Difference between revisions of "Rutaceae"

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{{Taxobox
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = ''Rutaceae''
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| name = Rutaceae
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| common_names =    <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
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| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| features =     <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| color = IndianRed
 
| image = Skimmia reevesiana2.jpg
 
| image = Skimmia reevesiana2.jpg
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| image_width = 240px
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| image_width = 240px   <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption = ''[[Skimmia]] japonica''
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| image_caption = ''Skimmia japonica''
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
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| ordo = Sapindales
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| familia = '''Rutaceae'''
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| familia = '''Rutaceae
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| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]], 1789
 
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| type_genus = ''[[Ruta]]''
 
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| type_genus_authority= [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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| subdivision =About 160, totaling over 1600 species. See [[List of Rutaceae genera]]
 
 
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{{Inc|
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Rutaceae (from the genus Ruta, the ancient name). Rue Family. Fig. 30. Herbs, rarely shrubby: leaves usually alternate, simple or variously cut or compound, usually with pellucid dots: flowers bisexual, usually regular; sepals 4-5, often coherent, imbricated; petals 4-5, imbricated or valvate, usually separate; stamens 8-10, rarely 15, inserted at the base of a thick disk, usually distinct; ovary superior, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-celled; each cell 1 to many-ovuled, raised on a prolongation of the receptacle, a glandular disk at its base; styles usually connate: fruit a capsule opening by valves, or fleshy and indehiscent, or separating into fruitlets, rarely winged.
  
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'''Rutaceae''', commonly known as the Rue or Citrus family, is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[plant]]s, usually placed in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Sapindales]].  
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Rutaceae contains over 100 genera and about 900 species, mostly of tropical countries but extending into temperate parts of Europe and America. Fagara, with more than 130 species, is the largest genus. The Rutaceae are related to many of the Geranium group, especially to Simarubaceae, Zygophyllaceae, and Meliaceae. The transparent dots in the leaves, the numerical plan, and especially the lobed ovary raised on the disk or stalk, are together distinctive. The disk is often much developed and very diversely constructed. The outer stamens are usually opposite the petals, not alternate with them as might be expected. In some cases the carpels are entirely free below and united only by the styles or stigmas. The seeds, except in the berry fruits, are only 1 or 2. The great development of oil-glands containing a fragrant oil is one of the most characteristic features of the family. These glands are produced on all parts of the plant, even on the floral parts and surface of the fruits. The orange and lemon are examples of Rutaceae with berry fruits, and they are widely cultivated and perplexingly variable.
  
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Species of the family generally have [[flower]]s that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from [[herb]]s to [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s.  
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The volatile oil of the Rutaceae has been used to some extent for medicine and also for perfumery. Extract of rue has been used as a vermifuge. The Romans used rue as a condiment. Some species of rue are so pungent as to produce a poisoning of the skin similar to that produced by poison ivy. The volatile oil is so copious in Dictamnus as to ignite readily. Several species of Barosma (buchu) are tonic and diuretic. The genus Citrus is the most useful. It includes the orange, the bitter orange, the citron, the lemon, the lime, the grape-fruit, the kid-glove orange or tangerine, and the bergamot from the rind of which bergamot oil is manufactured, used in perfumery. The bark of the prickly shrub, Zanthoxylum, is sometimes used as a tonic. The seeds of some species of Zanthoxylum are used to poison fish.
  
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The most economically important [[genus]] in the family is ''[[Citrus]]'', which includes the [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] (''C. sinensis''), [[lemon]] (''C.'' × ''limon''), [[grapefruit]] (''C. paradisi''), and [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] (various, mostly ''C. aurantifolia'', the [[key lime]]). ''[[Boronia]]'' is a large Australian genus, some members of which are plants with highly fragrant flowers and are used in commercial oil production. Other large genera include ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' and ''[[Agathosma]]''.
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In cultivation in America or worthy of trial are 20 to 30 genera, used mostly for ornament and fruit. Among these are: Adenandra (Breath of Heaven); Aegle (Bael Fruit, Bengal Quince); Atalantia; Balsamocitrus (African Bael-Fruit); Calodendron (Cape Chestnut) ; Casimiroa (White Sapota) ; Citrus (Orange, Lemon); Dictamnus (Dittany, Gas Plant, Burning Bush) ; Fagara (Prickly Ash) ; Feronia (Wood Apple) ; Murraya (Orange Jessamine, Satinwood); Phellodendron (Chinese Cork Tree); Poncirus (Trifoliate Orange); Ptelea (Hop Tree); Ruta (Rue); Triphasia (Bergamot Lime, Lime Berry) ; Zanthoxylum (Prickly-Ash, Chinese or Japanese Pepperwood, Toothache Tree).{{SCH}}
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==Characteristics==
 
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Most species are trees or shrubs, a few are herbs (''[[Boenninghausenia]]''), frequently aromatic with [[gland]]s on the [[leaves]], sometimes with [[Spine (botany)|thorn]]s. The leaves are usually opposed and [[compound leaf|compound]], and without [[stipule]]s.
 
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Flowers are [[bract]]less, solitary or in [[cyme]], rarely in [[raceme]], and mainly pollinated by insects. They are [[Floral symmetry|radially]] or (rarely) laterally symmetric, and generally [[plant sexuality|hermaphrodite]]. They have four or five [[petal]]s and sepals, sometimes three, mostly separate, eight to ten [[stamen]] (five in ''[[Skimmia]]'', many in ''[[Citrus]]''), usually separate on in several groups. Usually a single stigma with 2 to 5 united [[carpel]]s, sometimes ovaries separate and styles combined.
 
  
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The fruit of Rutaceae are very variable: [[berries]], [[drupe]]s, [[hesperidium]]s, [[samara (fruit)|samara]], [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]]s and [[follicle (fruit)|follicle]]s all occur. Seed number also varies widely.
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==Genera==
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About 160, totaling over 1600 species{{wp}}.
  
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==Classification==
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==Gallery==
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The family is closely related to [[Sapindaceae]], [[Simaroubaceae]] and [[Meliaceae]], and all are usually placed into the same [[order (biology)|order]], although some systems separate that order into [[Rutales]] and [[Sapindales]]. The families [[Flindersiaceae]] and [[Ptaeroxylaceae]] are sometimes kept separate, but nowadays generally placed in Rutaceae, as are the former [[Cneoraceae]] are also included. The subfamilial organization has not been fully resolved, but the subfamilies Citroideae (=Aurantioideae) and Rutoideae are well supported; the placement of several genera remains unclear.
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
  
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==Notable species==
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<gallery>
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{{seealso|List of Rutaceae genera}}
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Image:NIH citrus.jpg|various ''Citrus'' fruits
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[[Image:NIH citrus.jpg|thumb|various ''Citrus'' fruits]]
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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The family is of great economic importance under tropical climates for its numerous edible fruits of the ''[[Citrus]]'' genus, such as the [[orange (fruit)|orange]], [[lime (fruit)|lime]], [[kumquat]], [[mandarine]] and [[grapefruit]]. Non-citrus fruits include the [[White sapote]] (''Casimiroa edulis'') and the [[bael]] (''Aegle marmelos''). Other plants are grown in [[horticulture]]: ''[[Murraya]]'' species, for example. ''[[Ruta]]'', ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' and ''[[Casimiroa]]'' species are medicinals. Several plants are also used by the [[perfume]] industry, such as the Western Australian ''[[Boronia megastigma]]''.
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurjaran |title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach |year=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |location=Enfield, New Hampshire |isbn=1-57808-342-7| pages=pp. 438-440}}
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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*{{cite journal |last=Chase |first=Mark W. |coauthors=Cynthia M. Morton & Jacquelyn A. Kallunki |year=1999 |month=August |title=Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: a cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from RBC and ATP sequence variation |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1191-1199 |url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/86/8/1191|accessdate=2007-08-30}}
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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*{{commonscat-inline|Rutaceae}}
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*{{wplink}}
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
  
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[[Category:Rutaceae| ]]
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<!--  in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->
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[[Category:Sapindales]]
 
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[[Category:Plant families]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:08, 13 May 2009


Skimmia japonica


Plant Characteristics
Origin: ✈ ?
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ ?"?" is not in the list (sun, part-sun, shade, unknown) of allowed values for the "Exposure" property.
Scientific Names

'''Rutaceae >



Read about Rutaceae in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Rutaceae (from the genus Ruta, the ancient name). Rue Family. Fig. 30. Herbs, rarely shrubby: leaves usually alternate, simple or variously cut or compound, usually with pellucid dots: flowers bisexual, usually regular; sepals 4-5, often coherent, imbricated; petals 4-5, imbricated or valvate, usually separate; stamens 8-10, rarely 15, inserted at the base of a thick disk, usually distinct; ovary superior, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-celled; each cell 1 to many-ovuled, raised on a prolongation of the receptacle, a glandular disk at its base; styles usually connate: fruit a capsule opening by valves, or fleshy and indehiscent, or separating into fruitlets, rarely winged.

Rutaceae contains over 100 genera and about 900 species, mostly of tropical countries but extending into temperate parts of Europe and America. Fagara, with more than 130 species, is the largest genus. The Rutaceae are related to many of the Geranium group, especially to Simarubaceae, Zygophyllaceae, and Meliaceae. The transparent dots in the leaves, the numerical plan, and especially the lobed ovary raised on the disk or stalk, are together distinctive. The disk is often much developed and very diversely constructed. The outer stamens are usually opposite the petals, not alternate with them as might be expected. In some cases the carpels are entirely free below and united only by the styles or stigmas. The seeds, except in the berry fruits, are only 1 or 2. The great development of oil-glands containing a fragrant oil is one of the most characteristic features of the family. These glands are produced on all parts of the plant, even on the floral parts and surface of the fruits. The orange and lemon are examples of Rutaceae with berry fruits, and they are widely cultivated and perplexingly variable.

The volatile oil of the Rutaceae has been used to some extent for medicine and also for perfumery. Extract of rue has been used as a vermifuge. The Romans used rue as a condiment. Some species of rue are so pungent as to produce a poisoning of the skin similar to that produced by poison ivy. The volatile oil is so copious in Dictamnus as to ignite readily. Several species of Barosma (buchu) are tonic and diuretic. The genus Citrus is the most useful. It includes the orange, the bitter orange, the citron, the lemon, the lime, the grape-fruit, the kid-glove orange or tangerine, and the bergamot from the rind of which bergamot oil is manufactured, used in perfumery. The bark of the prickly shrub, Zanthoxylum, is sometimes used as a tonic. The seeds of some species of Zanthoxylum are used to poison fish.

In cultivation in America or worthy of trial are 20 to 30 genera, used mostly for ornament and fruit. Among these are: Adenandra (Breath of Heaven); Aegle (Bael Fruit, Bengal Quince); Atalantia; Balsamocitrus (African Bael-Fruit); Calodendron (Cape Chestnut) ; Casimiroa (White Sapota) ; Citrus (Orange, Lemon); Dictamnus (Dittany, Gas Plant, Burning Bush) ; Fagara (Prickly Ash) ; Feronia (Wood Apple) ; Murraya (Orange Jessamine, Satinwood); Phellodendron (Chinese Cork Tree); Poncirus (Trifoliate Orange); Ptelea (Hop Tree); Ruta (Rue); Triphasia (Bergamot Lime, Lime Berry) ; Zanthoxylum (Prickly-Ash, Chinese or Japanese Pepperwood, Toothache Tree).CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Genera

About 160, totaling over 1600 specieswp.

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • various Citrus fruits

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

External links


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