Difference between revisions of "Terminalia catappa"

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|genus=Terminalia
 
|genus=Terminalia
 
|species=catappa
 
|species=catappa
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|taxo_author=L.
 
|common_name=Indian almond, Kotamba
 
|common_name=Indian almond, Kotamba
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|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|habit=tree
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|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|Max ht box=90
 
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|Max ht metric=ft
 
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|height_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
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|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|lifespan=perennial
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|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|exposure=sun
 
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|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|flower_season=early summer, mid summer, late summer
 
|flower_season=early summer, mid summer, late summer
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|flower_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|flowers=white
 
|flowers=white
 
|Temp Metric=°F
 
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|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
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'''''Terminalia catappa''''' is a large [[Tropics|tropical]] tree in the [[Combretum imberbe|Leadwood tree]] family, [[Combretaceae]]. The tree has been spread widely by humans and the native range is uncertain. It has long been naturalised in a broad belt extending from Africa to Northern [[Australia]] and [[New Guinea]] through [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Micronesia]] into the [[Indian Subcontinent]]. More recently the plant has been introduced to parts of the [[Americas]]. Common names include , '''Bengal almond''', '''Singapore almond ''', '''Ebelebo''', '''Malabar almond''', '''Indian almond''', '''Tropical almond''', '''Sea almond''', '''Beach Almond''', '''Talisay tree''', '''Umbrella tree''', '''Abrofo Nkatie''' (Akan) and '''Zanmande''' (creole).
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[[Image:Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) leaves before falling in Kolkata W IMG 3245.jpg|thumb|left| leaves before falling in  [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. ]]
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It grows to {{convert|35|m|ft}} tall, with an upright, symmetrical crown and horizontal branches. The Terminalia catappa has corky, light fruit that is dispersed by water. The nut within the fruit is edible when fully ripe,tasting almost like almond. As the tree gets older, its crown becomes more flattened to form a spreading, vase shape. Its branches are distinctively arranged in tiers. The [[leaf|leaves]] are large, {{convert|15|-|25|cm|in}} long and {{convert|10|-|14|cm|in}} broad, ovoid, glossy dark green and leathery. They are dry-season [[deciduous]]; before falling, they turn pinkish-reddish or yellow-brown, due to [[pigment]]s such as [[violaxanthin]], [[lutein]], and [[zeaxanthin]].
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The [[flower]]s are [[plant sexuality|monoecious]], with distinct male and female flowers on the same tree. Both are {{convert|1|cm|in}} in diameter, white to greenish, inconspicuous with no petals; they are produced on axillary or terminal spikes. The [[fruit]] is a [[drupe]] {{convert|5|-|7|cm|in}} long and {{convert|3|-|5.5|cm|in}} broad, green at first, then yellow and finally red when ripe, containing a single [[seed]].
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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''Terminalia catappa'' is widely grown in [[Tropics|tropical]] regions of the world as an [[ornamental tree]], grown for the deep shade its large leaves provide. The fruit is edible, tasting slightly acidic.
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The [[wood]] is red, solid and has high water resistance.
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Terminalia catappa, Linn. Tropical Almond. Indian Almond. Myrobalan. Almendro. Amendoeira. Fig. 3787. A tall, stately tree, up to 80 ft. high, with horizontal branches arising from the primary axis in whorls 3-6 ft. apart: bark smooth, brownish gray: lvs. clustered at the ends of the young branchlets, alternate, entire, obovate, obtuse to subacuminate at the apex, attenuate toward the slightly auricled base, 6-12 in. long, 3-6 in. broad, coriaceous, glabrous above, very finely pubescent below, venation slightly raised on both surfaces but most prominent below; petiole stout, under 1 in. long, flattened above, rusty-pubescent: fls. whitish, upper ones staminate and lower ones perfect, in finely pubescent spikes up to 6 in. long; calyx-segms. acute, slightly concave, valvate in bud, finely pubescent; filaments subulate, inserted upon the hairy disk; anthers cordate: fr. broadly oval in outline, elliptical and winged in transverse section, 1 1/2 - 2 in. long, indehiscent, greenish or reddish, glabrous, with a firm, fleshy exocarp and a hard endocarp inclosing the oblong-elliptical seed; testa membranous, the cotyledons whitish, inrolled spirally. —Indigenous to beach forests of the Andaman Isl., but now cult. widely throughout the tropics; Schimper points out that the frs. are adapted for dispersal by ocean currents, the thick husk containing air-cells enabling them to float for a long time. The tropical almond (so-called, but not related to the true almond) is extensively planted in S. Fla., the W. Indies, Cent. and S. Amer., as a street and ornamental tree. Its greatest disadvantage seems to be that it is deciduous during the cold season (shedding its lvs. twice a year in Ceylon, according to Macmillan), but the rich reddish hues assumed by the foliage before falling make it very attractive. There are many fine avenues planted to it throughout the tropics. The nut seems to be much less esteemed in Amer. than in the Orient. Firminger describes it as "of a fine filbert-like flavor, with a crispness like that of a fresh walnut; beyond comparison the most delicious of any kind of nut the country (India) affords." He also states that the kernels, when removed from the husk, are generally served on the table in a plate of water. They yield a valuable oil, resembling almond oil, which is used in India. The tasar silkworm is fed on the lvs., according to Watt. In S. Fla. this is one of the most popular ornamental trees for street and avenue planting. It is not grown in Calif., and is probably too tender for most locations in that state. Prop. seems to be exclusively by seed.
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Terminalia catappa, Linn. Tropical Almond. Indian Almond. Myrobalan. Almendro. Amendoeira. Fig. 3787. A tall, stately tree, up to 80 ft. high, with horizontal branches arising from the primary axis in whorls 3-6 ft. apart: bark smooth, brownish gray: lvs. clustered at the ends of the young branchlets, alternate, entire, obovate, obtuse to subacuminate at the apex, attenuate toward the slightly auricled base, 6-12 in. long, 3-6 in. broad, coriaceous, glabrous above, very finely pubescent below, venation slightly raised on both surfaces but most prominent below; petiole stout, under 1 in. long, flattened above, rusty-pubescent: fls. whitish, upper ones staminate and lower ones perfect, in finely pubescent spikes up to 6 in. long; calyx-segms. acute, slightly concave, valvate in bud, finely pubescent; filaments subulate, inserted upon the hairy disk; anthers cordate: fr. broadly oval in outline, elliptical and winged in transverse section, 1 1/2 - 2 in. long, indehiscent, greenish or reddish, glabrous, with a firm, fleshy exocarp and a hard endocarp inclosing the oblong-elliptical seed; testa membranous, the cotyledons whitish, inrolled spirally. B.M. 3004.—Indigenous to beach forests of the Andaman Isl., but now cult. widely throughout the tropics; Schimper points out that the frs. are adapted for dispersal by ocean currents, the thick husk containing air-cells enabling them to float for a long time. The tropical almond (so-called, but not related to the true almond) is extensively planted in S. Fla., the W. Indies, Cent. and S. Amer., as a street and ornamental tree. Its greatest disadvantage seems to be that it is deciduous during the cold season (shedding its lvs. twice a year in Ceylon, according to Macmillan), but the rich reddish hues assumed by the foliage before falling make it very attractive. There are many fine avenues planted to it throughout the tropics. The nut seems to be much less esteemed in Amer. than in the Orient. Firminger describes it as "of a fine filbert-like flavor, with a crispness like that of a fresh walnut; beyond comparison the most delicious of any kind of nut the country (India) affords." He also states that the kernels, when removed from the husk, are generally served on the table in a plate of water. They yield a valuable oil, resembling almond oil, which is used in India. The tasar silkworm is fed on the lvs., according to Watt. In S. Fla. this is one of the most popular ornamental trees for street and avenue planting. It is not grown in Calif., and is probably too tender for most locations in that state. Prop. seems to be exclusively by seed.
 
 
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<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) branches with new leaves & flower spikes in Kolkata W2 IMG 3260.jpg‎|branches with new leaves and flower spikes in  [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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File:Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 0499.jpg|in [[Hyderabad, India]].
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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File:Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 0498.jpg|in [[Hyderabad, India]].
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File:A Hoverfly on a Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 0495.jpg|in [[Hyderabad, India]].
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File:A Hoverfly on a Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 0494.jpg|in [[Hyderabad, India]].
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File:A Hoverfly on a Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) in Hyderabad, AP W3 IMG 0494.jpg|in [[Hyderabad, India]].
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File:A Hoverfly on a Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) in Hyderabad, AP W2 IMG 0494.jpg|in [[Hyderabad, India]].
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Image:Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) trunk in Kolkata W IMG 2214.jpg|trunk in  [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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Image:Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) tree in Kolkata W IMG 2211.jpg|tree in  [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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Image:Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) tree in Kolkata W IMG 2207.jpg|tree in  [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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Image:Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) old trunk in Kolkata W IMG 2218.jpg|old trunk in  [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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Image:Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) fallen leaf in Kolkata W IMG 2217.jpg|fallen leaf  in  [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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Image:Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) fallen leaf (back side) in Kolkata W IMG 2220.jpg|fallen leaf (back side) in  [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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Image:Desi Badam (Terminalia catappa) branches with new leaves & flower spikes in Kolkata W IMG 3260.jpg|branches with new leaves & flower spikes  in  [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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Image: Ketapang2small.jpg | Ketapang Leaves from Singapore
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Image: Ketapang5small.jpg | Ketapang Leaves from Singapore
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Image: KetapangGreenLeaves.jpg | Ketapang Green Leaves from Singapore, Before Falling To The Ground
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Image: KetepangTrees.jpg | Ketapang Trees from Singapore, Next To Road and HDB Flats
 
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Latest revision as of 21:49, 20 April 2010


Terminalia catappa


Plant Characteristics
Habit   tree

Height: ⇕ 90 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 90.
Width: ⇔ 35 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 35.
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Bloom: ❀ early summer, mid summer, late summer
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun
USDA Zones: 11 to 12
Flower features: ❀ white
Scientific Names

Combretaceae >

Terminalia >

catappa >

L. >


Terminalia catappa is a large tropical tree in the Leadwood tree family, Combretaceae. The tree has been spread widely by humans and the native range is uncertain. It has long been naturalised in a broad belt extending from Africa to Northern Australia and New Guinea through Southeast Asia and Micronesia into the Indian Subcontinent. More recently the plant has been introduced to parts of the Americas. Common names include , Bengal almond, Singapore almond , Ebelebo, Malabar almond, Indian almond, Tropical almond, Sea almond, Beach Almond, Talisay tree, Umbrella tree, Abrofo Nkatie (Akan) and Zanmande (creole).

leaves before falling in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

It grows to 35 m ft tall, with an upright, symmetrical crown and horizontal branches. The Terminalia catappa has corky, light fruit that is dispersed by water. The nut within the fruit is edible when fully ripe,tasting almost like almond. As the tree gets older, its crown becomes more flattened to form a spreading, vase shape. Its branches are distinctively arranged in tiers. The leaves are large, 15 - 25 cm long and 10 - 14 cm broad, ovoid, glossy dark green and leathery. They are dry-season deciduous; before falling, they turn pinkish-reddish or yellow-brown, due to pigments such as violaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin.

The flowers are monoecious, with distinct male and female flowers on the same tree. Both are 1 cm in in diameter, white to greenish, inconspicuous with no petals; they are produced on axillary or terminal spikes. The fruit is a drupe 5 - 7 cm long and 3 - 5.5 cm broad, green at first, then yellow and finally red when ripe, containing a single seed.

Terminalia catappa is widely grown in tropical regions of the world as an ornamental tree, grown for the deep shade its large leaves provide. The fruit is edible, tasting slightly acidic.

The wood is red, solid and has high water resistance.


Read about Terminalia catappa in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Terminalia catappa, Linn. Tropical Almond. Indian Almond. Myrobalan. Almendro. Amendoeira. Fig. 3787. A tall, stately tree, up to 80 ft. high, with horizontal branches arising from the primary axis in whorls 3-6 ft. apart: bark smooth, brownish gray: lvs. clustered at the ends of the young branchlets, alternate, entire, obovate, obtuse to subacuminate at the apex, attenuate toward the slightly auricled base, 6-12 in. long, 3-6 in. broad, coriaceous, glabrous above, very finely pubescent below, venation slightly raised on both surfaces but most prominent below; petiole stout, under 1 in. long, flattened above, rusty-pubescent: fls. whitish, upper ones staminate and lower ones perfect, in finely pubescent spikes up to 6 in. long; calyx-segms. acute, slightly concave, valvate in bud, finely pubescent; filaments subulate, inserted upon the hairy disk; anthers cordate: fr. broadly oval in outline, elliptical and winged in transverse section, 1 1/2 - 2 in. long, indehiscent, greenish or reddish, glabrous, with a firm, fleshy exocarp and a hard endocarp inclosing the oblong-elliptical seed; testa membranous, the cotyledons whitish, inrolled spirally. —Indigenous to beach forests of the Andaman Isl., but now cult. widely throughout the tropics; Schimper points out that the frs. are adapted for dispersal by ocean currents, the thick husk containing air-cells enabling them to float for a long time. The tropical almond (so-called, but not related to the true almond) is extensively planted in S. Fla., the W. Indies, Cent. and S. Amer., as a street and ornamental tree. Its greatest disadvantage seems to be that it is deciduous during the cold season (shedding its lvs. twice a year in Ceylon, according to Macmillan), but the rich reddish hues assumed by the foliage before falling make it very attractive. There are many fine avenues planted to it throughout the tropics. The nut seems to be much less esteemed in Amer. than in the Orient. Firminger describes it as "of a fine filbert-like flavor, with a crispness like that of a fresh walnut; beyond comparison the most delicious of any kind of nut the country (India) affords." He also states that the kernels, when removed from the husk, are generally served on the table in a plate of water. They yield a valuable oil, resembling almond oil, which is used in India. The tasar silkworm is fed on the lvs., according to Watt. In S. Fla. this is one of the most popular ornamental trees for street and avenue planting. It is not grown in Calif., and is probably too tender for most locations in that state. Prop. seems to be exclusively by seed. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


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Species

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References

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