color. The term '''Philippine red mahogany''' refers to the wood of trees belonging to the genera ''[[Shorea]]'' and ''[[Parashorea]]''.
{| border="1" align="center"
|- bgcolor="#D05A3A"
! Genus & section
! Species
! Wood name
! Wood colour
! Wood type
|-
| ''[[Anisoptera (tree)|Anisoptera]]''
| ''A. cochinchinensis, A. marginata, A. scaphula, A. thurifera'' and about ten other species
| '''Mersawa'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Cotylelobium]]''
| ''C. burckii, C. lanceolatum, [[Cotylelobium melanoxylon|C. melanoxylon]]''
| '''Resak'''
|
| heavy hardwood
|-
| ''[[Dipterocarpus]]''
| ''D. alatus, D. baudii, D. basilanicus, D. borneensis, D. caudiferus, D. costulatus, D. grandiflorus, D. kerrii, D. tonkinensis, D. verrucosus, D. warburgii'', and about 60 other species
| '''Keruing'''
|
| medium hardwood
|-
| ''[[Dryobalanops]]''
| ''D. aromatica, D. camphora, D. junghunii, D. kayanensis, D. lanceolata, D. oblongifolia, D. sumatrensis''
| '''Kapur''', '''Kapor'''
|
| medium hardwood
|-
| ''[[Hopea]]''
| ''H. acuminata, H. beccariana, H. dryobalanoides, H. mengarawan, H. nervosa, H. odorata, H. sangal'' and other species
| '''Merawan'''
|
| medium hardwood
|-
| ''[[Hopea]]''
| ''H. ferrea, H. forbesii, H. helferi, H. nutans, H. semicuneata'' and other species
| '''Giam'''
|
| heavy hardwood
|-
| ''[[Neobalanocarpus]]''
| ''N. heimii''
| '''Cengal'''
|
| heavy hardwood
|-
| ''[[Parashorea]]''
| ''P. aptera, P. buchananii, P. chinensis, P. densiflora, P. globosa, P. lucida, P. macrophylla, P. malaanonan, P. parvifolia, P. smythiesii, P. stellata, P. tomentella''
| '''Gerutu'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Parashorea]]''
| ''Parashorea plicata''
| '''Bagtikan'''
| grey-brown
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]'' ''(Pentacme)''
| ''S. contorta, S. minandensis''
| '''White Lauan'''
| grey to very light red
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]'' sect. ''Shorea''
| ''S. atrinervosa, S. brunnescens, S. crassa, S. exelliptica, S. foxworthyi, S. glauca, S. havilandii, S. laevis, S. leptoderma, S. materialis, S. maxwelliana, S. seminis, S. submontana, S. sumatrana, S. superba''
| '''Balau'''
|
| heavy hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]'' sect. ''Almon''
| ''S. almon, S. contorta, S. leprosula, S. leptoclados, S. smithiana''
| '''Almon'''
| light red to pink
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]'' sect. ''Anthoshorea''
| ''S. assamica, S. assamica, S. bracteolata, S. dealbata, S. hypochra, S. javanica, S. lamellata, S. maranti''
| '''White Meranti'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]'' sect. ''Richetia''
| ''S. acuminatissima, S. faguetiana, S. gibbosa, S. hopeifolia, S. multiflora''
| '''Yellow Meranti'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Shorea]]'' sect. ''Rubroshorea''
| ''S. curtisii, S. hemsleyana, S. macrantha, S. pauciflora, S. platyclados, S. rugosa, S. singkawang'', 4 other spp.
| '''Dark red Meranti''' (Meranti bukit)
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''S. acuminata, S. dasyphylla, S. johorensis, S. lepidota, S. parvifolia''
| '''Light red Meranti'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea balangeran]], [[Shorea collina]], [[Shorea guiso]], [[Shorea kunstleri]], [[Shorea ochrophloia]], [[Shorea plagata''
| '''Red Balau'''
|
| heavy hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea macroptera]]''
| '''Melantai'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea negrosensis]]''
| '''Red Lauan'''
| dark red-brown to brick red
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea ovata]]''
| '''Tianong'''
| light red to light red-brown
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea platyclados]]''
| '''Meranti Bukit'''
|
| light hardwood
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea polysperma]]''
| '''Tanguile'''
| red to red-brown
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea robusta]]''
| '''[[Sal]]'''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea squamata]]''
| '''Mayapis'''
| light red to red-brown
|
|-
| ''[[Shorea]]''
| ''[[Shorea uliginosa]]''
| '''Meranti Bakau'''
|
| light hardwood
|}
==References==
* Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. ''Flora Malesiana'', 1982 Series I, 92: 237-552.
* Maury-Lechon, G. and Curtet, L. Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae. In ''A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture'', 1998. Appanah, S. and Turnbull, J.M. eds. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. ISBN 979-8764-20-X.
* Dayanandan, S. Ashton, P.S. Williams, S.M. Primack, R.B. 1999. Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast RBCL gene. ''American Journal of Botany''. 86(8): 1182.
* M. Ducousso, G. Béna, C. Bourgeois, B. Buyck, G. Eyssartier, M. Vincelette, R. Rabevohitra, L. Randrihasipara, B. Dreyfus, Y. Prin. The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India-Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago. ''Molecular Ecology'' 13: 231 January 2004.
==External links==
*[http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Dipterocarps.pdf ''A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture'' (PDF version)]
*[http://193.62.154.38/diptero/ Dipterocarpaceae Data Base]
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/dipteroc.htm Dipterocarpaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com
*[http://www.nativetreesociety.org/worldtrees/sea_ei/borneo_rucker.htm]
[[Category:Dipterocarpaceae| ]]
[[Category:Plant families]]