Difference between revisions of "Ulmus laevis"
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|common_name=Russian Elm | |common_name=Russian Elm | ||
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia | |name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia | ||
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| + | '''''Ulmus laevis''''' <small>Pall.</small>, the '''European White Elm''', yclept '''Fluttering Elm, Spreading Elm''' and, in the [[USA]], '''Russian Elm''', is a large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] native to [[Europe]], from [[France]] northeast to southern [[Finland]], east as far as the [[Urals]], and southeast to [[Bulgaria]] and the [[Crimea]]; there is also a disjunct population in the [[Caucasus]]. Moreover, a small number of trees found in [[Spain]] is now considered a relict population rather than an introduction by man, and possibly the origin of the European population <ref name=Fuentes-Utrilla>Fuentes-Utrilla, P., Squirrell, J., Hollingsworth, P. M. & Gil, L. (2006). ''Ulmus laevis (Pallas) in the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. An introduced or relict tree species? New data from [[cpDNA]] analysis.'' Genetics Society, Ecological Genetics Group conference, University of Wales Aberystwyth 2006.</ref>. | ||
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| + | Essentially endemic to alluvial forest, it is rarely encountered at elevations above 400 m <ref name=Girard>Girard, S. (2007). Dossier: L'orme: nouveaux espoirs? ''Forêt entreprise'' No. 175, Juillet 2007, Institut pour le developpement forestier, Paris.</ref>. Most commonly found along rivers such as the [[Volga]] and [[Danube]], it is one of very few elms tolerant of prolonged waterlogged, [[anoxic]] ground conditions. The White Elm is [[allogamous]] and is most closely related to the American Elm ''[[Ulmus americana|U. americana]]''. | ||
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| + | The tree is similar in stature to the [[Wych Elm]], if rather less symmetric, with a looser branch structure and less neatly rounded crown. It typically reaches a height and breadth of > 30 m, with a trunk < 2 m [[diameter at breast height|d.b.h]]. The extensive shallow root system ultimately forms distinctive high buttresses around the base of the trunk. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[deciduous]], alternate, simple [[leaf shape|ovate]] with a lop-sided base, < 10 cm long and < 7 cm broad, comparatively thin, often almost papery in texture and very translucent, with a downy underside. The [[apetalous]] wind-pollinated [[flower]]s appear before the leaves in early spring, produced in clusters of 15-30; they are 3-4 mm across on 20 mm long stems. In England, trees grown from seed flower in March, commencing at ages of between 7 and 12 years. | ||
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| + | The [[fruit]] is a winged [[Samara (fruit)|samara]] < 15 mm long by 10 mm broad with a [[ciliate]] margin, the single round 5 mm [[seed]] maturing in late spring. | ||
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| + | The tree is most reliably distinguished from other European elms by the long flower stems, and is most closely related to the [[American Elm]] ''U. americana'', from which it differs mainly in the irregular crown shape and frequent small sprout stems on the trunk <ref name=Bean>Bean, W. J. (1981). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain'', 7th edition. Murray, London.</ref> <ref name=Elwes>Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). ''The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland''. Vol. VII. pp 1848-1929. Private publication. [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/7tgbi/]</ref> <ref name=White>White, J. & More D. (2003). ''The Trees of Britain & Northern Europe'', Cassell's, London. </ref>. | ||
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| + | ''U. laevis'' suckers from roots, but not stools. | ||
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{{Inc| | {{Inc| | ||
| − | + | Ulmus laevis, Pall. (U. pedunculata, Foug. U. effusa, Willd. U. ciliata, Ehrh. U. racemosa, Borkh., not Thomas). Tree, attaining 100 ft., with spreading branches, forming a broad open head: branchlets pubescent, usually until the second year: buds glabrous, acute: lvs. oval or obovate, very unequal at base, acuminate, sharply doubly serrate, usually glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. slender-pedicelled; calyx with 6-8 exserted stamens: fr. ovate, notched, the incision not reaching the nutlet. Cent. Eu. to W. Asia.— Rarely cult., and with less valuable wood. The trunk and the limbs are, as in the American elm, often clothed with short branchlets. | |
| − | Ulmus laevis, Pall. (U. pedunculata, Foug. U. effusa, Willd. U. ciliata, Ehrh. U. racemosa, Borkh., not Thomas). Tree, attaining 100 ft., with spreading branches, forming a broad open head: branchlets pubescent, usually until the second year: buds glabrous, acute: lvs. oval or obovate, very unequal at base, acuminate, sharply doubly serrate, usually glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. slender-pedicelled; calyx with 6-8 exserted stamens: fr. ovate, notched, the incision not reaching the nutlet. Cent. Eu. to W. Asia | ||
{{SCH}} | {{SCH}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
==Cultivation== | ==Cultivation== | ||
| − | + | Although ideally suited to wet ground conditions, the tree can still grow, albeit more slowly, on drier sites including chalk downland. However, one overriding factor in choosing a site is Exposure. White Elm is comparatively weak-wooded, much more so than Field Elm ''[[Ulmus minor]]'', and thus an inappropriate choice for windy locations. In trials in southern England by ''[[Butterfly Conservation]]'', young trees of < 5 m height were badly damaged by gusts of 40 [[knot (speed)|knots]] (75 [[km/h]]) in midsummer. | |
===Propagation=== | ===Propagation=== | ||
| − | + | Usually easy to grow from seed sown to a depth of 6 mm in ordinary compost and kept well-watered. However, as seed viability can vary greatly from year to year, softwood cuttings taken in June may be a more reliable method. The cuttings strike very quickly, well within a fortnight, rapidly producing a dense matrix of roots. | |
===Pests and diseases=== | ===Pests and diseases=== | ||
| − | + | Like other European [[elm]]s, natural populations of the European White Elm have little innate resistance to [[Dutch elm disease]], although research by [[Cemagref]] has isolated clones able to survive inoculation with the causal fungus, initially losing < 70 % of their foliage, but regenerating strongly the following year. Moreover, the tree is not favoured by the vector bark beetles, which colonize it only when there are no other elm alternatives available. | |
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| + | The species has a slight to moderate susceptibility to [[Elm Yellows]], but a very low susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle ''[[Xanthogaleruca luteola]]''.<ref name=Mittempergher>Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). The History of Elm Breeding. ''Invest. Agrar.: Sist Recur For. 2004 13 (1), 161-177.</ref> | ||
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| + | ==Varieties== | ||
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==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
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| − | <gallery> | + | <gallery perrow=5> |
Image:Upload.png| photo 1 | Image:Upload.png| photo 1 | ||
Image:Upload.png| photo 2 | Image:Upload.png| photo 2 | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> | ||
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> | ||
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Latest revision as of 17:19, 5 May 2010
| Habit | tree
| |
|---|---|---|
| Height: | ⇕ | 70 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 70. |
| Width: | ⇔ | 30 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 30. |
| Lifespan: | ⌛ | perennial |
| Exposure: | ☼ | sun |
|---|---|---|
| Water: | ◍ | wet, moist, moderate |
| USDA Zones: | 4 to 9 |
|
Ulmaceae > |
Ulmus > |
laevis > |
Ulmus laevis Pall., the European White Elm, yclept Fluttering Elm, Spreading Elm and, in the USA, Russian Elm, is a large deciduous tree native to Europe, from France northeast to southern Finland, east as far as the Urals, and southeast to Bulgaria and the Crimea; there is also a disjunct population in the Caucasus. Moreover, a small number of trees found in Spain is now considered a relict population rather than an introduction by man, and possibly the origin of the European population [1].
Essentially endemic to alluvial forest, it is rarely encountered at elevations above 400 m [2]. Most commonly found along rivers such as the Volga and Danube, it is one of very few elms tolerant of prolonged waterlogged, anoxic ground conditions. The White Elm is allogamous and is most closely related to the American Elm U. americana.
The tree is similar in stature to the Wych Elm, if rather less symmetric, with a looser branch structure and less neatly rounded crown. It typically reaches a height and breadth of > 30 m, with a trunk < 2 m d.b.h. The extensive shallow root system ultimately forms distinctive high buttresses around the base of the trunk. The leaves are deciduous, alternate, simple ovate with a lop-sided base, < 10 cm long and < 7 cm broad, comparatively thin, often almost papery in texture and very translucent, with a downy underside. The apetalous wind-pollinated flowers appear before the leaves in early spring, produced in clusters of 15-30; they are 3-4 mm across on 20 mm long stems. In England, trees grown from seed flower in March, commencing at ages of between 7 and 12 years.
The fruit is a winged samara < 15 mm long by 10 mm broad with a ciliate margin, the single round 5 mm seed maturing in late spring.
The tree is most reliably distinguished from other European elms by the long flower stems, and is most closely related to the American Elm U. americana, from which it differs mainly in the irregular crown shape and frequent small sprout stems on the trunk [3] [4] [5].
U. laevis suckers from roots, but not stools.
Read about Ulmus laevis in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
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Ulmus laevis, Pall. (U. pedunculata, Foug. U. effusa, Willd. U. ciliata, Ehrh. U. racemosa, Borkh., not Thomas). Tree, attaining 100 ft., with spreading branches, forming a broad open head: branchlets pubescent, usually until the second year: buds glabrous, acute: lvs. oval or obovate, very unequal at base, acuminate, sharply doubly serrate, usually glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. slender-pedicelled; calyx with 6-8 exserted stamens: fr. ovate, notched, the incision not reaching the nutlet. Cent. Eu. to W. Asia.— Rarely cult., and with less valuable wood. The trunk and the limbs are, as in the American elm, often clothed with short branchlets. CH
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Cultivation
Although ideally suited to wet ground conditions, the tree can still grow, albeit more slowly, on drier sites including chalk downland. However, one overriding factor in choosing a site is Exposure. White Elm is comparatively weak-wooded, much more so than Field Elm Ulmus minor, and thus an inappropriate choice for windy locations. In trials in southern England by Butterfly Conservation, young trees of < 5 m height were badly damaged by gusts of 40 knots (75 km/h) in midsummer.
Propagation
Usually easy to grow from seed sown to a depth of 6 mm in ordinary compost and kept well-watered. However, as seed viability can vary greatly from year to year, softwood cuttings taken in June may be a more reliable method. The cuttings strike very quickly, well within a fortnight, rapidly producing a dense matrix of roots.
Pests and diseases
Like other European elms, natural populations of the European White Elm have little innate resistance to Dutch elm disease, although research by Cemagref has isolated clones able to survive inoculation with the causal fungus, initially losing < 70 % of their foliage, but regenerating strongly the following year. Moreover, the tree is not favoured by the vector bark beetles, which colonize it only when there are no other elm alternatives available.
The species has a slight to moderate susceptibility to Elm Yellows, but a very low susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola.[6]
Varieties
Gallery
photo 1
photo 2
photo 3
References
- ↑ Fuentes-Utrilla, P., Squirrell, J., Hollingsworth, P. M. & Gil, L. (2006). Ulmus laevis (Pallas) in the Iberian Peninsula. An introduced or relict tree species? New data from cpDNA analysis. Genetics Society, Ecological Genetics Group conference, University of Wales Aberystwyth 2006.
- ↑ Girard, S. (2007). Dossier: L'orme: nouveaux espoirs? Forêt entreprise No. 175, Juillet 2007, Institut pour le developpement forestier, Paris.
- ↑ Bean, W. J. (1981). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition. Murray, London.
- ↑ Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. pp 1848-1929. Private publication. [1]
- ↑ White, J. & More D. (2003). The Trees of Britain & Northern Europe, Cassell's, London.
- ↑ Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). The History of Elm Breeding. Invest. Agrar.: Sist Recur For. 2004 13 (1), 161-177.
External links
- w:Ulmus laevis. Some of the material on this page may be from Wikipedia, under the Creative Commons license.
- Ulmus laevis QR Code (Size 50, 100, 200, 500)
