Difference between revisions of "Banksia"

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{{otheruses}}
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{{SPlantbox
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{{Taxobox
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|familia=Proteaceae
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| color=lightgreen
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|genus=Banksia
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| name=''Banksia''
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|common_name=Banksia
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| image = Banksia prionotes 1 gnangarra.jpg
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|habit=shrub
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| image_width = 220px
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|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
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| image_caption = ''[[Banksia prionotes]]''
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|origin=Australia
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|origin_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
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| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|lifespan=perennial
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| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
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|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
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| ordo = [[Proteales]]
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|exposure=sun
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| familia = [[Proteaceae]]
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|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
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| genus = '''''Banksia'''''
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|water=moderate, dry
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]
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|water_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
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| diversity = About 170 species; see [[List of Banksia species|List of ''Banksia'' species]]
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| diversity_link = Taxonomy of Banksia
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|image=Banksia prionotes 1 gnangarra.jpg
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| synonyms = ''Sirmuellera'' <small>[[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small><br/>''Isostylis'' <small>([[Robert Brown (botanist)|R.Br.]]) Spach</small>
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|image_width=240
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|image_caption=Banksia prionotes
 
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}}
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'''''Banksia''''' is a [[genus]] of around 170 [[species]] in the [[plant]] [[family (biology)|family]] [[Proteaceae]]. Iconic [[Australia]]n wildflower and popular [[garden]] [[plant]]s, they  are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and can vary from prostrate woody [[shrub]]s to trees up to 30 metres tall. They are generally found in a wide variety of landscapes; [[sclerophyll]] forest, (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts.
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'''''Banksia''''' is a [[genus]] of around 170 [[species]] in the [[plant]] [[family (biology)|family]] [[Proteaceae]]. These [[Australia]]n [[wildflower]]s and popular [[Ornamental plant|garden plant]]s are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody [[shrub]]s to trees up to 30 metres tall. They are generally found in a wide variety of landscapes; [[sclerophyll]] forest, (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts.  They are of economic importance to Australia's [[nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] and [[floristry|cut flower]] industries.
  
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Heavy producers of [[nectar (plant)|nectar]], banksias form a vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for all sorts of nectariferous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums and a host of invertebrates. Furthermore, they are of economic importance to Australia's [[nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] and [[floristry|cut flower]] industries. However these plants are threatened by a number of processes including land clearing, frequent burning and disease, and a number of species are [[rare species|rare]] and [[endangered species|endangered]].
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''Banksias'' grow as [[tree]]s or woody [[shrubs]].  Trees of the largest species, ''[[Banksia integrifolia|B.&nbsp;integrifolia]]'' (Coast Banksia) and ''[[Banksia seminuda|B.&nbsp;seminuda]]'' (River Banksia), often grow over 15 metres tall, some even grow to standing 30 metres tall.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Liber C | year = 2004 | title = Really Big Banksias | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter| volume = 6 | pages = 4–5}}</ref> ''Banksia'' species that grow as shrubs are usually erect, but there are several species that are prostrate, with branches that grow on or below the soil.
  
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==Description==
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The leaves of ''Banksia'' vary greatly between species.  Sizes vary from the narrow, 1–1½ centimetre long leaves of ''[[Banksia ericifolia|B.&nbsp;ericifolia]]'' (Heath-leaved Banksia), to the very large leaves of ''[[Banksia grandis|B.&nbsp;grandis]]'' (Bull Banksia), which may be up to 45 centimetres long. The leaves of most species have serrated edges, but a few, such as ''B.&nbsp;integrifolia'', do not.  Leaves are usually arranged along the branches in irregular spirals, but in some species they are crowded together in [[Whorl (botany)|whorls]]. Many species have differing juvenile and adult leaves (e.g. ''Banksia integrifolia'' has large serrated juvenile leaves).
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[[Image:Banksia prionotes 4 gnangarra.jpg|left|thumb|250px|''[[Banksia prionotes]]'' inflorescence, Reabold Hill, Bold Park, [[Floreat]], WA]]
 
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[[Image:B blech twinbud maranoa.jpg|thumb|220px|A prostrate species, ''[[Banksia blechnifolia]]'' with unusual twin buds, [[Maranoa Gardens]], North Balwyn, Victoria]]
 
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''Banksias'' grow as [[tree]]s or woody [[shrubs]].  Trees of the largest species, ''[[Banksia integrifolia|B.&nbsp;integrifolia]]'' (Coast Banksia) and ''[[Banksia seminuda|B.&nbsp;seminuda]]'' (River Banksia), often grow over 15 metres tall, and may be up to 30 metres tall<ref>{{cite journal | author = Liber C | year = 2004 | title = Really Big Banksias | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter| volume = 6 | pages = 4-5}}</ref>. ''Banksia'' species that grow as shrubs are usually erect, but there are several species that are prostrate, with branches that grow on or below the soil.
 
  
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The leaves of ''Banksia'' vary greatly between species. Sizes vary from the narrow, 1–1½ centimetre long leaves of ''[[Banksia ericifolia|B.&nbsp;ericifolia]]'' (Heath-leaved Banksia), to the very large leaves of ''[[Banksia grandis|B.&nbsp;grandis]]'' (Bull Banksia), which may be up to 45 centimetres long.  The leaves of most species have serrated edges, but a few, such as ''B.&nbsp;integrifolia'', do not.  Leaves are usually arranged along the branches in irregular spirals, but in some species they are crowded together in [[whorl]]s. Many species have differing juvenile and adult leaves (e.g. ''Banksia integrifolia'' has large serrated juvenile leaves).
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The character most commonly associated with ''Banksia'' is the flower spike, an elongated [[inflorescence]] consisting of a woody axis covered in tightly-packed pairs of flowers attached at right angles. A single flower spike generally contains hundreds or even thousands of flowers; the most recorded is around 6000 on inflorescences of ''[[Banksia grandis|B.&nbsp;grandis]]''. Not all ''Banksia'' have an elongate flower spike, however: the members of the small ''[[Banksia subg. Isostylis|Isostylis]]'' complex have long been recognised as ''Banksia''s in which the flower spike has been reduced to a head; and recently the large genus ''Dryandra'' has been found to have arisen from within the ranks of ''Banksia'', and sunk into it as [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Dryandra'']]. Thus fewer than half of the currently accepted ''Banksia'' taxa possess the elongated flower spike long considered characteristic of the genus.
  
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''Banksia''s are most easily recognised by their characteristic flower spike, known as an [[inflorescence]], and the woody fruiting structures that appear after flowering. The flower spike consists of a central woody axis with a furry coating; it is generally held erect, but hangs down in a few species.  This axis is covered in tightly-packed pairs of flowers, which are attached to the axis at right angles.  A single flower spike generally contains hundreds, if not thousands of flowers. The most recorded is around 6000 individual flowers on inflorescences of ''B.&nbsp;grandis''.
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[[File:Banksia marginata immature and mature.jpg|thumb|''[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]'' flower spike before and after [[anthesis]]]]
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''Banksia'' flowers are usually a shade of [[yellow]], but [[Orange (colour)|orange]], [[red]], [[pink]] and even [[violet (color)|violet]] flowers also occur.  The colour of the flowers is determined by the colour of the [[perianth]] parts and often the [[carpel|style]]. The style is much longer than the perianth, and is initially trapped by the upper perianth parts.  These are gradually released over a period of days, either from top to bottom or from bottom to top.  When the styles and perianth parts are different colours, the visual effect is of a colour change sweeping along the spike. This can be most spectacular in ''[[Banksia prionotes|B.&nbsp;prionotes]]'' (Acorn Banksia) and related species, as the white inflorescence in bud becomes a brilliant orange. In most cases, the individual flowers are tall, thin saccate (sack-shaped) in shape.
  
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''Banksia'' flowers are usually a shade of [[yellow]], but [[Orange (colour)|orange]], [[red]] and [[pink]] flowers also occur.  The colour of the flowers is determined by the colour of the [[perianth]] parts and often the [[carpel|style]].  The style is much longer than the perianth, and is initially trapped by the upper perianth parts.  These are gradually released over a period of days, either from top to bottom or from bottom to top.  When the styles and perianth parts are different colours, the visual effect is of a colour change sweeping along the spike. This can be most spectacular in ''[[Banksia prionotes|B.&nbsp;prionotes]]'' (Acorn Banksia) and related species, as the white inflorescence in bud becomes a brilliant orange. In most case, the individual flowers are tall, thin saccate (sack-shaped) in shape.
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[[File:Banksia Marginata Seed.jpg|thumb|left|[[Seed separator]] of a Silver Banksia (''[[Banksia marginata]]'') with winged seeds still cohering]]
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[[Image:Banksia ericifolia WC multibuds email.jpg|thumb|''[[Banksia ericifolia|B. ericifolia]]'' "White Candles" showing multiple spikes]]
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Occasionally, multiple flower spikes can form. This is most often seen in ''[[Banksia marginata]]'' and ''[[Banksia ericifolia|B. ericifolia]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=S |year=1992 |title=Multiple Flower Heads |journal=Banksia Study Report |volume=9 |pages=58 |id=ISSN 0728–2893}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Blake |first=T |year=1988 |title=Multiple Heads |journal=Banksia Study Report |volume=8 |pages=2 |id=ISSN 0728-2893}}</ref> ''(pictured right)''.  
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Occasionally, multiple flower spikes can form. This is most often seen in ''[[Banksia marginata]]'' and ''[[Banksia ericifolia|B. ericifolia]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=S |year=1992 |title=Multiple Flower Heads |journal=Banksia Study Report |volume=9 |pages=58 |id=ISSN 0728-2893}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Blake |first=T |year=1988 |title=Multiple Heads |journal=Banksia Study Report |volume=8 |pages=2 |id=ISSN 0728-2893}}</ref> ''(pictured right)''.  
 
  
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As the flower spikes age, the flower parts dry up and may turn shades of orange, tan or dark brown colour, before fading to grey over a period of years.  In some species, old flower parts are lost, revealing the furry axis; in others, the old flower parts may persist for many years, giving the spikes a hairy appearance.  Old flower spikes are commonly referred to as "cones", although they are not: [[Conifer cone|cones]] only occur in [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s.
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[[File:Banksia integrifolia and marginata cones.jpg|thumb|Infructescence of ''[[Banksia integrifolia|B.&nbsp;integrifolia]]'', with non-persistent flowers; and ''[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]'', with persistent flowers]]
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As the flower spikes or heads age, the flower parts dry up and may turn shades of orange, tan or dark brown colour, before fading to grey over a period of years.  In some species, old flower parts are lost, revealing the axis; in others, the old flower parts may persist for many years, giving the fruiting structure a hairy appearance.  Old flower spikes are commonly referred to as "cones", although they are not: [[Conifer cone|cones]] only occur in [[conifer]]s and [[cycad]]s.
  
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Despite the large size of the flower spike and the huge number of flowers per spike, only a very small number of flowers ever develop fruit, and in some species a flower spike will often set no fruit at all.  The fruit of ''Banksia'' is a woody [[Follicle (fruit)|follicle]] embedded in the "cone".  These consist of two horizontal valves that tightly enclose the seeds.  The follicle opens to release the seed by splitting along the suture, and in some species each valve splits too.  In some species the follicles open as soon as the seed is mature, but in most species most follicles open only after stimulated to do so by [[bushfire]].  Each follicle usually contains one or two small seeds, each with a wedge-shaped papery wing that causes it to spin as it falls to the ground.
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Despite the large number of flowers per inflorescence, only a few of them ever develop fruit, and in some species a flower spike will set no fruit at all.  The fruit of ''Banksia'' is a woody [[Follicle (fruit)|follicle]] embedded in the axis of the inflorescence.  These consist of two horizontal valves that tightly enclose the seeds.  The follicle opens to release the seed by splitting along the suture, and in some species each valve splits too.  In some species the follicles open as soon as the seed is mature, but in most species most follicles open only after stimulated to do so by [[bushfire]].  Each follicle usually contains one or two small seeds, each with a wedge-shaped papery wing that causes it to spin as it falls to the ground.
  
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==Taxonomy==
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[[Image:Banksia prionotes response to fire Burma Rd email.jpg|left|thumb|200px|''[[Banksia prionotes]]'' seedlings after fire, [[Burma Road Nature Reserve]], WA]]
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{{main|Taxonomy of Banksia}}
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''Banksia'' plants are naturally adapted to the presence of regular [[bushfire]]s in the Australian landscape. About half of ''Banksia'' species are killed by bushfire, but these regenerate quickly from seed, as fire also stimulates the opening of seed-bearing follicles and the germination of seed in the ground.  The remaining species usually survive bushfire, either because they have very thick bark that protects the trunk from fire, or because they have [[lignotuber]]s from which they can resprout after fire. In [[Western Australia]], banksias of the first group are known as 'seeders' and the second group as 'sprouters'.
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The ''Banksia'' genus was first described and named by [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger]] in his April [[1782]] publication ''[[Supplementum Plantarum]]''; hence the [[Binomial nomenclature#Authorship in scientific names|full name]] for the genus is "''Banksia'' L.f."  The genus name honours the [[England|English]] [[botanist]] Sir [[Joseph Banks]], who collected the first ''Banksia'' specimens in [[1770]], during [[James Cook]]'s first expedition.
 
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''Banksia'' belongs to the family [[Proteaceae]], subfamily [[Grevilleoideae]], and tribe [[Banksieae]]. ''Banksia'' and the closely related ''[[Dryandra]]'' are placed together in subtribe [[Banksiinae]], mainly because in both genera the flowers occur in condensed heads. Recent research into the relationship between ''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra'' has suggested that ''Dryandra'' should be sunk into ''Banksia''.
 
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The exact number of species of ''Banksia'' is a matter of some contention.  The most recent authoritative synopsis, George (1999), listed 76 species.  Since then a new species, ''B.&nbsp;rosserae'', has been published,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Olde, Peter M. and Marriott, Neil R.|year=[[2002]]|title=One new ''Banksia'' and two new ''Grevillea'' species (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) from Western Australia|journal=Nuytsia|volume=15|issue=1|pages=85&ndash;99}}</ref> bringing the number of species to 77.  However George (1999) gave subspecific rank to four taxa that had previously been promoted to species by [[Kevin Thiele]] in his 1996 [[cladistics|cladistic]] analysis of the genus.  Some Australian [[herbarium|herbaria]] have continued to follow Thiele and Ladiges in ranking these taxa as species, thus recognising 81 species. Furthermore Harden (2002) recognises the species ''B.&nbsp;cunninghamii'' Sieber ex Reichb, even though both George (1999) and Thiele and Ladiges (1996) consider it a subspecies of ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa''.  Finally, [[Banksia paludosa|''B.&nbsp;paludosa''&nbsp;subsp.&nbsp;''astrolux'']] is under review and is likely to be raised to species level soon.
 
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==Distribution and Habitat==
 
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[[Image:Banksia aus dist map colour gnangarra.png|thumb|280px|Distribution of ''Banksia'' within Australia]]
 
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All but one of the ''Banksia'' species are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to Australia.  The exception is ''[[Banksia dentata|B.&nbsp;dentata]]'' (Tropical Banksia), which occurs throughout northern Australia, and on islands to the north including [[New Guinea]] and the [[Aru Islands]].  The other species occur in two distinct geographical regions: [[Southwest Australia|southwest]] [[Western Australia]] and eastern Australia.  Southwest Western Australia is the main centre of [[biodiversity]]; over three quarters of ''Banksia'' species occur only there, from [[Exmouth, Western Australia|Exmouth]] down to east of [[Esperance, Western Australia|Esperance]].  Eastern Australia has far fewer species, but these include some of best known and most widely distributed species, including ''B.&nbsp;integrifolia'' and ''[[Banksia spinulosa|B.&nbsp;spinulosa]]'' (Hairpin Banksia). Here they occur from the [[Eyre Peninsula]] in South Australia right around the east coast up to [[Cape York]] in [[Queensland]].
 
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The vast majority of ''Banksia'' are found in sandy (or gravelly) soils, though some populations of ''[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]'' (Silver Banksia) and ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' do occur on heavier, more clay-like, soils.  ''B.&nbsp;seminuda'' is exceptional for its preference for rich loams along watercourses.  Most occur in [[Heath (habitat)|heathlands]] or low [[woodland]]s, but ''B.&nbsp;seminuda'' and ''B.&nbsp;integrifolia'' both grow in [[forest]]s.  Most species do not grow well near the [[coast]], and few species, including [[Banksia rosserae|''B.&nbsp;rosserae'']] and ''[[Banksia elderiana|B.&nbsp;elderiana]]'' (Swordfish Banksia), occur in [[desert|arid]] areas.  Most of the eastern Australian species survive in [[upland (geology)|uplands]], but of the Western Australian species only [[Banksia solandri|''B.&nbsp;solandri'']] (Stirling Range Banksia) survives at high altitudes.
 
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Studies of the south-western species have found the distribution of ''Banksia'' species to be primarily constrained by rainfall. With the exception of ''B.&nbsp;rosserae'', no species tolerates annual rainfall of less than 200 millimetres, despite many species surviving in areas that receive less than 400 millimetres. ''Banksia'' species are present throughout the region of suitable rainfall, with greatest speciation in cooler, wetter areas. Hotter, drier regions around the edges of the genus's range tend to have fewer species with larger distributions. The greatest species richness occurs in association with uplands, especially the Stirling Range.<ref name="Lamont 1996">{{cite journal | author = Lamont, Byron B. and S. W. Connell | year = 1996 | title = Biogeography of Banksia in southwestern Australia | journal = Journal of Biogeography | volume = 23 | pages = 295–309}}</ref>
 
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==Ecology==
 
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[[Image:Banksia_integrifolia_with_lorikeet_Waverley_email.jpg|thumb|200px|Rainbow Lorikeet (''[[Trichoglossus haematodus]]'') feasting on ''[[Banksia integrifolia]]'' var. ''integrifolia'', [[Waverley, New South Wales]]]]
 
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{{main|Ecology of Banksia}}
 
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''Banksia''s are heavy producers of [[nectar (plant)|nectar]], and so are important sources of food for nectariferous animals, including [[honeyeaters]] and small mammals such as rodents, antechinus, [[honey possum]]s, [[pygmy possum]]s, gliders and [[bat]]s<ref>
 
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{{cite journal|author=Hackett DJ, Goldingay RL|year=[[2001]]|title=Pollination of Banksia spp. by non-flying mammals in north-eastern New South Wales.|journal=Australian Journal of Botany|volume=49|pages=637&ndash;644}}</ref>.  Many of these animals play a role in pollination of ''Banksia''. Various studies have shown mammals and birds to be important pollinators.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Wooller SJ, Wooller RD|year=[[2001]]|title=Seed set in two sympatric banksias, ''Banksia attenuata'' and ''B. baxteri''|journal=Australian Journal of Botany|volume=49|pages=597&ndash;602}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Wooller SJ, Wooller RD|year=[[2002]]|title=Mixed mating in ''Banksia media''|journal=Australian Journal of Botany|volume=50|pages=627&ndash;631}}</ref>
 
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An interesting observation by Carpenter in 1978 was that some banksias had a stronger odour at night possibly to attract mammal pollinators. 
 
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Other associated fauna include the [[larva]]e of [[moth]]s (such as the [[Dryandra Moth]]) and [[weevil]]s, which burrow into the "cones" to eat the seeds and [[pupa]]te in the follicles; and [[bird]]s such as [[cockatoo]]s, who break off the "cones" to eat both the seeds and the [[insect]] larvae.
 
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A number of ''Banksia'' species are considered rare or endangered.  These include [[Banksia brownii|''B.&nbsp;brownii'']] (Feather-leaved Banksia), [[Banksia cuneata|''B.&nbsp;cuneata'']] (Matchstick Banksia), [[Banksia goodii|''B.&nbsp;goodii'']] (Good's Banksia), [[Banksia oligantha|''B.&nbsp;oligantha'']] (Wagin Banksia), [[Banksia tricuspis|''B.&nbsp;tricuspis'']] (Pine Banksia), and [[Banksia verticillata|''B.&nbsp;verticillata'']] (Granite Banksia).
 
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===Response to fire===
 
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[[Image:Banksia prionotes response to fire Burma Rd email.jpg|left|thumb|200px|''[[Banksia prionotes]]'' seedlings after fire, Burma Road Nature Reserve, WA]]
 
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''Banksia'' plants are naturally adapted to the presence of regular [[bushfire]]s in the Australian landscape. About half of ''Banksia'' species are killed by bushfire, but these regenerate quickly from seed, as fire also stimulates the opening of seed-bearing follicles and the germination of seed in the ground.  The remaining species usually survive bushfire, either because they have very thick bark that protects the trunk from fire, or because they have [[lignotuber]]s from which they can resprout after fire. In [[Western Australia]], the first group are known as 'seeders' while the second 'sprouters'.
 
 
[[Image:Banksia attenuata response to fire Burma Rd email.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Banksia attenuata]]'' resprouting after fire, Burma Road Nature Reserve, WA]]
 
[[Image:Banksia attenuata response to fire Burma Rd email.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Banksia attenuata]]'' resprouting after fire, Burma Road Nature Reserve, WA]]
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Infrequent bushfires at expected intervals pose no threat, and are in fact beneficial for regeneration of banksia populations. However, too frequent bushfires can seriously reduce or even eliminate populations from certain areas, by killing seedlings and young plants before they reach fruiting age.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Wooller SJ, Wooller RD, Brown KL|year=[[2002]]|title=Regeneration by three species of Banksia on the south coast of Western Australia in relation to fire interval|journal=Australian Journal of Botany|volume=50|pages=311&ndash;317}}</ref> Many fires near urban areas are caused by arson, and thus the frequency is often much higher than fires would have been prior to human habitation. Furthermore, residents who live in areas near bushland may pressure local councils to burn areas near homes more frequently, to reduce fuel-load in the bush and thus reduce ferocity of future fires. Unfortunately there are often discrepancies in agreed frequency between these groups and conservation groups.
 
  
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===Dieback===
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Most of species are shrubs, only few of them can be found as trees and they are very popular because of their size, the tallest species are: ''[[Banksia integrifolia|B.&nbsp;integrifolia]]'' having its subspecies [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola|''B.&nbsp;integrifolia'' subsp. ''monticola'']] notable for reaching the biggest banksias and it is the most frost tolerant in this genus, ''[[Banksia seminuda|B.&nbsp;seminuda]]'', ''[[Banksia littoralis|B.&nbsp;littoralis]]'', ''[[Banksia serrata|B.&nbsp;serrata]]''; species that can grow as small trees or big shrubs: ''[[Banksia grandis|B.&nbsp;grandis]]'', ''[[Banksia prionotes|B.&nbsp;prionotes]]'', ''[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]'', ''[[Banksia coccinea|B.&nbsp;coccinea]]'', ''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]'' and ''[[Banksia menziesii|B.&nbsp;menziesii]]''. Due to their size these species are popularly planted in parks, gardens and streets, the remaining species in this genus are only shrubs.
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Another threat to ''Banksia'' is the [[water mould]] ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]'', commonly known as "dieback". Dieback attacks the roots of plants, destroying the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root, and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. ''Banksia'''s [[proteoid root]]s, which help it to survive in low-nutrient soils, make it highly susceptible to this [[disease]]. All Western Australian species are vulnerable, although most eastern species are fairly resistant<ref>McCredie TA, Dixon KW, Sivasithamparam K. (1985) Variability in the resistance of ''Banksia'' L.f. species to ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]'' Rands. ''Australian Journal of Botany''. '''33''': 629-637.</ref>.
 
  
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Vulnerable plants typically die within a few years of infection. In [[southwest Australia|southwest]] Western Australia, where dieback infestation is widespread, infested areas of ''Banksia'' forest typically have less than 30% of the cover of uninfested areas. Plant deaths in such large proportions can have a profound influence on the makeup of plant communities. For example, in southwestern Australia ''Banksia'' often occurs as an understory to forests of [[Jarrah]] (''Eucalyptus marginata''), another species highly vulnerable to dieback. Infestation kills both the Jarrah overstory and the ''Banksia'' understory, and over time these may be replaced by a more open woodland consisting of an overstory of the resistant Marri (''[[Corymbia calophylla]]''), and an understory of the somewhat resistant Parrotbush (''[[Dryandra sessilis]]'').<ref name="Impact of Dieback">{{cite web | title=Impacts in WA | work = Managing Dieback | url=http://www.naturebase.net/content/view/213/548/1/2/|publisher = [[Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia)]] | accessdate=2007-02-21}}</ref>
 
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A number of species of ''Banksia'' are threatened by dieback. Nearly every known wild population of ''B.&nbsp;brownii'' shows some signs of dieback infection, which could possibly wipe it out within years.<ref name="SPRAT brownii">{{SPRAT | id=8277 | name = Banksia brownii}}</ref><ref name="Brown 1998">{{cite book | author = Brown, Andrew, Thomson-Dans, Carolyn, and Marchant, Neville (eds) | year = 1998 | title = Western Australia's Threatened Flora | location = Como, Western Australia | publisher = Department of Conservation and Land Management | id = ISBN 0-7309-6875-8}}</ref>. Other vulnerable species include ''B.&nbsp;cuneata'', and ''B.&nbsp;verticillata''.
 
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Dieback is notoriously difficult to treat, although there has been some success with [[phosphite]] and [[phosphorous acid]], which are currently used to inoculate wild ''B.&nbsp;brownii'' populations. However this is not without potential problems as it alters the soil composition by adding [[phosphorus]]. Some evidence suggests that phosphorous acid may inhibit proteoid root formation<ref name="Murdoch">{{cite web | work = Second International IUFRO meeting | title = Phytophthora in forests and natural ecosystems | url = http://wwwscience.murdoch.edu.au/conf/phytophthora/abstract-wed.html | publisher=[[Murdoch University]] | accessdate=2006-06-26}}</ref>.
 
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Because dieback thrives in moist soil conditions, it can be a severe problem for ''Banksia''s that are watered, such as in the cut flower industry and urban gardens.
 
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==Uses==
 
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[[Image:Banksia media maranoa email.jpg|right|thumb|A dwarf form of ''[[Banksia media|B.&nbsp;media]]'' (Southern Plains Banksia), a popular garden plant, cultivated [[Maranoa Gardens]], Victoria]]
 
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[[Image:Banksia baxteri Stahl email.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]'' (Birds Nest Banksia), a species used in the cut flower trade, cultivated near [[Colac]], Victoria]]
 
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===In the garden===
 
 
''Banksia''s are popular garden plants in Australia because of their large, showy flower heads, and because the large amounts of [[nectar]] they produce attracts [[birds]] and small [[mammal]]s.  Popular garden species include ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'', ''B.&nbsp;ericifolia'', [[Banksia aemula|''B.&nbsp;aemula'']] (Wallum Banksia ), [[Banksia serrata|''B.&nbsp;serrata'']] (Saw Banksia), ''[[Banksia media]]'' (Southern Plains Banksia) and the [[cultivar]] [[Banksia 'Giant Candles'|''Banksia'' 'Giant Candles']].  ''Banksia'' species are primarily propagated by seed in the home garden as cuttings can be difficult to strike. However commercial nurserymen extensively utilize the latter method (indeed, cultivars by nature must be vegetatively propagated by cuttings or grafting).
 
''Banksia''s are popular garden plants in Australia because of their large, showy flower heads, and because the large amounts of [[nectar]] they produce attracts [[birds]] and small [[mammal]]s.  Popular garden species include ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'', ''B.&nbsp;ericifolia'', [[Banksia aemula|''B.&nbsp;aemula'']] (Wallum Banksia ), [[Banksia serrata|''B.&nbsp;serrata'']] (Saw Banksia), ''[[Banksia media]]'' (Southern Plains Banksia) and the [[cultivar]] [[Banksia 'Giant Candles'|''Banksia'' 'Giant Candles']].  ''Banksia'' species are primarily propagated by seed in the home garden as cuttings can be difficult to strike. However commercial nurserymen extensively utilize the latter method (indeed, cultivars by nature must be vegetatively propagated by cuttings or grafting).
  
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Over time, dwarf cultivars and prostrate species are becoming more popular as urban gardens grow ever smaller. These include miniature forms under 50cm high of ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' and ''B.&nbsp;media'', as well as prostrate species such as ''[[Banksia petiolaris|B.&nbsp;petiolaris]]'' and ''[[Banksia blechnifolia|B.&nbsp;blechnifolia]]'' .
+
Over time, dwarf cultivars and prostrate species are becoming more popular as urban gardens grow ever smaller. These include miniature forms under 50&nbsp;cm high of ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' and ''B.&nbsp;media'', as well as prostrate species such as ''[[Banksia petiolaris|B.&nbsp;petiolaris]]'' and ''[[Banksia blechnifolia|B.&nbsp;blechnifolia]]'' .
  
 
Banksias possibly require more TLC (i.e. maintenance) than other Australian natives, though are fairly hardy if the right conditions are provided (sunny aspect and well drained sandy soil).  
 
Banksias possibly require more TLC (i.e. maintenance) than other Australian natives, though are fairly hardy if the right conditions are provided (sunny aspect and well drained sandy soil).  
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They may need extra water during dry spells until established, which can take up to two years.  If fertilised, only slow-release, low-[[phosphorus]] [[fertilizer]] should be used, as the proteoid roots may be damaged by high [[nutrient]] levels in the soil. All respond well to some form of pruning.
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They may need extra water during dry spells until established, which can take up to two years.  If fertilised, only slow-release, low-[[phosphorus]] [[fertilizer]] should be used, as the [[proteoid roots]] may be damaged by high [[nutrient]] levels in the soil. All respond well to some form of pruning.
  
 
Within the Australian horticultural community there is an active subculture of ''Banksia'' enthusiasts who seek out interesting flower variants, breed and propagate cultivars, exchange materials and undertake research into cultivation problems and challenges. The main forum for exchange of information within this group is [[ASGAP]]'s ''Banksia Study Group''.
 
Within the Australian horticultural community there is an active subculture of ''Banksia'' enthusiasts who seek out interesting flower variants, breed and propagate cultivars, exchange materials and undertake research into cultivation problems and challenges. The main forum for exchange of information within this group is [[ASGAP]]'s ''Banksia Study Group''.
  
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===Cut flower industry===
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==Cultivation==
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With the exception of the [[nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] [[industry]], ''Banksia'' have limited commercial use.  Some species, principally ''[[Banksia coccinea|B.&nbsp;coccinea]]'' (Scarlet Banksia), ''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]'', ''[[Banksia hookeriana|B.&nbsp;hookeriana]]'' (Hooker's Banksia), ''[[Banksia sceptrum|B.&nbsp;sceptrum]])'' (Sceptre Banksia), ''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]'' (Showy Banksia) and ''[[Banksia menziesii|B.&nbsp;menziesii]]'' (Menzies' Banksia) are grown on farms in Western and Southern Australia, as well as Israel and Hawaii, and the flower heads harvested for the [[cut flower industry|cut flower trade]].  Their nectar is also sought by [[beekeeper]]s, not for the quality of the [[honey]], which is often poor, but because the trees provide an abundant and reliable source of nectar at times when other sources provide little.
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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[[Image:Woodworked Banksia grandis email.jpg|left|thumb|120px|Woodworked ''[[Banksia grandis]]'' cone]]
 
  
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===Woodworking===
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===Propagation===
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''Banksia'' [[wood]] is a red colour with an attractive grain, but it is rarely used as it warps badly on drying.  It is occasionally used for ornamental purposes, such as turnery and cabinet panelling, and has also been used to make [[keel]]s for small [[boat]]s. Historically, the wood of certain species such as ''B. serrata' was used for yokes and boat parts.
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Heat cone in hot oven (to emulate a fire) and then extract seed to plant.
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<ref name = "Salkin79">{{cite book  | last = Salkin  | first = Abraham Isaac | title = Variation In Banksia in Eastern Australia: An Investigation Using Experimental Methods  | publisher = Monash University  | date = 1979  | location = Clayton, Victoria  | pages = 239  | doi =  | id =  }}</ref> The large "cones" or seed pods of ''B.&nbsp;grandis'' are used for [[woodturning]] projects. They are also sliced up and sold as drink coasters; these are generally marketed as [[souvenir]]s for international [[tourism|tourists]].  Woodturners throughout the world value Banksia pods for making ornamental objects.[http://www.woodturningdesign.com/onlineproject/banksia_pod_wingedbowl.shtml][http://www.cindydrozda.com/html/Demonstrations.htm][http://lumberjocks.com/projects/640]
 
  
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===Indigenous uses===
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===Pests and diseases===
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The [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] people of south-western Australia would suck on the flower spikes to obtain the nectar, they also soaked the flower spikes in water to make a sweet drink<ref name="Wheeler 2003">{{cite book|author = Wheeler, Judy | year = 2003 | title = Common Trees of the South-West Forests | publisher = Department of Conservation and Land Management | id = ISBN 0-7309-6961-4 }}</ref>. ''Banksia'' trees are a reliable source of grubs which are extracted as food.
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A threat to ''Banksia'' is the [[water mould]] ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]'', commonly known as "dieback". Dieback attacks the roots of plants, destroying the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root, and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. ''Banksia'''s [[proteoid root]]s, which help it to survive in low-nutrient soils, make it highly susceptible to this [[disease]].
  
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===Musical Instruments===
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Dieback is notoriously difficult to treat, although there has been some success with [[phosphite]] and [[phosphorous acid]], which are currently used to inoculate wild ''B.&nbsp;brownii'' populations. However this is not without potential problems as it alters the soil composition by adding [[phosphorus]]. Some evidence suggests that phosphorous acid may inhibit proteoid root formation.<ref name="Murdoch">{{cite web | work = Second International IUFRO meeting | title = Phytophthora in forests and natural ecosystems | url = http://wwwscience.murdoch.edu.au/conf/phytophthora/abstract-wed.html | publisher=[[Murdoch University]] | accessdate=2006-06-26}}</ref>
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Banksia is used in musical instrument making, as a top for the acoustic [[Stompbox]] and guitar inlays by Western Australian luthier [[Ellis Guitars]].
 
  
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==Cultural references==
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Because dieback thrives in moist soil conditions, it can be a severe problem for ''Banksia''s that are watered, such as in the cut flower industry and urban gardens.
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===Field guides and other technical resources===
 
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A number of field guides and other semi-technical books on the genus have been published. These include:
 
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;Field Guide to Banksias
 
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:Written by Ivan Holliday and Geoffrey Watton and first published in 1975, this book contained descriptions and colour photographs of species known at the time. It was largely outdated by the publication of Alex George's classic 1981 monograph, but a revised and updated second edition was released in 1990.
 
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;The Banksias
 
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:This three volume monograph contains [[watercolour painting]]s of every ''Banksia'' species by renowned [[botanical illustrator]] [[Celia Rosser]], with accompanying text by Alex George. Its publication represents the first time that such a large genus has been entirely painted. Published by Academic Press in association with [[Monash University]], the three volumes were published in 1981, 1988 and 2000 respectively.
 
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;The ''Banksia'' Book
 
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:Begun by Fred Humphries and Charles Gardner, both of whom passed away before its completion, ''The Banksia Book'' was eventually completed by Alex George and first published in 1984. A comprehensive volume containing colour illustrations of every species, it is now in its third edition, published in 1996. This book is sought after by many and becoming hard to find.
 
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;[[The Banksia Atlas|The ''Banksia'' Atlas]]
 
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:In 1983 the [[Australian Biological Resources Study]] (ABRS) decided to pilot an Australia-wide distribution study of a significant plant genus. ''Banksia'' was chosen because it was a high-profile, widely distributed genus that was easily identified, but for which distribution and habitat was poorly known. The study mobilised over 400 volunteers, collecting over 25,000 field observations over a two year period. Outcomes included the discovery of two new species, as well as new varieties and some rare colour variants, and discoveries of previously unknown populations of rare and threatened species. The collated data was used to create ''[[The Banksia Atlas]]'', which was first published in 1988.<ref name="Taylor 1988">{{The Banksia Atlas}}</ref>.
 
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;Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas and all other plants in the Australian Proteaceae family
 
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:Written by J. W. Wrigley and M. Fagg, this was published by Collins Publishers in 1989. A comprehensive text on all the Proteaceae genera with good historical notes and an overview of the 1975 Johnson & Briggs classification. It is out of print and hard to find.
 
  
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===May Gibb's "Banksia men"===
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==Species==
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{{Double image stack|right|Banksia seed pod.jpg|Banksia man.png|180px|''B.&nbsp;aemula'' seed pod, [[Australian National Botanic Gardens|ANBG]],<br>[[Canberra]], a possible inspiration<br>for Gibbs|A Banksia man, from [[May Gibbs]]'<br>[[Snugglepot and Cuddlepie]]}}
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This is an alphabetically ordered '''list of ''[[Banksia]]'' species''', as of 2007.  This list includes all species recognised as current by the [[Australian Plant Name Index]], and also contains all species transferred to ''Banksia'' from ''Dryandra'' by [[Austin Mast]] and [[Kevin Thiele]] in 2007.  
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Perhaps the best known cultural reference to ''Banksia'' is the "big bad Banksia men" of [[May Gibbs]]' children's book [[Snugglepot and Cuddlepie]]. Gibb's "Banksia men" are modelled on the appearance of aged ''Banksia'' "cones", with follicles for eyes and other facial features. There is some contention over which species actually provided the inspiration for the "Banksia men": the drawings most resemble the old cones of ''B.&nbsp;aemula'', but ''[[Banksia attenuata|B.&nbsp;attenuata]]'' (Slender Banksia) has also been cited, as this was the species that Gibbs saw as a child in Western Australia.
 
  
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===Other cultural references===
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
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In 1989, the [[Banksia Environmental Foundation]] was created to support and recognise people and organizations that make a positive contribution to the environment. The Foundation launched the annual [[Banksia Environmental Awards]] in the same year.<ref name="BEF">{{cite web | url = http://www.banksiafdn.com/index.php?page=4 | title = Introduction and History | work = Banksia Environmental Foundation | accessdate = 2006-07-11}}</ref>
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#''[[Banksia acanthopoda|B.&nbsp;acanthopoda]]''
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#''[[Banksia aculeata|B.&nbsp;aculeata]]'' - Prickly Banksia
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#''[[Banksia acuminata|B.&nbsp;acuminata]]''
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#''[[Banksia aemula|B.&nbsp;aemula]]'' - Wallum Banksia
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#''[[Banksia alliacea|B.&nbsp;alliacea]]''
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#''[[Banksia anatona|B.&nbsp;anatona]]''
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#''[[Banksia aquilonia|B.&nbsp;aquilonia]]'' - Northern Coastal Banksia, Jingana (''[[Jirrbal]], [[Girramay]]'')
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#''[[Banksia arborea|B.&nbsp;arborea]]''
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#''[[Banksia archaeocarpa|B.&nbsp;archaeocarpa]]'' (fossil)
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#''[[Banksia arctotidis|B.&nbsp;arctotidis]]''
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#''[[Banksia armata|B.&nbsp;armata]]''
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#''[[Banksia ashbyi|B.&nbsp;ashbyi]]'' - Ashby's Banksia, Orange Banksia
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#''[[Banksia attenuata|B.&nbsp;attenuata]]'' - Slender Banksia, Candlestick Banksia, Coast Banksia
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#''[[Banksia audax|B.&nbsp;audax]]''
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#''[[Banksia aurantia|B.&nbsp;aurantia]]''
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#''[[Banksia baueri|B.&nbsp;baueri]]'' - Woolly Banksia, Woolly-spiked Banksia, Possum Banksia
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#''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]'' - Baxter's Banksia, Bird's Nest Banksia
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#''[[Banksia bella|B.&nbsp;bella]]''
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#''[[Banksia benthamiana|B.&nbsp;benthamiana]]'' - Bentham's Banksia
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#''[[Banksia bipinnatifida|B.&nbsp;bipinnatifida]]''
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#''[[Banksia biterax|B.&nbsp;biterax]]''
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#''[[Banksia blechnifolia|B.&nbsp;blechnifolia]]''
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#''[[Banksia borealis|B.&nbsp;borealis]]''
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#''[[Banksia brownii|B.&nbsp;brownii]]'' - Brown's Banksia, Feather-leaved Banksia
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#''[[Banksia brunnea|B.&nbsp;brunnea]]''
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#''[[Banksia burdettii|B.&nbsp;burdettii]]'' - Burdett's Banksia
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#''[[Banksia caleyi|B.&nbsp;caleyi]]'' - Cayley's Banksia, Red Lantern Banksia
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#''[[Banksia calophylla|B.&nbsp;calophylla]]''
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#''[[Banksia candolleana|B.&nbsp;candolleana]]'' - Propeller Banksia
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#''[[Banksia canei|B.&nbsp;canei]]'' - Mountain Banksia
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#''[[Banksia carlinoides|B.&nbsp;carlinoides]]''
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#''[[Banksia catoglypta|B.&nbsp;catoglypta]]''
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#''[[Banksia chamaephyton|B.&nbsp;chamaephyton]]'' - Fishbone Banksia
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#''[[Banksia cirsioides|B.&nbsp;cirsioides]]''
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#''[[Banksia coccinea|B.&nbsp;coccinea]]'' - Scarlet Banksia, Waratah Banksia, Albany Banksia
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#''[[Banksia columnaris|B.&nbsp;columnaris]]''
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#''[[Banksia comosa|B.&nbsp;comosa]]''
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#''[[Banksia concinna|B.&nbsp;concinna]]''
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#''[[Banksia conferta|B.&nbsp;conferta]]'' - Glasshouse Banksia
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#''[[Banksia corvijuga|B.&nbsp;corvijuga]]''
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#''[[Banksia croajingolensis|B.&nbsp;croajingolensis]]''
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#''[[Banksia cuneata|B.&nbsp;cuneata]]'' - Matchstick Banksia, Quairading Banksia
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#''[[Banksia cynaroides|B.&nbsp;cynaroides]]''
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#''[[Banksia cypholoba|B.&nbsp;cypholoba]]''
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#''[[Banksia dallanneyi|B.&nbsp;dallanneyi]]''
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#''[[Banksia densa|B.&nbsp;densa]]''
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#''[[Banksia dentata|B.&nbsp;dentata]]'' - Tropical Banksia, Rilidili ''([[Wubuy]])''
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#''[[Banksia drummondii|B.&nbsp;drummondii]]''
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#''[[Banksia dryandroides|B.&nbsp;dryandroides]]'' - Dryandra-leaved Banksia
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#''[[Banksia echinata|B.&nbsp;echinata]]''
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#''[[Banksia elderiana|B.&nbsp;elderiana]]'' - Swordfish Banksia, Palm Banksia
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#''[[Banksia elegans|B.&nbsp;elegans]]'' - Elegant Banksia
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#''[[Banksia epica|B.&nbsp;epica]]''
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#''[[Banksia epimicta|B.&nbsp;epimicta]]''
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#''[[Banksia ericifolia|B.&nbsp;ericifolia]]'' - Heath-leaved Banksia
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#''[[Banksia erythrocephala|B.&nbsp;erythrocephala]]''
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#''[[Banksia falcata|B.&nbsp;falcata]]''
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#''[[Banksia fasciculata|B.&nbsp;fasciculata]]''
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#''[[Banksia fililoba|B.&nbsp;fililoba]]''
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#''[[Banksia foliolata|B.&nbsp;foliolata]]''
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#''[[Banksia foliosissima|B.&nbsp;foliosissima]]''
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#''[[Banksia formosa|B.&nbsp;formosa]]''
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#''[[Banksia fraseri|B.&nbsp;fraseri]]''
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#''[[Banksia fuscobractea|B.&nbsp;fuscobractea]]''
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#''[[Banksia gardneri|B.&nbsp;gardneri]]'' - Prostrate Banksia
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#''[[Banksia 'Giant Candles'|B.&nbsp;Giant Candles]]''
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#''[[Banksia glaucifolia|B.&nbsp;glaucifolia]]''
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#''[[Banksia goodii|B.&nbsp;goodii]]'' - Good's Banksia
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#''[[Banksia grandis|B.&nbsp;grandis]]'' - Mangite, Bull Banksia, Giant Banksia
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#''[[Banksia grossa|B.&nbsp;grossa]]'' - Coarse Banksia
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#''[[Banksia heliantha|B.&nbsp;heliantha]]''
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#''[[Banksia hewardiana|B.&nbsp;hewardiana]]''
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#''[[Banksia hirta|B.&nbsp;hirta]]''
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#''[[Banksia hookeriana|B.&nbsp;hookeriana]]'' - Hooker's Banksia
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#''[[Banksia horrida|B.&nbsp;horrida]]''
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#''[[Banksia idiogenes|B.&nbsp;idiogenes]]''
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#''[[Banksia ilicifolia|B.&nbsp;ilicifolia]]'' - Holly-leaved Banksia
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#''[[Banksia incana|B.&nbsp;incana]]'' - Hoary Banksia
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#''[[Banksia insulanemorecincta|B.&nbsp;insulanemorecincta]]''
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#''[[Banksia integrifolia|B.&nbsp;integrifolia]]'' - Coast Banksia, White Honeysuckle
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#''[[Banksia ionthocarpa|B.&nbsp;ionthocarpa]]''
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#''[[Banksia kingii|B.&nbsp;kingii]]'' (fossil)
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#''[[Banksia kippistiana|B.&nbsp;kippistiana]]''
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#''[[Banksia laevigata|B.&nbsp;laevigata]]'' - Tennis Ball Banksia
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#''[[Banksia lanata|B.&nbsp;lanata]]'' - Coomallo Banksia
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#''[[Banksia laricina|B.&nbsp;laricina]]'' - Rose Banksia, Rose-fruited Banksia
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#''[[Banksia lemanniana|B.&nbsp;lemanniana]]'' - Lemann's Banksia, Yellow Lantern Banksia
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#''[[Banksia lepidorhiza|B.&nbsp;lepidorhiza]]''
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#''[[Banksia leptophylla|B.&nbsp;leptophylla]]'' - Slender Leaved Banksia
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#''[[Banksia lindleyana|B.&nbsp;lindleyana]]'' - Porcupine Banksia
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#''[[Banksia littoralis|B.&nbsp;littoralis]]'' - Western Swamp Banksia, Swamp Banksia, 
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#''[[Banksia longicarpa|B.&nbsp;longicarpa]]'' (fossil)
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#''[[Banksia lullfitzii|B.&nbsp;lullfitzii]]''
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#''[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]'' - Silver Banksia, Warrock
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#''[[Banksia media|B.&nbsp;media]]'' - Southern Plains Banksia, Golden Stalk Banksia
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#''[[Banksia meganotia|B.&nbsp;meganotia]]''
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#''[[Banksia meisneri|B.&nbsp;meisneri]]'' - Meisner's Banksia
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#''[[Banksia menziesii|B.&nbsp;menziesii]]'' - Menzies' Banksia, Firewood Banksia
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#''[[Banksia micrantha|B.&nbsp;micrantha]]''
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#''[[Banksia mimica|B.&nbsp;mimica]]''
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#''[[Banksia montana|B.&nbsp;montana]]''
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#''[[Banksia mucronulata|B.&nbsp;mucronulata]]''
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#''[[Banksia nana|B.&nbsp;nana]]''
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#''[[Banksia nivea|B.&nbsp;nivea]]''
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#''[[Banksia nobilis|B.&nbsp;nobilis]]''
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#''[[Banksia novae-zelandiae|B. novae-zelandiae]]'' (fossil)
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#''[[Banksia nutans|B.&nbsp;nutans]]'' - Nodding Banksia
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#''[[Banksia oblongifolia|B.&nbsp;oblongifolia]]'' - Rusty Banksia, Dwarf Banksia
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#''[[Banksia obovata|B.&nbsp;obovata]]''
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#''[[Banksia obtusa|B.&nbsp;obtusa]]''
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#''[[Banksia occidentalis|B.&nbsp;occidentalis]]'' - Red Swamp Banksia, Water Bush Banksia
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#''[[Banksia octotriginta|B.&nbsp;octotriginta]]''
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#''[[Banksia oligantha|B.&nbsp;oligantha]]'' - Wagin Banksia
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#''[[Banksia oreophila|B.&nbsp;oreophila]]'' - Western Mountain Banksia
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#''[[Banksia ornata|B.&nbsp;ornata]]'' - Desert Banksia
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#''[[Banksia pallida|B.&nbsp;pallida]]''
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#''[[Banksia paludosa|B.&nbsp;paludosa]]'' - Swamp Banksia, Marsh Banksia
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#''[[Banksia pellaeifolia|B.&nbsp;pellaeifolia]]''
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#''[[Banksia petiolaris|B.&nbsp;petiolaris]]''
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#''[[Banksia pilostylis|B.&nbsp;pilostylis]]''
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#''[[Banksia plagiocarpa|B.&nbsp;plagiocarpa]]'' - Dallachy's Banksia, Blue Banksia, Hinchinbrook Banksia
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#''[[Banksia platycarpa|B.&nbsp;platycarpa]]''
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#''[[Banksia plumosa|B.&nbsp;plumosa]]''
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#''[[Banksia polycephala|B.&nbsp;polycephala]]''
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#''[[Banksia porrecta|B.&nbsp;porrecta]]''
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#''[[Banksia praemorsa|B.&nbsp;praemorsa]]'' - Cut-leaf Banksia
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#''[[Banksia prionophylla|B.&nbsp;prionophylla]]''
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#''[[Banksia prionotes|B.&nbsp;prionotes]]'' - Acorn Banksia, Orange Banksia
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#''[[Banksia prolata|B.&nbsp;prolata]]''
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#''[[Banksia proteoides|B.&nbsp;proteoides]]''
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#''[[Banksia pseudoplumosa|B.&nbsp;pseudoplumosa]]''
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#''[[Banksia pteridifolia|B.&nbsp;pteridifolia]]''
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#''[[Banksia pulchella|B.&nbsp;pulchella]]'' - Teasel Banksia, Dainty Banksia
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#''[[Banksia purdieana|B.&nbsp;purdieana]]''
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#''[[Banksia quercifolia|B.&nbsp;quercifolia]]'' - Oak-leaved Banksia
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#''[[Banksia repens|B.&nbsp;repens]]'' - Creeping Banksia
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#''[[Banksia robur|B.&nbsp;robur]]'' - Eastern Swamp Banksia, Swamp Banksia, Broad-leaved Banksia
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#''[[Banksia rosserae|B.&nbsp;rosserae]]''
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#''[[Banksia rufa|B.&nbsp;rufa]]''
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#''[[Banksia rufistylis|B.&nbsp;rufistylis]]''
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#''[[Banksia saxicola|B.&nbsp;saxicola]]'' - Grampians Banksia, Rock Banksia
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#''[[Banksia scabrella|B.&nbsp;scabrella]]'' - Burma Road Banksia
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#''[[Banksia sceptrum|B.&nbsp;sceptrum]]'' - Sceptre Banksia
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#''[[Banksia sclerophylla|B.&nbsp;sclerophylla]]''
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#''[[Banksia seminuda|B.&nbsp;seminuda]]'' - River Banksia
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#''[[Banksia seneciifolia|B.&nbsp;seneciifolia]]''
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#''[[Banksia serra|B.&nbsp;serra]]''
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#''[[Banksia serrata|B.&nbsp;serrata]]'' - Saw Banksia, Red Honeysuckle, Old man Banksia
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#''[[Banksia serratuloides|B.&nbsp;serratuloides]]''
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#''[[Banksia sessilis|B.&nbsp;sessilis]]''
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#''[[Banksia shanklandiorum|B.&nbsp;shanklandiorum]]''
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#''[[Banksia shuttleworthiana|B.&nbsp;shuttleworthiana]]''
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#''[[Banksia solandri|B.&nbsp;solandri]]'' - Stirling Range Banksia, Solander's Banksia
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#''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]'' - Showy Banksia
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#''[[Banksia sphaerocarpa|B.&nbsp;sphaerocarpa]]'' - Fox Banksia, Round-fruited Banksia
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#''[[Banksia spinulosa|B.&nbsp;spinulosa]]'' - Hairpin Banksia
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#''[[Banksia splendida|B.&nbsp;splendida]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia squarrosa|B.&nbsp;squarrosa]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia stenoprion|B.&nbsp;stenoprion]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia strahanensis|B.&nbsp;strahanensis]]'' (fossil)
 +
#''[[Banksia strictifolia|B.&nbsp;strictifolia]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia stuposa|B.&nbsp;stuposa]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia subpinnatifida|B.&nbsp;subpinnatifida]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia subulata|B.&nbsp;subulata]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia telmatiaea|B.&nbsp;telmatiaea]]'' - Swamp Fox Banksia
 +
#''[[Banksia tenuis|B.&nbsp;tenuis]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia tortifolia|B.&nbsp;tortifolia]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia tricuspis|B.&nbsp;tricuspis]]'' - Lesueur Banksia, Pine Banksia
 +
#''[[Banksia tridentata|B.&nbsp;tridentata]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia trifontinalis|B.&nbsp;trifontinalis]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia undata|B.&nbsp;undata]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia verticillata|B.&nbsp;verticillata]]'' - Granite Banksia, Albany Banksia
 +
#''[[Banksia vestita|B.&nbsp;vestita]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia victoriae|B.&nbsp;victoriae]]'' - Woolly Orange Banksia
 +
#''[[Banksia violacea|B.&nbsp;violacea]]'' - Violet Banksia
 +
#''[[Banksia viscida|B.&nbsp;viscida]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia wonganensis|B.&nbsp;wonganensis]]''
 +
#''[[Banksia xylothemelia|B.&nbsp;xylothemelia]]''
 +
{{div col end}}
  
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==See also==
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==Gallery==
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*[[Banksiadale]]
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
  
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==Notes==
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<gallery>
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{{Reflist}}
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Image:Banksia prionotes 4 gnangarra.jpg|''[[Banksia prionotes]]'' inflorescence
 +
Image:B blech twinbud maranoa.jpg|A prostrate species, ''[[Banksia blechnifolia]]'' with unusual twin buds
 +
Image:Banksia ericifolia WC multibuds email.jpg|''[[Banksia ericifolia|B. ericifolia]]'' "White Candles"
 +
Image:Banksia aus dist map colour gnangarra.png|Distribution of ''Banksia'' within Australia
 +
Image:Banksia_integrifolia_with_lorikeet_Waverley_email.jpg|''[[Banksia integrifolia]]'' var. ''integrifolia''
 +
Image:Banksia prionotes response to fire Burma Rd email.jpg|''[[Banksia prionotes]]'' seedlings
 +
Image:Banksia attenuata response to fire Burma Rd email.jpg|''[[Banksia attenuata]]'' resprouting after fire
 +
Image:Banksia media maranoa email.jpg|A dwarf form of ''[[Banksia media|B. media]]'' (Southern Plains Banksia)
 +
Image:Banksia baxteri Stahl email.jpg|''[[Banksia baxteri|B. baxteri]]'' (Birds Nest Banksia)
 +
Image:Woodworked Banksia grandis email.jpg|Woodworked ''[[Banksia grandis]]'' cone
 +
Image:Banksia seed pod.jpg
 +
Image:Banksia man.png
 +
</gallery>
  
−
== References ==
+
==References==
−
* {{cite book|author=Boland, D. J. ''et al.''|year=1984|title=Forest Trees of Australia (Fourth edition revised and enlarged)|publisher=CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia|id=ISBN 0-643-05423-5}}.
+
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
−
* {{cite journal|author=[[Alex George|George, A. S.]]|year=[[1981]]|title=The Genus ''Banksia''|journal=Nuytsia|volume=3|issue=3|pages=239&ndash;473}}
+
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
−
* {{cite book|author=[[Alex George|George, A. S.]]|year=1999|chapter=Banksia|editor=Wilson, Annette (ed.)|title=Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra|pages=175&ndash;251|publisher=CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study|id=ISBN 0-643-06454-0}}
+
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
−
* {{cite book|author=Harden, Gwen|year=2002|chapter=Banksia|editor=Harden, Gwen (ed)|title=Flora of New South Wales: Volume 2 (Revised Edition)|pages=82&ndash;86|publisher=New South Wales University Press, Kensington|id=ISBN 0-86840-156-0}}
+
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
−
* {{The Banksia Atlas}}
 
−
* {{cite journal|author=Thiele, Kevin and Ladiges, Pauline Y.|year=[[1996]]|title=A Cladistic Analysis of ''Banksia'' (Proteaceae)|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|volume=9|pages=661&ndash;733}}
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
{{commons|Banksia}}
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*{{wplink}}
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{{wikisourcecat|Banksia}}
 
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{{wikispecies|Banksia}}
 
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*{{Flora of Australia Online|name=''Banksia''|id=3381}}
 
−
*{{FloraBase | name = ''Banksia'' L.f. | id = 21316}}
 
−
* [http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/banksia.html The Banksia Page] of [[ASGAP]]
 
−
* [http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/banksSG/index.html Banksia Study Group] of [[ASGAP]]
 
  
−
[[Category:Banksia]]
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__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 05:51, 11 April 2011


Banksia prionotes


Plant Characteristics
Habit   shrub

Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Origin: ✈ Australia
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun
Water: ◍ moderate, dry
Scientific Names

Proteaceae >

Banksia >


Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres tall. They are generally found in a wide variety of landscapes; sclerophyll forest, (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts. They are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries.

Banksias grow as trees or woody shrubs. Trees of the largest species, B. integrifolia (Coast Banksia) and B. seminuda (River Banksia), often grow over 15 metres tall, some even grow to standing 30 metres tall.[1] Banksia species that grow as shrubs are usually erect, but there are several species that are prostrate, with branches that grow on or below the soil.

The leaves of Banksia vary greatly between species. Sizes vary from the narrow, 1–1½ centimetre long leaves of B. ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia), to the very large leaves of B. grandis (Bull Banksia), which may be up to 45 centimetres long. The leaves of most species have serrated edges, but a few, such as B. integrifolia, do not. Leaves are usually arranged along the branches in irregular spirals, but in some species they are crowded together in whorls. Many species have differing juvenile and adult leaves (e.g. Banksia integrifolia has large serrated juvenile leaves).

The character most commonly associated with Banksia is the flower spike, an elongated inflorescence consisting of a woody axis covered in tightly-packed pairs of flowers attached at right angles. A single flower spike generally contains hundreds or even thousands of flowers; the most recorded is around 6000 on inflorescences of B. grandis. Not all Banksia have an elongate flower spike, however: the members of the small Isostylis complex have long been recognised as Banksias in which the flower spike has been reduced to a head; and recently the large genus Dryandra has been found to have arisen from within the ranks of Banksia, and sunk into it as B. ser. Dryandra. Thus fewer than half of the currently accepted Banksia taxa possess the elongated flower spike long considered characteristic of the genus.

B. marginata flower spike before and after anthesis

Banksia flowers are usually a shade of yellow, but orange, red, pink and even violet flowers also occur. The colour of the flowers is determined by the colour of the perianth parts and often the style. The style is much longer than the perianth, and is initially trapped by the upper perianth parts. These are gradually released over a period of days, either from top to bottom or from bottom to top. When the styles and perianth parts are different colours, the visual effect is of a colour change sweeping along the spike. This can be most spectacular in B. prionotes (Acorn Banksia) and related species, as the white inflorescence in bud becomes a brilliant orange. In most cases, the individual flowers are tall, thin saccate (sack-shaped) in shape.

Seed separator of a Silver Banksia (Banksia marginata) with winged seeds still cohering

Occasionally, multiple flower spikes can form. This is most often seen in Banksia marginata and B. ericifolia[2][3] (pictured right).

Infructescence of B. integrifolia, with non-persistent flowers; and B. marginata, with persistent flowers

As the flower spikes or heads age, the flower parts dry up and may turn shades of orange, tan or dark brown colour, before fading to grey over a period of years. In some species, old flower parts are lost, revealing the axis; in others, the old flower parts may persist for many years, giving the fruiting structure a hairy appearance. Old flower spikes are commonly referred to as "cones", although they are not: cones only occur in conifers and cycads.

Despite the large number of flowers per inflorescence, only a few of them ever develop fruit, and in some species a flower spike will set no fruit at all. The fruit of Banksia is a woody follicle embedded in the axis of the inflorescence. These consist of two horizontal valves that tightly enclose the seeds. The follicle opens to release the seed by splitting along the suture, and in some species each valve splits too. In some species the follicles open as soon as the seed is mature, but in most species most follicles open only after stimulated to do so by bushfire. Each follicle usually contains one or two small seeds, each with a wedge-shaped papery wing that causes it to spin as it falls to the ground.

Banksia prionotes seedlings after fire, Burma Road Nature Reserve, WA

Banksia plants are naturally adapted to the presence of regular bushfires in the Australian landscape. About half of Banksia species are killed by bushfire, but these regenerate quickly from seed, as fire also stimulates the opening of seed-bearing follicles and the germination of seed in the ground. The remaining species usually survive bushfire, either because they have very thick bark that protects the trunk from fire, or because they have lignotubers from which they can resprout after fire. In Western Australia, banksias of the first group are known as 'seeders' and the second group as 'sprouters'.

Banksia attenuata resprouting after fire, Burma Road Nature Reserve, WA

Most of species are shrubs, only few of them can be found as trees and they are very popular because of their size, the tallest species are: B. integrifolia having its subspecies B. integrifolia subsp. monticola notable for reaching the biggest banksias and it is the most frost tolerant in this genus, B. seminuda, B. littoralis, B. serrata; species that can grow as small trees or big shrubs: B. grandis, B. prionotes, B. marginata, B. coccinea, B. speciosa and B. menziesii. Due to their size these species are popularly planted in parks, gardens and streets, the remaining species in this genus are only shrubs.

Banksias are popular garden plants in Australia because of their large, showy flower heads, and because the large amounts of nectar they produce attracts birds and small mammals. Popular garden species include B. spinulosa, B. ericifolia, B. aemula (Wallum Banksia ), B. serrata (Saw Banksia), Banksia media (Southern Plains Banksia) and the cultivar Banksia 'Giant Candles'. Banksia species are primarily propagated by seed in the home garden as cuttings can be difficult to strike. However commercial nurserymen extensively utilize the latter method (indeed, cultivars by nature must be vegetatively propagated by cuttings or grafting).

Over time, dwarf cultivars and prostrate species are becoming more popular as urban gardens grow ever smaller. These include miniature forms under 50 cm high of B. spinulosa and B. media, as well as prostrate species such as B. petiolaris and B. blechnifolia .

Banksias possibly require more TLC (i.e. maintenance) than other Australian natives, though are fairly hardy if the right conditions are provided (sunny aspect and well drained sandy soil). They may need extra water during dry spells until established, which can take up to two years. If fertilised, only slow-release, low-phosphorus fertilizer should be used, as the proteoid roots may be damaged by high nutrient levels in the soil. All respond well to some form of pruning.

Within the Australian horticultural community there is an active subculture of Banksia enthusiasts who seek out interesting flower variants, breed and propagate cultivars, exchange materials and undertake research into cultivation problems and challenges. The main forum for exchange of information within this group is ASGAP's Banksia Study Group.

Cultivation

Do you have cultivation info on this plant? Edit this section!

Propagation

Heat cone in hot oven (to emulate a fire) and then extract seed to plant.

Pests and diseases

A threat to Banksia is the water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi, commonly known as "dieback". Dieback attacks the roots of plants, destroying the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root, and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. Banksia's proteoid roots, which help it to survive in low-nutrient soils, make it highly susceptible to this disease.

Dieback is notoriously difficult to treat, although there has been some success with phosphite and phosphorous acid, which are currently used to inoculate wild B. brownii populations. However this is not without potential problems as it alters the soil composition by adding phosphorus. Some evidence suggests that phosphorous acid may inhibit proteoid root formation.[4]

Because dieback thrives in moist soil conditions, it can be a severe problem for Banksias that are watered, such as in the cut flower industry and urban gardens.

Species

This is an alphabetically ordered list of Banksia species, as of 2007. This list includes all species recognised as current by the Australian Plant Name Index, and also contains all species transferred to Banksia from Dryandra by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele in 2007.

  1. B. acanthopoda
  2. B. aculeata - Prickly Banksia
  3. B. acuminata
  4. B. aemula - Wallum Banksia
  5. B. alliacea
  6. B. anatona
  7. B. aquilonia - Northern Coastal Banksia, Jingana (Jirrbal, Girramay)
  8. B. arborea
  9. B. archaeocarpa (fossil)
  10. B. arctotidis
  11. B. armata
  12. B. ashbyi - Ashby's Banksia, Orange Banksia
  13. B. attenuata - Slender Banksia, Candlestick Banksia, Coast Banksia
  14. B. audax
  15. B. aurantia
  16. B. baueri - Woolly Banksia, Woolly-spiked Banksia, Possum Banksia
  17. B. baxteri - Baxter's Banksia, Bird's Nest Banksia
  18. B. bella
  19. B. benthamiana - Bentham's Banksia
  20. B. bipinnatifida
  21. B. biterax
  22. B. blechnifolia
  23. B. borealis
  24. B. brownii - Brown's Banksia, Feather-leaved Banksia
  25. B. brunnea
  26. B. burdettii - Burdett's Banksia
  27. B. caleyi - Cayley's Banksia, Red Lantern Banksia
  28. B. calophylla
  29. B. candolleana - Propeller Banksia
  30. B. canei - Mountain Banksia
  31. B. carlinoides
  32. B. catoglypta
  33. B. chamaephyton - Fishbone Banksia
  34. B. cirsioides
  35. B. coccinea - Scarlet Banksia, Waratah Banksia, Albany Banksia
  36. B. columnaris
  37. B. comosa
  38. B. concinna
  39. B. conferta - Glasshouse Banksia
  40. B. corvijuga
  41. B. croajingolensis
  42. B. cuneata - Matchstick Banksia, Quairading Banksia
  43. B. cynaroides
  44. B. cypholoba
  45. B. dallanneyi
  46. B. densa
  47. B. dentata - Tropical Banksia, Rilidili (Wubuy)
  48. B. drummondii
  49. B. dryandroides - Dryandra-leaved Banksia
  50. B. echinata
  51. B. elderiana - Swordfish Banksia, Palm Banksia
  52. B. elegans - Elegant Banksia
  53. B. epica
  54. B. epimicta
  55. B. ericifolia - Heath-leaved Banksia
  56. B. erythrocephala
  57. B. falcata
  58. B. fasciculata
  59. B. fililoba
  60. B. foliolata
  61. B. foliosissima
  62. B. formosa
  63. B. fraseri
  64. B. fuscobractea
  65. B. gardneri - Prostrate Banksia
  66. B. Giant Candles
  67. B. glaucifolia
  68. B. goodii - Good's Banksia
  69. B. grandis - Mangite, Bull Banksia, Giant Banksia
  70. B. grossa - Coarse Banksia
  71. B. heliantha
  72. B. hewardiana
  73. B. hirta
  74. B. hookeriana - Hooker's Banksia
  75. B. horrida
  76. B. idiogenes
  77. B. ilicifolia - Holly-leaved Banksia
  78. B. incana - Hoary Banksia
  79. B. insulanemorecincta
  80. B. integrifolia - Coast Banksia, White Honeysuckle
  81. B. ionthocarpa
  82. B. kingii (fossil)
  83. B. kippistiana
  84. B. laevigata - Tennis Ball Banksia
  85. B. lanata - Coomallo Banksia
  86. B. laricina - Rose Banksia, Rose-fruited Banksia
  87. B. lemanniana - Lemann's Banksia, Yellow Lantern Banksia
  88. B. lepidorhiza
  89. B. leptophylla - Slender Leaved Banksia
  90. B. lindleyana - Porcupine Banksia
  91. B. littoralis - Western Swamp Banksia, Swamp Banksia,
  92. B. longicarpa (fossil)
  93. B. lullfitzii
  94. B. marginata - Silver Banksia, Warrock
  95. B. media - Southern Plains Banksia, Golden Stalk Banksia
  96. B. meganotia
  97. B. meisneri - Meisner's Banksia
  98. B. menziesii - Menzies' Banksia, Firewood Banksia
  99. B. micrantha
  100. B. mimica
  101. B. montana
  102. B. mucronulata
  103. B. nana
  104. B. nivea
  105. B. nobilis
  106. B. novae-zelandiae (fossil)
  107. B. nutans - Nodding Banksia
  108. B. oblongifolia - Rusty Banksia, Dwarf Banksia
  109. B. obovata
  110. B. obtusa
  111. B. occidentalis - Red Swamp Banksia, Water Bush Banksia
  112. B. octotriginta
  113. B. oligantha - Wagin Banksia
  114. B. oreophila - Western Mountain Banksia
  115. B. ornata - Desert Banksia
  116. B. pallida
  117. B. paludosa - Swamp Banksia, Marsh Banksia
  118. B. pellaeifolia
  119. B. petiolaris
  120. B. pilostylis
  121. B. plagiocarpa - Dallachy's Banksia, Blue Banksia, Hinchinbrook Banksia
  122. B. platycarpa
  123. B. plumosa
  124. B. polycephala
  125. B. porrecta
  126. B. praemorsa - Cut-leaf Banksia
  127. B. prionophylla
  128. B. prionotes - Acorn Banksia, Orange Banksia
  129. B. prolata
  130. B. proteoides
  131. B. pseudoplumosa
  132. B. pteridifolia
  133. B. pulchella - Teasel Banksia, Dainty Banksia
  134. B. purdieana
  135. B. quercifolia - Oak-leaved Banksia
  136. B. repens - Creeping Banksia
  137. B. robur - Eastern Swamp Banksia, Swamp Banksia, Broad-leaved Banksia
  138. B. rosserae
  139. B. rufa
  140. B. rufistylis
  141. B. saxicola - Grampians Banksia, Rock Banksia
  142. B. scabrella - Burma Road Banksia
  143. B. sceptrum - Sceptre Banksia
  144. B. sclerophylla
  145. B. seminuda - River Banksia
  146. B. seneciifolia
  147. B. serra
  148. B. serrata - Saw Banksia, Red Honeysuckle, Old man Banksia
  149. B. serratuloides
  150. B. sessilis
  151. B. shanklandiorum
  152. B. shuttleworthiana
  153. B. solandri - Stirling Range Banksia, Solander's Banksia
  154. B. speciosa - Showy Banksia
  155. B. sphaerocarpa - Fox Banksia, Round-fruited Banksia
  156. B. spinulosa - Hairpin Banksia
  157. B. splendida
  158. B. squarrosa
  159. B. stenoprion
  160. B. strahanensis (fossil)
  161. B. strictifolia
  162. B. stuposa
  163. B. subpinnatifida
  164. B. subulata
  165. B. telmatiaea - Swamp Fox Banksia
  166. B. tenuis
  167. B. tortifolia
  168. B. tricuspis - Lesueur Banksia, Pine Banksia
  169. B. tridentata
  170. B. trifontinalis
  171. B. undata
  172. B. verticillata - Granite Banksia, Albany Banksia
  173. B. vestita
  174. B. victoriae - Woolly Orange Banksia
  175. B. violacea - Violet Banksia
  176. B. viscida
  177. B. wonganensis
  178. B. xylothemelia

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

References

External links


  1. ↑ Liber C (2004). "Really Big Banksias". Banksia Study Group Newsletter 6: 4–5. 
  2. ↑ Johnson, S (1992). "Multiple Flower Heads". Banksia Study Report 9: 58. ISSN 0728–2893. 
  3. ↑ Blake, T (1988). "Multiple Heads". Banksia Study Report 8: 2. ISSN 0728-2893. 
  4. ↑ "Phytophthora in forests and natural ecosystems". Second International IUFRO meeting. Murdoch University. Retrieved on 2006-06-26.
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