Difference between revisions of "Sassafras"

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{{Otheruses4|the Sassafras tree}}
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{{SPlantbox
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{{Taxobox
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|familia=Lauraceae
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| color = lightgreen
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|genus=Sassafras
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| name = ''Sassafras''
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|common_name=Sassafras
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| image = Sassafras7.jpg
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|habit=tree
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| image_width = 240px
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|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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| image_caption = ''Sassafras albidum'', <br/>[[Wanaque, New Jersey]]
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|Min ht box=9
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|Min ht metric=m
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|Max ht box=18
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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|Max ht metric=m
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| ordo = [[Laurales]]
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|height_ref=Wikipedia
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| familia = [[Lauraceae]]
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|Min wd box=7.6
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| genus = '''''Sassafras'''''
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|Min wd metric=m
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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|Max wd box=12
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| subdivision = See text
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|Max wd metric=m
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|width_ref=Wikipedia
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|lifespan=perennial
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|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|features=deciduous, fragrance
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|Temp Metric=°F
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|image=Sassafras7.jpg
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|image_width=200
 
}}
 
}}
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'''''Sassafras''''' is a genus of three<ref name="fna"/><ref name="nie"/> extant and one extinct<ref name ="WW1987">{{aut|Wolfe, Jack A.}} & {{aut|Wehr, Wesley C.}} 1987. "Middle Eocene Dicotyledonous Plants from Republic, Northeastern Washington". ''United States Geological Survey Bulletin'' '''1597''':13</ref> species of [[deciduous]] [[tree]]s in the family [[Lauraceae]], native to eastern [[North America]] and eastern [[Asia]].<ref name=nie>Phylogeny and biogeography of Sassafras (Lauraceae) disjunct between eastern Asia and eastern North America, Plant Systematics and Evolution, volume 267, pages 191–203</ref>
  
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'''''Sassafras''''' is a genus of four species of [[deciduous]] [[tree]]s in the family [[Lauraceae]], native to eastern [[North America]] and eastern [[Asia]].<ref name=nie>Nie, Z.-L., Wen, J. & Sun, H. (2007). Phylogeny and biogeography of Sassafras (Lauraceae) disjunct between eastern Asia and eastern North America. ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 267: 191–203 [http://www.springerlink.com/content/7331p473p057q683/ Abstract.]</ref>
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Sassafras trees grow from {{convert|9.1|–|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and spreading {{convert|7.6|–|12|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>Dirr, Manual of woody landscape plants. Page 938.</ref> The trunk grows  {{convert|70|–|150|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter, with many slender branches, and smooth, orange-brown bark. The branching is [[sympodial]]. The bark of the mature trunk is thick, red-brown, and deeply furrowed. The wood is light, hard and sometimes brittle. All parts of the plants are very fragrant. The species are unusual in having three distinct [[leaf]] patterns on the same plant, unlobed oval, bilobed (mitten-shaped), and trilobed (three pronged); rarely the leaves can be five-lobed.<ref name=noble>Noble Plant Image Gallery [http://www.noble.org/imagegallery/woodhtml/Sassafras.html Sassafras (includes photo of five-lobed leaf)]</ref> They have smooth margins and grow 7–20&nbsp;cm long by 5–10&nbsp;cm broad. The young leaves and twigs are quite [[mucilage|mucilaginous]], and produce a citrus-like scent when crushed. The tiny, yellow [[flower]]s are five-petaled and bloom in the spring; they are [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with male and female flowers on separate trees. The [[fruit]] are blue-black, egg-shaped, 1&nbsp;cm long, produced on long, red-stalked cups, and mature in late summer.<ref name=fna>Flora of North America: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=129310 ''Sassafras'']</ref> The largest Sassafras tree in the United States is located in [[Owensboro, Kentucky]].<ref>http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/kytreewebsite/pdffiles/SASSAFRAprint.pdf</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1016/is_n5-6_v100/ai_15473433/ The biggest sassafras], American Forests, May-June, 1994, Whit Bronaugh</ref>
  
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Sassafras trees grow from 15–35 m (50–120 feet) tall and 70–150 cm (2.5–6 feet) in diameter, with many slender branches, and smooth, orange-brown bark. The branching is [[sympodial]]. The bark of the mature trunk is thick, red-brown, and deeply furrowed. The wood is light, soft, weak, and brittle. All parts of the plants are very fragrant. The species are unusual in having three distinct [[leaf]] patterns on the same plant, unlobed oval, bilobed (mitten-shaped), and trilobed (three pronged; rarely the leaves can be five-lobed<ref name=noble>Noble Plant Image Gallery [http://www.noble.org/imagegallery/woodhtml/Sassafras.html Sassafras (includes photo of five-lobed leaf)]</ref>). They have smooth margins and grow 7–20 cm long by 5–10 cm broad. The young leaves and twigs are quite [[mucilage|mucilaginous]], and produce a scent similar to [[lemon]]s when crushed. The tiny, yellow [[flower]]s are five-petaled and bloom in the spring; they are [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with male and female flowers on separate trees. The [[fruit]] are blue-black, egg-shaped, 1 cm long, produced on long, red-stalked cups, and mature in late summer.<ref name=fna>Flora of North America: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=129310 ''Sassafras'']</ref>
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{{Inc|
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Sassafras (Spanish, Salsafras, Saxifraga; medicinal properties similar to those of Saxifraga were attributed to it by Spanish discoverers). Lauraceae. Sassafras. Ornamental trees grown for their handsome foliage assuming beautiful tints in autumn and for their bright-colored fruit.
  
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The name "Sassafras", applied by the botanist [[Nicolas Monardes]] in the sixteenth century, is said to be a corruption of the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word for [[saxifrage]].
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Deciduous: lvs. alternate, entire or 3-lobed, slender-petioled: fls. dioecious, rarely perfect, apetalous; calyx 6-parted; stamens 9, the 3 inner ones furnished at the base with 2 stalked, orange-colored glands; staminodes 3 or wanting; anthers opening with 4 valves; ovary superior, 1-loculed: fr. an oblong-ovoid, 1-seeded, dark blue drupe surrounded at the base by the thickened scarlet calyx.—Two species, one in E. N. Amer. and one in China.
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The sassafrases are handsome trees of pyramidal habit with rather large, entire or 3-lobed leaves and small yellow flowers in few-flowered racemes appearing in spring with the leaves and followed by ornamental dark blue fruits on red fleshy stalks. The native species is hardy North, while the Chinese one which is still little known in cultivation is somewhat tenderer. The American sassafras usually affects light lands, although it may grow in clay loams. It is a desirable tree for ornamental planting on account of its handsome light green foliage, which is interesting with its varying shapes and its orange-yellow or bright red color in autumn, and on account of its decorative bright-colored fruit. It prefers, at least in the North, a warm and sunny position. It is not easily transplanted when old on account of its long tap-roots. Propagation is by seeds sown as soon as ripe; also by suckers, which are often freely produced, and by root-cuttings.{{SCH}}
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}}
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==Cultivation==
  
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==Species==
 
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*''[[Sassafras albidum]]'' (Nuttall) Nees - '''Sassafras''', '''White Sassafras''', '''Red Sassafras''' or '''Silky Sassafras'''. Eastern North America, from southernmost [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] through the eastern [[United States]] south to central [[Florida]], and west to southern [[Iowa]] and eastern [[Texas]].
 
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*''[[Sassafras tzumu]]'' (Hemsl.) Hemsl. - '''Chinese Sassafras''' or '''Tzumu'''. Central and southwestern [[China]]. It differs from ''S. albidum'' in the leaves being more frequently three-lobed,<ref name=esveld>Arboretum Trompenburg: [http://www.esveld.nl/plantdias/51/51682.jpg ''Sassafras tzumu'' photo]</ref> the lobes having a tapered acuminate apex (not rounded to weakly acute).
 
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*''[[Sassafras randaiense]]'' (Hayata) Rehd. - '''Taiwan Sassafras'''. [[Taiwan]]. Treated by some botanists in a distinct genus as ''Yushunia randaiensis'' (Hayata) Kamikoti,<ref name=kamikoti>Kamikoti, S. (1933). ''Ann. Rep. Taihoku Bot. Gard''. 3: 78</ref> though this is not supported by recent genetic evidence which shows the genus to be [[monophyly|monophyletic]].<ref name=nie/>
 
  
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== Uses ==
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===Propagation===
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[[Essential oil]] distilled from the root-bark or the [[fruit]] was used as a [[fragrance]] in [[perfume]]s and [[soap]]s, food (sassafras tea and candy flavoring) and for [[aromatherapy]].
 
  
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The dried and ground leaves are used to make [[filé powder]], a spice used in the making of some types of [[gumbo]].
 
  
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It is also used in the manufacture of the drug [[ecstasy]], and as such, its transport is monitored internationally.
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===Pests and diseases===
  
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The roots of Sassafras was used in the flavoring of root beer until its ban in 1960.
 
  
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In 1960, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the use of sassafras oil and safrole in foods and drugs based on the animal studies and human case reports. Several years later, the sale of sassafras oil, roots, or tea was prohibited by law. Subsequently, both Canada and the United States have passed laws against the sale of any consumable products (beverages, foods, cosmetics, health products such as toothpaste, and others) that contain more than specific small amounts of [[safrole]].<ref>[http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/PrintablePages/herbMonograph/0,11475,552413,00.html]</ref>
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==Species==
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*''[[Sassafras albidum]]'' (Nuttall) Nees - '''Sassafras''', '''White Sassafras''', '''Red Sassafras''' or '''Silky Sassafras'''. Eastern North America, from southernmost [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] through the eastern [[United States]] south to central [[Florida]], and west to southern [[Iowa]] and eastern [[Texas]].{{wp}}
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*''[[Sassafras tzumu]]'' (Hemsl.) Hemsl. - '''Chinese Sassafras''' or '''Tzumu'''. Central and southwestern [[China]]. It differs from ''S. albidum'' in the leaves being more frequently three-lobed,<ref name=esveld>Arboretum Trompenburg: [http://www.esveld.nl/plantdias/51/51682.jpg ''Sassafras tzumu'' photo]</ref> the lobes having a tapered acuminate apex (not rounded to weakly acute).{{wp}}
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*''[[Sassafras randaiense]]'' (Hayata) Rehd. - '''Taiwan Sassafras'''. [[Taiwan]].{{wp}}
  
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==See also==
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==Gallery==
  
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* [http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/PrintablePages/herbMonograph/0,11475,552413,00.html Drug Digest Sassafras]
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<gallery perrow=5>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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{{reflist}}
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<references/>
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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==External links==
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*{{wplink}}
  
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[[Category:Laurales]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Herbs]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
 

Latest revision as of 17:16, 19 May 2010


Sassafras7.jpg


Plant Characteristics
Habit   tree

Height: ⇕ 9 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 9. to 18 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 18.
Width: ⇔ 7.6 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 7.6. to 12 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 12.
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Cultivation
Features: ✓ deciduous, fragrance
Scientific Names

Lauraceae >

Sassafras >


Sassafras is a genus of three[1][2] extant and one extinct[3] species of deciduous trees in the family Lauraceae, native to eastern North America and eastern Asia.[2]

Sassafras trees grow from 9.1 – 18 m tall and spreading 7.6 – 12 m[4] The trunk grows 70 – 150 cm in diameter, with many slender branches, and smooth, orange-brown bark. The branching is sympodial. The bark of the mature trunk is thick, red-brown, and deeply furrowed. The wood is light, hard and sometimes brittle. All parts of the plants are very fragrant. The species are unusual in having three distinct leaf patterns on the same plant, unlobed oval, bilobed (mitten-shaped), and trilobed (three pronged); rarely the leaves can be five-lobed.[5] They have smooth margins and grow 7–20 cm long by 5–10 cm broad. The young leaves and twigs are quite mucilaginous, and produce a citrus-like scent when crushed. The tiny, yellow flowers are five-petaled and bloom in the spring; they are dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate trees. The fruit are blue-black, egg-shaped, 1 cm long, produced on long, red-stalked cups, and mature in late summer.[1] The largest Sassafras tree in the United States is located in Owensboro, Kentucky.[6][7]


Read about Sassafras in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Sassafras (Spanish, Salsafras, Saxifraga; medicinal properties similar to those of Saxifraga were attributed to it by Spanish discoverers). Lauraceae. Sassafras. Ornamental trees grown for their handsome foliage assuming beautiful tints in autumn and for their bright-colored fruit.

Deciduous: lvs. alternate, entire or 3-lobed, slender-petioled: fls. dioecious, rarely perfect, apetalous; calyx 6-parted; stamens 9, the 3 inner ones furnished at the base with 2 stalked, orange-colored glands; staminodes 3 or wanting; anthers opening with 4 valves; ovary superior, 1-loculed: fr. an oblong-ovoid, 1-seeded, dark blue drupe surrounded at the base by the thickened scarlet calyx.—Two species, one in E. N. Amer. and one in China.

The sassafrases are handsome trees of pyramidal habit with rather large, entire or 3-lobed leaves and small yellow flowers in few-flowered racemes appearing in spring with the leaves and followed by ornamental dark blue fruits on red fleshy stalks. The native species is hardy North, while the Chinese one which is still little known in cultivation is somewhat tenderer. The American sassafras usually affects light lands, although it may grow in clay loams. It is a desirable tree for ornamental planting on account of its handsome light green foliage, which is interesting with its varying shapes and its orange-yellow or bright red color in autumn, and on account of its decorative bright-colored fruit. It prefers, at least in the North, a warm and sunny position. It is not easily transplanted when old on account of its long tap-roots. Propagation is by seeds sown as soon as ripe; also by suckers, which are often freely produced, and by root-cuttings.CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Species

  • Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Nees - Sassafras, White Sassafras, Red Sassafras or Silky Sassafras. Eastern North America, from southernmost Ontario, Canada through the eastern United States south to central Florida, and west to southern Iowa and eastern Texas.wp
  • Sassafras tzumu (Hemsl.) Hemsl. - Chinese Sassafras or Tzumu. Central and southwestern China. It differs from S. albidum in the leaves being more frequently three-lobed,[8] the lobes having a tapered acuminate apex (not rounded to weakly acute).wp
  • Sassafras randaiense (Hayata) Rehd. - Taiwan Sassafras. Taiwan.wp

Gallery

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Flora of North America: Sassafras
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Phylogeny and biogeography of Sassafras (Lauraceae) disjunct between eastern Asia and eastern North America, Plant Systematics and Evolution, volume 267, pages 191–203
  3. ↑ Template:Aut & Template:Aut 1987. "Middle Eocene Dicotyledonous Plants from Republic, Northeastern Washington". United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1597:13
  4. ↑ Dirr, Manual of woody landscape plants. Page 938.
  5. ↑ Noble Plant Image Gallery Sassafras (includes photo of five-lobed leaf)
  6. ↑ http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/kytreewebsite/pdffiles/SASSAFRAprint.pdf
  7. ↑ The biggest sassafras, American Forests, May-June, 1994, Whit Bronaugh
  8. ↑ Arboretum Trompenburg: Sassafras tzumu photo

External links


Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Sassafras&oldid=128407"