Difference between revisions of "Holly"

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|familia=Aquifoliaceae
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|genus=Ilex
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|image=Ilex-aquifolium (Europaeische Stechpalme-1.jpg
 
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|image_caption=European Holly (''Ilex aquifolium'') leaves and fruit
 
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'''Holly''' ('''''Ilex''','' {{pron-en|ˈaɪlɛks}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a  [[genus]] of approximately 600 [[species]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Aquifoliaceae''', and the only living genus in that family.
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[[Image:Hollyflowers.jpg|thumb|left|Hollies (here, ''[[Ilex aquifolium]]'') are dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing stamen and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen.]]
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[[Image:Holly in Winter.jpg|thumb|A holly bush with a lone red berry in winter.]]
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Holly berries are somewhat{{Clarify|date=February 2010}} toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by [[human|people]], partly due to the ilicin content.  The fatal dose is estimated to be around twenty berries for adults. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of [[bird]]s, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the fall and early winter the berries are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the berries soften, and become milder in taste. During winter [[storm]]s, [[bird]]s often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from [[predator]]s (by the spiny leaves), and [[food]]. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the [[larva]] of the [[Double-striped Pug]] [[moth]] (''Gymnoscelis rufifasciata''). Other [[Lepidoptera]] whose larvae feed on holly include ''[[Bucculatrix ilecella]]'' (which feeds exclusively on hollies) and [[The Engrailed]] (''Ectropis crepuscularia''). Holly is commonly referenced at [[Christmas]] time.  Also see: [[wreath]] for information on how the holly plant is used in [[Christmas]] wreaths.
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Having [[evolution|evolved]] numerous species that are [[endemism|endemic]] to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare. [[Tropical]] species are especially often threatened by [[habitat destruction]] and [[overexploitation]], and at least two have become [[extinct]], with numerous others barely surviving.<ref name=iucn>[[International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]] (IUCN) (2007): ''2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'': [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/search.php?freetext=ilex&modifier=phrase&criteria=wholedb&taxa_species=1&redlistCategory%5B%5D=all&country%5B%5D=all&cty_default=1&aquatic%5B%5D=all&aqu_default=1&regions%5B%5D=all®_default=1&habitats%5B%5D=all&threats%5B%5D=all&redlistAssessyear%5B%5D=all&growths%5B%5D=all ''Ilex'']</ref>
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{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
 
Ilex (the ancient Latin name of Quercus ilex). Including Prinos and Othera. Aquifoliaceae (or Ilicineae). Holly. Ornamental woody plants, grown for their handsome foliage and the attractive mostly red berries.
 
Ilex (the ancient Latin name of Quercus ilex). Including Prinos and Othera. Aquifoliaceae (or Ilicineae). Holly. Ornamental woody plants, grown for their handsome foliage and the attractive mostly red berries.
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The hollies have medium-sized, simple leaves, small, inconspicuous, whitish flowers in axillary clusters or solitary, and black, red or sometimes yellow berries, remaining on the branches often until the following spring. Of the evergreen species, only I. glabra and I. opaca are hardy North, and also I. crenata in somewhat sheltered positions. I. aquifolium, I. pernyi, and 7. cornuta are more tender, but stand many degrees of frost if sheltered, while most of the others can be grown only in the South. Of the deciduous species, I. decidua, I. monticola, I. laevigata and 7. I. verticillata are hardy North; also I. serrata and some other Japanese species are hardy or nearly so. The hollies, especially those with scarlet or red berries, are highly ornamental, and the berried branches of I. opaca and I. aquifolium are in great demand for Christmas decoration. Also I. laevigata and I. verticillata, the prettiest in fruit of the deciduous kinds, are sometimes sold for this purpose. The deciduous species are mostly shrubs, while many of the evergreen species grow into small or medium-sized trees, and I. opaca is the tallest of the broad-leaved evergreens which are hardy North and thrives even on extremely poor soil, and has good color also; the evergreens I. crenata, and I. glabra always remain shrubby. I. aquifolium is a favorite evergreen in English gardens, and numerous varieties are there in cultivation; it also grows well on the Pacific coast from British Columbia to California. It stands severe pruning well, and can be clipped and trained into almost every shape; it also makes fine hedges, but its slow growth is a disadvantage. As the chief value of the deciduous species is in the ornamental fruits, and the hollies are dioecious, care should be taken to choose in planting mostly pistillate plants and a few staminate ones and to give the former the most prominent place. The light, close-grained and tough wood of some of the arborescent species is much valued for turnery-work, engraving and cabinent-making. The leaves of some tropical species, as I. paraguariensis and 7. conocarpa, yield a kind of tea known as Yerba de Mate, or Paraguay tea, which is much used in South America. The hollies grow best in rich, well-drained soil, and the evergreen ones in partly shaded situations, but I. laevigata, I. verticillata and also I. serrata prefer moist places, and grow even in swamps. Most of the species grow slowly, and are not easily transplanted when older. The best tune for moving the evergreen species is the early fall, when the young wood has almost ripened, or in the spring just before the plants start into new growth. The leaves should be stripped on I. opaca and I. aquifolium when transplanted, particularly if at all exposed—or at least nearly all. This is absolutely necessary to insure success. Wild hollies may be handled this way with success, particularly if cut back as well. Propagation is by seeds, which do not germinate until the second year, and are therefore stratified and treated like those of the slow-growing hawthorns. The young seedlings should be transplanted^ after the second year. The evergreen species may be" increased by cuttings of ripened wood under glass, especially the shrubby ones; they are also sometimes grafted or budded on seedlings of I. aquifolium or I. opaca.
 
The hollies have medium-sized, simple leaves, small, inconspicuous, whitish flowers in axillary clusters or solitary, and black, red or sometimes yellow berries, remaining on the branches often until the following spring. Of the evergreen species, only I. glabra and I. opaca are hardy North, and also I. crenata in somewhat sheltered positions. I. aquifolium, I. pernyi, and 7. cornuta are more tender, but stand many degrees of frost if sheltered, while most of the others can be grown only in the South. Of the deciduous species, I. decidua, I. monticola, I. laevigata and 7. I. verticillata are hardy North; also I. serrata and some other Japanese species are hardy or nearly so. The hollies, especially those with scarlet or red berries, are highly ornamental, and the berried branches of I. opaca and I. aquifolium are in great demand for Christmas decoration. Also I. laevigata and I. verticillata, the prettiest in fruit of the deciduous kinds, are sometimes sold for this purpose. The deciduous species are mostly shrubs, while many of the evergreen species grow into small or medium-sized trees, and I. opaca is the tallest of the broad-leaved evergreens which are hardy North and thrives even on extremely poor soil, and has good color also; the evergreens I. crenata, and I. glabra always remain shrubby. I. aquifolium is a favorite evergreen in English gardens, and numerous varieties are there in cultivation; it also grows well on the Pacific coast from British Columbia to California. It stands severe pruning well, and can be clipped and trained into almost every shape; it also makes fine hedges, but its slow growth is a disadvantage. As the chief value of the deciduous species is in the ornamental fruits, and the hollies are dioecious, care should be taken to choose in planting mostly pistillate plants and a few staminate ones and to give the former the most prominent place. The light, close-grained and tough wood of some of the arborescent species is much valued for turnery-work, engraving and cabinent-making. The leaves of some tropical species, as I. paraguariensis and 7. conocarpa, yield a kind of tea known as Yerba de Mate, or Paraguay tea, which is much used in South America. The hollies grow best in rich, well-drained soil, and the evergreen ones in partly shaded situations, but I. laevigata, I. verticillata and also I. serrata prefer moist places, and grow even in swamps. Most of the species grow slowly, and are not easily transplanted when older. The best tune for moving the evergreen species is the early fall, when the young wood has almost ripened, or in the spring just before the plants start into new growth. The leaves should be stripped on I. opaca and I. aquifolium when transplanted, particularly if at all exposed—or at least nearly all. This is absolutely necessary to insure success. Wild hollies may be handled this way with success, particularly if cut back as well. Propagation is by seeds, which do not germinate until the second year, and are therefore stratified and treated like those of the slow-growing hawthorns. The young seedlings should be transplanted^ after the second year. The evergreen species may be" increased by cuttings of ripened wood under glass, especially the shrubby ones; they are also sometimes grafted or budded on seedlings of I. aquifolium or I. opaca.
  
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I. ambigua, Chapm. Deciduous large shrub, allied to I. monticols. Lvs. usually almost glabrous, remotely serrate, 1-2 in. long. N. C. to Fla., west to Ark. and Texas.—I. Brandegeedna, Loes. Evergreen tree to 40 ft.: branchlets pubescent: Ivs. elliptic-lanoeolate, remotely serrate or almost entire, pubescent, 2-3 1/2in. long: fls. 5-merous. Low. Calif. G.F. 7:416 (by error named I. californica, Brandegee. Evergreen large shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptic to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, remotely and crenately serrulate, 2-5 in. long: fr. black, small. Low. Calif. G.F. 7:415 (by error named I.californica.)—I. californica,Brandegee.Evergreen large shrub, to 12ft.,glabrous: lvs elliptic to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, remotely and crenately serrulate, 2-5 in, long; lr. Black, small. Low Calif. G.F 7:415 (by error named I. cannariensis, Poir. Evergreen tree, to 20 ft., glabrous: lvs. ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, 2-4 in. long: fr. usually solitary, on this year's growth. Canaries.- I. conocarpa, Reise. Evergreen shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, 3-5 in.long: fls. in short, dense spikes: fr. ovoid-conic. Brazil. B.M. 7310.—I.cordllina, French. Evergreen shrub: Ivs. ovate-oblong, acuminate, spiny - serrate or nearly crenate-serrate, 2-3 in. long: frs. small, red, nearly sessile, in dense clusters, W. China.—I. coridcea, Chapm. (I. lucida, Torr. & Gray). Allied to I.glabra, but taller: lvs. broader and longer, to3 in., acute or acuminate. N. C. to Fla., west to La.—L. Franchetiana, Loes. Evergreen shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptie-obovate to lanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, 2 ½ -4. long: fr. bright red on short stalks, in dense clusters. W. China. — I. geniculdta, Maxim. Deciduous shrub, glabrous: Lvs. ovate to elliptic-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 1 ½ -2in. long: fr. scarlet, solitary, drooping on filiform peduncles 3/4-1 ½in. long. Japan. Very graceful shrub; has proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.—I. gongonha, Mart.=Villaresia mucronata. — I.inslgnis, Hook. f. Evergreen small tree: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, spiny-toothed, often almost entire on older plants: fr. large, globose. Himalayas. G. C. II. 14:297. G. M. 31:475.—I.longipes Chapm. Deciduous shrub, allied to I. decidus: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, crenately serrate, almost glabrous: fr. globose, slender-pedicelled. N. C. to Ga., west to La. G. F. 3:345.—I. macrooarpa, Oliver. Deciduous tree, to 30 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptic or elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, finely serrate, 3-4 ½in. long: frs. black, solitary, ½ -3/4  in. across, on peduncles ½ -1 1/4in. long. Cent. China. H. I. 18:1787.— I. microcdrpa, Lindl.=I. rotunda, Thunb.—I. Oldhamii. Miq.- purpures, Thunb,-I.pedunculoea, Miq. Evergreen small tree, glabrous: lvs.slender-petioled, elliptic-ovate to ovate-oblong, abruptly short-acuminate, entire or sparingly serrulate, 1 ½ -3in.long: fr. red, usually solitary on slender pedicels 1 ½ -2 in.long. Japan. S.1.F. 1:61. Var. continentalis, Loes. lvs. generally larger, thicker: sepals ciliate. Cent. China.—I. purpurea, Thunb. (I. Oldhamii, Mlq.). Evergreen tree, glabrous: lvs. elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, crenate - serrulate, 2-3 in. long.: fr. red,1/2in. across, pedicelled. usually 2-5 on a common peduncle about ½in. long. Japan, Cent. China. S. I. F. 1:62.—I. rotunda, Thunb. (I. microcarpa, Lindl.). Evergreen shrub or tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. oblong or elliptic, acute, pointed, quite entire: fr. small, red, in peduncled clusters. Japan. G. C. 1850:311. F.S. 7, p. 216. S. I. F. 1:60.—I. Rugdsa, F. Schmidt. Evergreen low spreading shrub, sometimes prostrate, glabrous: lvs. oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, remotely crenate-serrate, rugose above, 3/4-2 in. long: fr. usually solitary, scarlet. Japan, Saghalin.—I. azcchwantnsis, Loes. Evergreen shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, ovate- to elliptic- oblong, serrulate, 1-2 ½in. long.: fr. black, solitary, on stalks about 1/2in. long. Cent. China.—I. triflora, Brandegee=I. Brandegeeana. —I. yunnanensis, Franch. Evergreen shrub, to 10 ft.: branchlets villous: lvs. short-stalked, ovate to ovate-oblong, crenate-scrrate or serrulate, pubescent below, at least on the midrib,3/4 – 1 1/2in.long: fr. red, solitary, stalked. W. China. Alfred Rehder.
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Three species are used as stimulants and tea subsitutes- Ilex guayusa, Ilex paraguariensis and Ilex vomitoria.
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==Cultivation==
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===Propagation===
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===Pests and diseases===
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==Species==
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Selected species:
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<div float="left">
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{{col-begin|width=75%}}
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{{col-1-of-3}}
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* ''[[Ilex abscondita]]''
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* ''[[Ilex acutidenticulata]]''
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* ''[[Ilex affinis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex × altaclarensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex altiplana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex amara]]'' – [[Caachira]]
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* ''[[Ilex ambigua]]'' – [[Sand Holly]]
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* ''[[Ilex amelanchier]]'' – Swamp Holly
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* ''[[Ilex anomala]]'' <small>[[Hook.]] & [[Arn.]]</small> – ''Kāwa{{okina}}u'' ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])<ref>{{cite paper |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Ilex_anomala.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |title=Kāwa{{okina}}u, Hawaiian holly |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |coauthors=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref>
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* ''[[Ilex anonoides]]''
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* ''[[Ilex aquifolium]]'' – European Holly, English Holly, Christ's Thorn
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* ''[[Ilex aracamuniana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex argentina]]''
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* ''[[Ilex arisanensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex bioritsensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex brachyphylla]]''
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* ''[[Ilex brasiliensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex brevicuspis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex brevipedicellata]]''
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* ''[[Ilex buergeri]]''
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* ''[[Ilex canariensis]]'' – [[Small-leaved Holly]], Acebino
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* ''[[Ilex caniensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex cassine]]'' – Dahoon Holly, Cassena
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* ''[[Ilex centrochinensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex cerasifolia]]''
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* ''[[Ilex chamaedryfolia|Ilex chamædryfolia]]''
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* ''[[Ilex chapaensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex chengkouensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex chinensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex chuniana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex ciliolata]]''
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* ''[[Ilex ciliospinosa]]''
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* ''[[Ilex cognata]]''
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* ''[[Ilex colchica]]''
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* ''[[Ilex collina]]''
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* ''[[Ilex conocarpa]]''
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* ''[[Ilex cookii]]'' <small></small> – Cook's Holly ([[Puerto Rico]])
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* ''[[Ilex corallina]]''
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* ''[[Ilex coriacea]]'' – [[Gallberry]]<!-- see annotation in gallberry article source -->
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* ''[[Ilex cornuta]]'' – [[Chinese Holly]], Horned Holly
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* ''[[Ilex costaricensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex cowanii]]''
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* ''[[Ilex crenata]]'' – Japanese Holly, Box-leaved Holly, ''inutsuge'' ([[Japanese (language)|Japanese]])
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* ''[[Ilex crepitans]]''
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* ''[[Ilex cyrtura]]''
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* ''[[Ilex dabieshanensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex davidsei]]''
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* ''[[Ilex decidua]]'' <small>Walter</small> – Possumhaw (Eastern United States, Northeastern [[Mexico]])
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* ''[[Ilex dehongensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex dimorphophylla]]''
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* ''[[Ilex diospyroides]]''
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* ''[[Ilex dipyrena]]'' – [[Himalayan Holly]]
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* ''[[Ilex dumosa]]''
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* ''[[Ilex ericoides]]''
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* ''[[Ilex euryoides]]''
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* ''[[Ilex fargesii]]''
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* ''[[Ilex fengqingensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex fertilis]]'' <!--Reiss.-->
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* ''[[Ilex florifera]]''
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* ''[[Ilex gardneriana]]'' ([[extinct]]: 20th century?)
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* ''[[Ilex geniculata]]''
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* ''[[Ilex georgei]]''
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* ''[[Ilex gigantea]]''
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* ''[[Ilex glabella]]''
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* ''[[Ilex glabra]]'' <small>L. A.Gray</small> – Evergreen Winterberry, Bitter Gallberry, Inkberry (Eastern North America)
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{{col-2-of-3}}
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* ''[[Ilex gleasoniana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex goshiensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex graciliflora]]''
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* ''[[Ilex grandiflora]]''
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* ''[[Ilex guaiquinimae]]''
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* ''[[Ilex guayusa]]'' – Guayusa
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* ''[[Ilex guianensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex harrisii]]''
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* ''[[Ilex holstii]]''
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* ''[[Ilex huachamacariana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex humboldtiana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex ignicola]]''
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* ''[[Ilex illustris]]''
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* ''[[Ilex integerrima]]''
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* ''[[Ilex integra]]'' – Mochi Tree, Nepal Holly
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* ''[[Ilex intricata]]''
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* ''[[Ilex jamaicana]]'' <small>Proctor</small> ([[Jamaica]])
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* ''[[Ilex jauaensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex jelskii]]''
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* ''[[Ilex karuaiana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex khasiana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex kingiana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex kudingcha]]''
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* ''[[Ilex kusanoi]]''
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* ''[[Ilex laevigata|Ilex lævigata]]'' – Smooth Winterberry
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* ''[[Ilex lasseri]]''
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* ''[[Ilex latifolia]]'' – Tarajo Holly, ''tarayō'' (Japanese)
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* ''[[Ilex lechleri]]''
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* ''[[Ilex leucoclada]]''
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* ''[[Ilex longipes]]''
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* ''[[Ilex longzhouensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex machilifolia]]''
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* ''[[Ilex maclurei]]''
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* ''[[Ilex macoucoua]]''
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* ''[[Ilex macrocarpa]]''
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* ''[[Ilex macropoda]]''
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* ''[[Ilex magnifructa]]''
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* ''[[Ilex maingayi]]''
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* ''[[Ilex marahuacae]]''
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* ''[[Ilex marginata]]''
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* ''[[Ilex margratesavage]]''
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* ''[[Ilex mathewsii]]''
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* ''[[Ilex × meserveae]]''
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* ''[[Ilex microdonta]]''
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* ''[[Ilex mitis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex montana]]'' <small>[[John Torrey|Torrey]] & [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small> – Mountain Winterberry ([[Eastern United States]])
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* ''[[Ilex mucronata]]'' <small>(L.) M.Powell, Savol., & S.Andrews</small> – Mountain Holly, Catberry (Eastern North America)
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* ''[[Ilex myrtifolia]]'' – [[Myrtle Holly]], Myrtle Dahoon
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* ''[[Ilex neblinensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex nothofagifolia]]''
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* ''[[Ilex oblonga]]''
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* ''[[Ilex occulta]]''
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* ''[[Ilex opaca]]'' – American Holly (Eastern United States)
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* ''[[Ilex ovalifolia]]''
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* ''[[Ilex palawanica]]''
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* ''[[Ilex pallida]]''
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* ''[[Ilex paraguariensis]]'' – [[Yerba maté|Maté]], [[yerba maté]], ''erva-mate'' (Portuguese)
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* ''[[Ilex parvifructa]]''
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* ''[[Ilex patens]]''
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* ''[[Ilex pauciflora]]''
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* ''[[Ilex paujiensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex pedunculosa]]''
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* ''[[Ilex peiradena]]''
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* ''[[Ilex perado]]'' – [[Madeiran Holly]]
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* ''[[Ilex perlata]]''
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* ''[[Ilex pernyi]]'' – [[Perny's Holly]]
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* ''[[Ilex polita]]''
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* ''[[Ilex praetermissa]]''
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{{col-3-of-3}}
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* ''[[Ilex pringlei]]''
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* ''[[Ilex pseudobuxus]]''
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* ''[[Ilex puberula]]''
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* ''[[Ilex pubescens]]''
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* ''[[Ilex pubiflora]]''
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* ''[[Ilex purpurea]]''
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* ''[[Ilex qianlingshanensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex quercetorum]]''
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* ''[[Ilex quercifolia]]''
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* ''[[Ilex rarasanensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex reticulata]]''
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* ''[[Ilex rotunda]]''
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* ''[[Ilex rugosa]]''
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* ''[[Ilex sclerophylla]]''
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* ''[[Ilex serrata]]'' – [[Japanese Winterberry]]
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* ''[[Ilex sessilifructa]]''
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* ''[[Ilex shimeica]]''
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* ''[[Ilex sikkimensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex sintenisii]]'' <small>(Urban) Britt.</small> – Sintenis' Holly ([[Puerto Rico]])
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* ''[[Ilex sipapoana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex socorroensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex spinigera]]''
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* ''[[Ilex spruceana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex steyermarkii]]''
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* ''[[Ilex subrotundifolia]]''
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* ''[[Ilex subtriflora]]''
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* ''[[Ilex sugerokii]]''
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* ''[[Ilex sulcata]]''
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* ''[[Ilex syzygiophylla]]''
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* ''[[Ilex tahanensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex tateana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex taubertiana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex ternatiflora]]'' ([[extinct]]: 20th century?)
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* ''[[Ilex theezans]]''
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* ''[[Ilex tiricae]]''
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* ''[[Ilex tolucana]]''
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* ''[[Ilex trachyphylla]]''
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* ''[[Ilex trichocarpa]]''
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* ''[[Ilex tugitakayamensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex uraiensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex vaccinoides]]''
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* ''[[Ilex venezuelensis]]''
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* ''[[Ilex venulosa]]''
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* ''[[Ilex verticillata]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small> American Winterberry (Eastern North America)<!-- I have removed an excessively long list of ambiguous common names --~~~~-->
 +
* ''[[Ilex vomitoria]]'' – Yaupon Holly, ''casseena'' ([[Spanish (language)|Spanish]])
 +
* ''[[Ilex vulcanicola]]''
 +
* ''[[Ilex wenchowensis]]''
 +
* ''[[Ilex williamsii]]''
 +
* ''[[Ilex wilsonii]]''
 +
* ''[[Ilex yunnanensis]]''
 +
* ''[[Ilex wugonshanensis]]''
 +
* ''[[Ilex yuiana]]''<ref>Ulloa Ulloa & Jørgensen (1993), eFloras.org (2007a, b), IUCN (2007), RBGE (2007), USDA (2007a, b)</ref>
 +
{{col-end}}
 +
</div>
 +
 +
{{Inc|
 
Index.
 
Index.
  
Line 114: Line 340:
 
Mart.=Villaresia mucronata. — I.inslgnis, Hook. f. Evergreen small tree: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, spiny-toothed, often almost entire on older plants: fr. large, globose. Himalayas. G. C. II. 14:297. G. M. 31:475.—I.longipes Chapm. Deciduous shrub, allied to I. decidus: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, crenately serrate, almost glabrous: fr. globose, slender-pedicelled. N. C. to Ga., west to La. G. F. 3:345.—I. macrooarpa, Oliver. Deciduous tree, to 30 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptic or elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, finely serrate, 3-4 ½in. long: frs. black, solitary, ½ -3/4  in. across, on peduncles ½ -1 1/4in. long. Cent. China. H. I. 18:1787.— I. microcdrpa, Lindl.=I. rotunda, Thunb.—I. oldhamii. Miq.- purpures, Thunb,-I.pedunculoea, Miq. Evergreen small tree, glabrous: lvs.slender-petioled, elliptic-ovate to ovate-oblong, abruptly short-acuminate, entire or sparingly serrulate, 1 ½ -3in.long: fr. red, usually solitary on slender pedicels 1 ½ -2 in.long. Japan. S.1.F. 1:61. Var. continentalis, Loes. lvs. generally larger, thicker: sepals ciliate.  
 
Mart.=Villaresia mucronata. — I.inslgnis, Hook. f. Evergreen small tree: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, spiny-toothed, often almost entire on older plants: fr. large, globose. Himalayas. G. C. II. 14:297. G. M. 31:475.—I.longipes Chapm. Deciduous shrub, allied to I. decidus: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, crenately serrate, almost glabrous: fr. globose, slender-pedicelled. N. C. to Ga., west to La. G. F. 3:345.—I. macrooarpa, Oliver. Deciduous tree, to 30 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptic or elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, finely serrate, 3-4 ½in. long: frs. black, solitary, ½ -3/4  in. across, on peduncles ½ -1 1/4in. long. Cent. China. H. I. 18:1787.— I. microcdrpa, Lindl.=I. rotunda, Thunb.—I. oldhamii. Miq.- purpures, Thunb,-I.pedunculoea, Miq. Evergreen small tree, glabrous: lvs.slender-petioled, elliptic-ovate to ovate-oblong, abruptly short-acuminate, entire or sparingly serrulate, 1 ½ -3in.long: fr. red, usually solitary on slender pedicels 1 ½ -2 in.long. Japan. S.1.F. 1:61. Var. continentalis, Loes. lvs. generally larger, thicker: sepals ciliate.  
 
Cent. China.—I. purpurea, Thunb. (I. Oldhamii, Mlq.). Evergreen tree, glabrous: lvs. elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, crenate - serrulate, 2-3 in. long.: fr. red, 1/2in. across, pedicelled. usually 2-5 on a common peduncle about ½in. long. Japan, Cent. China. S. I. F. 1:62.—I. rotunda, Thunb. (I. microcarpa, Lindl.). Evergreen shrub or tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. oblong or elliptic, acute, pointed, quite entire: fr. small, red, in peduncled clusters. Japan. G. C. 1850:311. F.S. 7, p.  
 
Cent. China.—I. purpurea, Thunb. (I. Oldhamii, Mlq.). Evergreen tree, glabrous: lvs. elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, crenate - serrulate, 2-3 in. long.: fr. red, 1/2in. across, pedicelled. usually 2-5 on a common peduncle about ½in. long. Japan, Cent. China. S. I. F. 1:62.—I. rotunda, Thunb. (I. microcarpa, Lindl.). Evergreen shrub or tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. oblong or elliptic, acute, pointed, quite entire: fr. small, red, in peduncled clusters. Japan. G. C. 1850:311. F.S. 7, p.  
−
216. S. I. F. 1:60.—I. Rugdsa, F. Schmidt. Evergreen low spreading shrub, sometimes prostrate, glabrous: lvs. oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, remotely crenate-serrate, rugose above, 3/4-2 in. long: fr. usually solitary, scarlet. Japan, Saghalin.—I. szechwanensis, Loes. Evergreen shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, ovate- to elliptic- oblong, serrulate, 1-2 ½in. long.: fr. black, solitary, on stalks about 1/2 in. long. Cent. China.—I. triflora, Brandegee=I. brandegeeana. —I. yunnanensis, Franch. Evergreen shrub, to 10 ft.: branchlets villous: lvs. short-stalked, ovate to ovate-oblong, crenate-serrate or serrulate, pubescent below, at least on the midrib,3/4 – 1 1/2 in.long: fr. red, solitary, stalked. W. China. Alfred Rehder.
+
216. S. I. F. 1:60.—I. Rugdsa, F. Schmidt. Evergreen low spreading shrub, sometimes prostrate, glabrous: lvs. oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, remotely crenate-serrate, rugose above, 3/4-2 in. long: fr. usually solitary, scarlet. Japan, Saghalin.—I. szechwanensis, Loes. Evergreen shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, ovate- to elliptic- oblong, serrulate, 1-2 ½in. long.: fr. black, solitary, on stalks about 1/2 in. long. Cent. China.—I. triflora, Brandegee=I. brandegeeana. —I. yunnanensis, Franch. Evergreen shrub, to 10 ft.: branchlets villous: lvs. short-stalked, ovate to ovate-oblong, crenate-serrate or serrulate, pubescent below, at least on the midrib,3/4 – 1 1/2 in.long: fr. red, solitary, stalked. W. China.
−
 
 
 
}}
 
}}
  
−
{{Taxobox
 
−
| color = lightgreen
 
−
| name = Holly
 
−
| image = english holly.jpg
 
−
| image_width = 240px
 
−
| image_caption = European Holly
 
−
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
−
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
 
−
| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
 
−
| ordo = [[Aquifoliales]]
 
−
| familia = [[Aquifoliaceae]]
 
−
| genus = '''''Ilex'''''
 
−
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
−
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
 
−
| subdivision =
 
−
''Ilex ambigua'' - [[Sand Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex amelanchier'' - [[Swamp Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex aquifolium'' - [[European Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex bioritsensis''<br>
 
−
''Ilex buergeri''<br>
 
−
''Ilex canariensis'' - [[Small-leaved Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex cassine'' - [[Dahoon holly|Dahoon Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex centrochinensis''<br>
 
−
''Ilex ciliospinosa''<br>
 
−
''Ilex colchica''<br>
 
−
''Ilex collina''<br>
 
−
''Ilex corallina''<br>
 
−
''Ilex coriacea'' - [[Gallberry]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex cornuta'' - [[Chinese Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex crenata'' - [[Japanese Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex cyrtura''<br>
 
−
''Ilex decidua'' - [[Possumhaw]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex dehongensis''<br>
 
−
''Ilex dimorphophylla''<br>
 
−
''Ilex dipyrena'' - [[Himalayan Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex fargesii''<br>
 
−
''Ilex geniculata''<br>
 
−
''Ilex georgei''<br>
 
−
''Ilex glabra'' - [[Gallberry]], Inkberry<br>
 
−
''Ilex goshiensis''<br>
 
−
''[[Ilex guayusa]]''<br>
 
−
''[[Ilex integra]]''<br>
 
−
''Ilex intricata''<br>
 
−
''Ilex kingiana''<br>
 
−
''Ilex kudingcha''<br>
 
−
''Ilex kusanoi''<br>
 
−
''Ilex laevigata''<br>
 
−
''Ilex latifolia'' - [[Tarajo Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex leucoclada''<br>
 
−
''Ilex longipes''<br>
 
−
''Ilex macrocarpa''<br>
 
−
''Ilex macropoda''<br>
 
−
''Ilex mitis''<br>
 
−
''Ilex montana'' - [[Mountain Winterberry]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex mucronata'' - [[Mountain Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex myrtifolia'' - [[Myrtle Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex nothofagifolia''<br>
 
−
''Ilex opaca'' - [[American Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex paraguariensis'' - [[Yerba mate|Yerba Mate]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex pedunculosa''<br>
 
−
''Ilex perado'' - [[Madeiran Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex pernyi'' - [[Perny's Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex pringlei''<br>
 
−
''Ilex pubescens''<br>
 
−
''Ilex purpurea''<br>
 
−
''Ilex rotunda''<br>
 
−
''Ilex rugosa''<br>
 
−
''Ilex serrata'' - [[Japanese Winterberry]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex sikkimensis''<br>
 
−
''Ilex spinigera''<br>
 
−
''Ilex sugerokii''<br>
 
−
''Ilex tolucana''<br>
 
−
''Ilex verticillata'' - [[American Winterberry]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex vomitoria'' - [[Yaupon Holly]]<br>
 
−
''Ilex wilsonii''<br>
 
−
''Ilex yunnanensis''
 
−
}}
 
−
 
−
'''Holly''' ('''''Ilex''''') is a genus of about 400 species of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Aquifoliaceae]], and the only genus in that family. They are [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s from 2-25 m tall, with a wide distribution in [[Asia]], [[Europe]], north [[Africa]], and [[North America|North]] and [[South America]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple, and can be either [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]] depending on the species, and may be entire, finely toothed, or with widely-spaced, spine-tipped serrations. Hollies are mostly [[Plant sexuality|dioecious]], with male and female [[flower]]s on different plants, with some exceptions. [[Pollination]] is mainly by [[bee]]s and other [[insect]]s. The [[fruit]] is a small [[berry]], usually red when mature, with one to ten seeds. 
 
−
 
−
[[Image:Hollyflowers.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Hollies (here, ''Ilex aquifolium'') are dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged, showing [[stamen]]s with [[pollen]] and reduced, sterile [[Carpel|stigma]]; (below) shoot with flowers from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing stigma and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen.]]
 
−
 
−
Holly berries are mildly toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by [[human|people]]. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of [[bird]]s, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the fall and early winter the berries are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the berries soften, and become edible. During winter [[storm]]s, [[bird]]s often take refuge in hollies, which provide [[shelter]], protection from [[predator]]s (by the spiny leaves), and [[food]]. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the [[larva]] of the [[Double-striped Pug]] [[moth]]. Other [[Lepidoptera]] whose larvae feed on holly include ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix ilecella]]'' (which feeds exclusively on holly) and the [[Engrailed]].
 
−
 
−
The species ''Ilex mucronata'', formerly treated in a separate genus ''Nemopanthus'', is now included in ''Ilex'' on molecular data (Powell et al. 2000).
 
−
 
−
===Origin of Name===
 
  
 +
==Gallery==
  
−
The origin of the word holly is the [[11th century|11<sup>th</sup> century]] [[Old High German]] ''hulis'' and [[Old English]] ''holegn'' both meaning holly. The word ''hulis'' originates from an even older proto-Germanic word ''khuli'' - a shortened derivation of the ancient [[Gaelic language|Gaelic]] ''cuilieann'' both meaning holly. Today in modern Gaelic, holly is  still known as ''cuileann''.  
+
<gallery perrow=5>
−
 
+
Image:Starr_020925-0058_Ilex_anomala.jpg|''Ilex anomala''
−
The botanic name ''ilex'' was the original Latin name for the [[Holm oak]], which has similar foliage to common holly, and is occasionally confused with it.
+
Image:Ilex chinensis1.jpg|''Ilex chinensis''
−
 
+
Image:Ilex pedunculosa5.jpg|''Ilex pedunculosa''
−
===Uses===
+
Image:Ilex rotunda5.jpg|''Ilex rotunda''
−
[[Image:winterberry1.jpg|thumb|left|[[American Winterberry]] foliage and berries]]
+
Image:winterberry1.jpg|''Ilex verticillata''
−
In many western cultures, holly is a traditional [[Christmas]] decoration, used especially in [[wreath]]s. Many of the hollies are highly decorative, and are widely used as ornamental plants in [[garden]]s and [[park]]s. The [[wood]] is heavy, hard and white; one traditional use is for [[chess]] pieces, with holly for the white pieces, and [[ebony]] for the black. Other uses include turnery, inlay work and as firewood. [[Loom]]s in the [[1800s]] used holly for the spinning rod. Because holly is dense and can be sanded very smooth, the rod was less likely than other woods to snag threads being used to make cloth.
+
Image:Yunnan Holly Ilex yunnanensis Sprig 3008px.jpg|''Ilex yunnanensis''
−
 
+
Image:Contorted Hedgehog Holly.JPG|A contorted hedgehog holly.
−
[[Image:VariegatedHollyBush.jpg|thumb|left|Trunk and leaves of a [[variegated]] holly bush.]]
+
Image:Starr_020925-0058_Ilex_anomala.jpg|''Ilex anomala''
−
Several [[Americas|American]] holly species are used to make various [[caffeine]] rich teas.  The [[South America|South American]] ''I. paraguariensis'' is used to make [[yerba mate]], a common drink. ''[[Ilex guayusa|I. guayusa]]'' is used both as a stimulant and as an admixture to the [[entheogen]]ic tea [[ayahuasca]]; The leaves of ''I. guayusa'' have the highest caffeine content of any known plant. In [[North America|North]] and [[Central America]], ''[[Ilex vomitoria|I. vomitoria]]'', [[Yaupon holly|Yaupon]], was used by southeastern [[Native_Americans_in_the_United_States|American Indians]] as a ceremonial stimulant and emetic known as the [[black drink]].  As the name suggests, the tea's purgative properties were one of its main uses, most often ritually. In [[China]], the young leaf buds of ''[[Ilex kudingcha| I. kudingcha]]'' are processed in a method similar to [[green tea]] to make a [[tisane]] called [[Ku Ding tea]].
+
Image:Ilex chinensis1.jpg|''Ilex chinensis''
 +
Image:Ilex pedunculosa5.jpg|''Ilex pedunculosa''
 +
Image:Ilex rotunda5.jpg|''Ilex rotunda''
 +
Image:Yunnan Holly Ilex yunnanensis Sprig 3008px.jpg|''Ilex yunnanensis''
 +
</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6018 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Ilex'' species list]
+
<references/>
−
*[http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=3&start_taxon_id=116366 Flora of China: ''Ilex'' species list]
+
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
−
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=201&taxon_id=116366 Flora of Ecuador: ''Ilex'']
+
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
−
*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Ilex&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Ilex'' species list]
+
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
−
*[http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=110&start_taxon_id=116366 Flora of Nepal: ''Ilex'' species list]
+
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
−
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ILEX USDA Plants Profile: ''Ilex'']
 
−
*Powell, M., Savolainen, V., Cuénod, P., Manen, J. F., & Andrews, S. (2000). The mountain holly (''Nemopanthus mucronatus'': Aquifoliaceae) revisited with molecular data. ''Kew Bulletin'' 55: 341-347.
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
*[http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-1511:1 ''Growing Christmas holly on the farm''] hosted by the [http://digital.library.unt.edu/browse/department/govdocs/ UNT Government Documents Department]
+
*{{wplink}}
−
 
 
−
{{commons|Ilex aquifolium}}
 
−
{{Wiktionarypar|ilex}}
 
  
−
[[Category:Aquifoliales]]
+
{{stub}}
−
[[Category:Christmas plants]]
+
__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 21:55, 28 May 2010


European Holly (Ilex aquifolium) leaves and fruit


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Aquifoliaceae >

Ilex >

L. >


If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!


Holly (Ilex, pronounced /ˈaɪlɛks/)[1] is a genus of approximately 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family.

Hollies (here, Ilex aquifolium) are dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing stamen and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen.
A holly bush with a lone red berry in winter.

Holly berries are somewhatTemplate:Clarify toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by people, partly due to the ilicin content. The fatal dose is estimated to be around twenty berries for adults. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the fall and early winter the berries are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the berries soften, and become milder in taste. During winter storms, birds often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from predators (by the spiny leaves), and food. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the larva of the Double-striped Pug moth (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata). Other Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on holly include Bucculatrix ilecella (which feeds exclusively on hollies) and The Engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia). Holly is commonly referenced at Christmas time. Also see: wreath for information on how the holly plant is used in Christmas wreaths.

Having evolved numerous species that are endemic to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare. Tropical species are especially often threatened by habitat destruction and overexploitation, and at least two have become extinct, with numerous others barely surviving.[2]


Read about Holly in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

{{{1}}}

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Three species are used as stimulants and tea subsitutes- Ilex guayusa, Ilex paraguariensis and Ilex vomitoria.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Species

Selected species:


Read about Holly in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

{{{1}}}

The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.



Gallery

  • Ilex anomala

  • Ilex chinensis

  • Ilex pedunculosa

  • Ilex rotunda

  • Ilex verticillata

  • Ilex yunnanensis

  • A contorted hedgehog holly.

  • Ilex anomala

  • Ilex chinensis

  • Ilex pedunculosa

  • Ilex rotunda

  • Ilex yunnanensis

References

  1. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ↑ International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) (2007): 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Ilex
  3. ↑ Template:Cite paper
  4. ↑ Ulloa Ulloa & Jørgensen (1993), eFloras.org (2007a, b), IUCN (2007), RBGE (2007), USDA (2007a, b)

External links


Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Holly&oldid=128908"