Difference between revisions of "Nerium oleander"

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{{Taxobox
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{{SPlantbox
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| name = Oleander
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|familia=Apocynaceae
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| image = Nerium oleander flowers leaves.jpg
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|genus=Nerium
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| image_width = 250px
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|species=oleander
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| image_caption = ''Nerium oleander'' in flower
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|common_name=Oleander
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| regnum = [[Plantae]]
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|habit=shrub
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|Min ht box=2
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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|Min ht metric=m
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| ordo = [[Gentianales]]
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|Max ht box=6
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| familia = [[Apocynaceae]]
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|Max ht metric=m
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| genus = '''''Nerium''''' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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|Min wd box=2
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| species = '''''N. oleander'''''
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|Min wd metric=m
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| binomial = ''Nerium oleander''
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|Max wd box=5
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| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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|Max wd metric=m
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|origin=Medit. to China
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|poisonous=highly toxic, fatal
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|lifespan=perennial
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|exposure=sun
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|water=moist, moderate, dry
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|features=flowers, drought tolerant
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|flower_season=mid spring, mid summer, mid fall
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|Min Temp Num=-10
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|Temp Metric=°C
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|temp_ref=Plants for a Future
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|min_zone=9
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|max_zone=11
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|sunset_zones=8-16, 18-31
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|image=Oleander-5432.jpg
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|image_width=240
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|image_caption=''Nerium oleander'' in flower
 
}}
 
}}
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Oleander thrives best in warm summer climates where winters are mild.  Growth is moderate/fast.  Natural habit is broad with many stems, but training it to [[tree]] form is easy. It is very useful as windbreak, privacy screen, along roads, in tubs. The leaves are dark green and leathery, narrow, 5-21 cm long and 1-3.5 cm broad, and with an entire margin. Plant and leaves are attractive year round.  There is a variegated form with golden margins on the leaves.
  
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'''Oleander''' (''Nerium oleander''), is an [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] in the dogbane family [[Apocynaceae]]. It is the only species currently classified in the [[genus]] ''Nerium''. Other names include Adelfa, Alheli Extranjero, Baladre, Espirradeira, Flor de São Jose, Laurel de jardín, Laurel rosa, Laurier rose, Flourier rose, Olean, Aiwa, Rosa Francesca, Rosa Laurel, and Rose-bay (Inchem 2005), закум [zakum] (bulgarian), zakum, zakkum, zakhum (turkish), zaqqum (arabic); Araliya (in [[Sinhalese]]); in Chinese it is known as 夹竹桃 (''jia zhu tao''). The ancient city of [[Volubilis]] in North Africa took its name from the old Latin name for the flower.
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Flowers at the end of branches come in clusters, each flower is 2.5-5 cm diameter. The long bloom period from spring to fall is one of the reasons for its popularity, with the extreme drought tolerance being another. Many cultivars have scented flowers, coming in red, pink, white salmon and yellow.  Double flowers are less common than single. Single flowers fall off after finishing, while double flowers turn brown and remain until trimmed off.
  
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[[Image:Nerium oleander wild2.jpg|left|thumb|Oleander shrub, Morocco]]
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Oleander is an extremely poisonous plant if ingested. In case it is ingested, vomiting should be induced, and immediate treatment sought. Do not use trimmed branches for barbecues or fires.
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It is native to a broad area from [[Morocco]] and [[Portugal]] eastward through the [[Mediterranean region]] and southern [[Asia]] to [[Yunnan]] in southern parts of  [[China]] (''Flora Europaea''; ''Flora of China''; Huxley et al. 1992; www.inchem.org). It typically occurs around dry stream beds. It grows to 2-6 m tall, with spreading to erect branches. The [[leaf|leaves]] are in pairs or whorls of three, thick and leathery, dark green, narrow lanceolate, 5-21 cm long and 1-3.5 cm broad, and with an entire margin. The [[flower]]s grow in clusters at the end of each branch; they are white, pink or yellow, 2.5-5 cm diameter, with a deeply 5-lobed corolla with a fringe round the central corolla tube. They are often, but not always, sweetly scented. The [[fruit]] is a long narrow [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] 5-23 cm long, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy [[seed]]s.
 
  
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In the past, scented plants were sometimes treated as a distinct species ''N. odorum'', but the character is not constant and it is no longer regarded as a separate taxon.
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'''Oleander''' (''Nerium oleander,'' ({{pron-en|ˈnɪəriəm ˈoʊliː.ændər}}),<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is an [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] in the dogbane family [[Apocynaceae]] and is one of the most [[poison]]ous plants known. It is the only species currently classified in the [[genus]] ''Nerium''.
  
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==Cultivation and uses==
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[[Image:Nerium oleander wild2.jpg|thumb|170px|right|Oleander shrub, Morocco]]
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[[Image:Purity.jpg|left|thumb|Flower bud of a white-flowered cultivar]]
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It is native to a broad area from [[Morocco]] and [[Portugal]] eastward through the [[Mediterranean region]] and southern [[Asia]] to [[Yunnan]] in southern parts of  [[China]].<ref name=Europa>[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Nerium&SPECIES_XREF=oleander&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Pankhurst, R. (editor). ''Nerium oleander'' L. ''Flora Europaea''. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Retrieved on 2009-07-27.]</ref><ref name=China>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018424 Bingtao Li, Antony J. M. Leeuwenberg, and D. J. Middleton. ''Nerium oleander'' L. Flora of China. Harvard University. Retrieved on 2009-07-27.]</ref>
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[[Image:Oleander June 2007-1.jpg|thumb|Buds of Nerium oleander. From [[Lisboa]], [[Portugal]] ]]
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<ref name=Inchem>[http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/pim366.htm  INCHEM (2005). ''Nerium oleander'' L. (PIM 366). International Programme on Chemical Safety: INCHEM. Retrieved on 2009-07-27]</ref><ref name=Huxley>Huxley, A.; Griffiths, M.; Levy, M. (eds.) (1992). The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5.</ref> It typically occurs around dry stream beds. It grows to 2-6 m tall, with spreading to erect branches. The [[leaf|leaves]] are in pairs or whorls of three, thick and leathery, dark green, narrow lanceolate, 5-21 cm long and 1-3.5 cm broad, and with an entire margin. The [[flower]]s grow in clusters at the end of each branch; they are white, pink, red or yellow, 2.5-5 cm diameter, with a deeply 5-lobed corolla with a fringe round the central corolla tube. They are often, but not always, sweetly scented. The [[fruit]] is a long narrow [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] 5-23 cm long, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy [[seed]]s.
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Oleander grows well in warm subtropical regions, where it is extensively used as an [[ornamental plant]] in landscapes, parks, and along roadsides. It is drought tolerant and will tolerate occasional light frost down to -10°C (Huxley et al. 1992). It can also be grown in cooler climates in greenhouses, conservatories, or as indoor plants that summer outside. Oleander flowers are showy and fragrant and are grown for these reasons. Over 400 [[cultivar]]s have been named, with several additional flower colours not found in wild plants having been selected, including red, purple and orange; white and a variety of pinks are the most common. Many cultivars also have double flowers. Young plants grow best in spaces where they do not have to compete with grass for nutrients.
 
  
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==Toxicity==
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[[Image:Purity.jpg|left|thumb|170px|right|Flower Bud of a White-flowered Cultivar]]
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Oleander grows well in warm subtropical regions, where it is extensively used as an [[ornamental plant]] in landscapes, parks, and along roadsides. It is drought tolerant and will tolerate occasional light frost down to -10°C. <ref name=Huxley/> It is commonly used as in landscaping freeway medians in California and other mild-winter states in the Continental United States because it is easily maintained—it is deer resistant and tolerant of poor soils and drought. Oleander can also be grown in cooler climates in greenhouses and conservatories, or as indoor plants that can be kept outside in the summer. Oleander flowers are showy and fragrant and are grown for these reasons. Over 400 [[cultivar]]s have been named, with several additional flower colours not found in wild plants having been selected, including red, purple, pink and orange; white and a variety of pinks are the most common. Many cultivars also have double flowers. Young plants grow best in spaces where they do not have to compete with other plants for nutrients.
  
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Oleander is one of the most poisonous plants and contains numerous toxic compounds, many of which can be deadly to people, especially young children. The toxicity of Oleander is considered extremely high and it has been reported that in some cases only a small amount had lethal or near lethal effects (Goetz 1998). The most significant of these toxins are [[oleandrin]] and [[neriine]], which are [[cardiac glycoside]]s (Goetz 1998). "Cardiac glycocides are naturally occurring" plant or animal compounds "whose actions include both beneficial and toxic effects on the heart" (Desai 2000). They are present in all parts of the plant, but are most concentrated in the [[sap]], which can block out receptors in the skin causing numbness. It is thought that Oleander may contain many other unknown or un-researched compounds that may have dangerous effects (Inchem 2005). Oleander bark contains [[rosagenin]] which is known for its [[strychnine]]-like effects. The entire plant including the milky white sap is toxic and any part can cause an adverse reaction. Oleander is also known to hold its toxicity even after drying. It is thought that a handful or 10-20 leaves consumed by an adult can cause an adverse reaction, and a single leaf could be lethal to an infant or child. According to the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS) in 2002 there were 847 known human poisonings in the United States related to Oleander (Watson 2003). There are innumerable reported suicidal cases of consuming mashed oleander seeds in southern India. In animals, around 0.5 mg per kilogram of body weight is lethal to many animals, and various other doses will affect other animals (Inchem 2005). Most animals can suffer a reaction or death from this plant.  
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Oleander is one of the most [[List of poisonous plants|poisonous plants]] in the world and contains numerous toxic compounds, many of which can be deadly to people, especially young children.
  
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===Effects of poisoning===
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A popular greenhouse pot plant that can be grown outdoors in the summer, it can be grown outdoors all year round in the milder areas such as Cornwall[1, 260]. A very ornamental plant[1], there are many named varieties[200, 260]. Plants are shy to flower when grown outdoors[49, 59]. The flowers have a soft sweet perfume[245].
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Reactions to this plant are as follows. Ingestion can cause both gastrointestinal and cardiac effects. The gastrointestinal effects can consist of nausea and vomiting, excess salivation, abdominal pain, [[diarrhea]] that may or may not contain blood, and especially in [[horse]]s, [[horse colic|colic]] (Inchem 2005). Cardiac reactions consist of irregular heart rate, sometimes characterized by a racing heart at first that then slows to below normal further along in the reaction. The heart may also beat erratically with no sign of a specific rhythm. Extremities may become pale and cold due to poor or irregular circulation (Goetz 1998). Reactions to poisonings from this plant can also affect the [[central nervous system]]. These symptoms can include drowsiness, tremors or shaking of the muscles, [[seizures]], collapse, and even [[coma]] that can lead to death (Goetz 1998). Oleander sap can cause skin irritations, severe eye inflammation and irritation, and allergy reactions characterized by [[dermatitis]] (Goetz 1998).
 
  
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===Medical treatment required===
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==Cultivation==
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Poisoning and reactions to Oleander plants are evident quickly, requiring immediate medical care in suspected or known poisonings of both humans and animals (Goetz 1998). Induced vomiting and [[gastric lavage]] are protective measures to reduce absorption of the toxic compounds. Charcoal may also be administered to help absorb any remaining toxins (Inchem 2005). Further medical attention may be required and will depend on the severity of the poisoning and symptoms.
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It needs regular water until established, then extremely drought tolerant, though regular water is fine with them any time. It is very tolerant of bad or salty soil. Shade causes leggy growth and stunts blooming, as does fog.
  
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Drying of plant materials does not eliminate the toxins. It is also hazardous for animals such as [[sheep]], [[horse]]s, [[cattle]], and other grazing animals, with as little as 100 g being enough to kill an adult horse (Knight 1999). Plant clippings are especially dangerous to horses, as they are sweet. Symptoms of a poisoned horse include severe diarrhea and abnormal heartbeat. There are a wide range of toxins and secondary compounds within Oleander, and care should be taken around this plant due to its toxic nature. Different names for Oleander are used around the world in different locations (see top of page); so when encountering a plant with this appearance, regardless of the name used for it, exercise great care and caution to avoid ingestion of any part of the plant, including its sap and dried leaves or twigs. Do not use the dried or fresh branches for spearing food, in preparing a cooking fire, or as a food skewer. Many of the Oleander relatives, such as the Desert Rose ([[Adenium]] obesum) found in East Africa, have similar leaves and flowers and are equally toxic.
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Prune to control size and shape in the early spring. Old wood should be removed, branches may be cut to ground. Unwanted suckers should be hand pulled, not cut, for best control.  Pinching or pruning of grow tips can help keep height down. Cut branches exude a milky sap (poisonous as well!).
  
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===Trunk oil===
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Potted plants do not like frequent repotting.
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While the reasons are unknown, some visibly healthy oleander shrubs that have become sick or otherwise diseased may generate a type of oil from the trunk and shallow roots.  Depending upon the size of the shrub, the oil quantity can vary greatly and has the capability to saturate the soil in its vicinity as the shrub's sickness progresses.  This is possibly an explanation for the plant's name of "Olea", whose Latin translation is "oil".  The oil is light-brown colored and possesses a rancid scent.  The toxicity of the oil is unknown, because the neuro-toxic chemicals in the rest of the tree come from the leave's vein-system and not from the pulp surrounding these veins.  There is even a species of large, green caterpillar which feeds specifically on oleanders and survives by eating only the pulp surrounding the leaf-veins, avoiding the fibers.
 
  
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==Potential medical use==
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Prefers a heavy soil[49]. Prefers a light soil according to another report[202]. Requires a position in full sun[49, 184]. Prefers a fertile well-drained soil[200]. Lime tolerant[200, 202]. Plants are very tolerant of heat and also of drought once they are established[166]. Grows well in maritime gardens, tolerating salt-laden winds[200]. This species is not very hardy in Britain, though plants tolerate temperatures down to -5°c and short periods of temperatures down to -10°c[184, 200, 260].
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[[Pliny the Elder]] in his ''[[Naturalis Historia]]'' written [[circa]] AD [[77]] claimed that despite its toxicity it was an effective snakebite cure[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+24.53]:  ''"...if taken in wine with [[rue]]..."'' .  
 
  
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Despite a lack of any proven benefits<ref>[http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO/menuitem.34d60f5624ba07fd506fe310ee37a01d/?vgnextoid=76f8201eb61a7010VgnVCM100000ed730ad1RCRD&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=10&abstractID=2077 Phase I Study of Anvirzel<SUP>TM</SUP> in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. - ASCO<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, a range of Oleander-based treatments are being promoted on the Internet and in some [[alternative medicine]] circles, drawing a warning letter from the [[FDA]] in the [[US]].<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/cder/warn/mar2000/dd030500.pdf Anvirzel Letter<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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===Propagation===
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For exact clones of the parent variety, cuttings are required. In spring or summer, take a 15 cm cutting without flowers and place in water. When roots reach 3 cm, it can be potted up. After it is established it can be planted in the garden. It will grow very quickly under the right conditions, and may flower the same year. Seeds can be planted as well, for new varieties.
  
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==See also==
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Seed - sow spring in a greenhouse[113]. Do not use seed from pods infected with the bacterial disease 'oleander knot'[113]. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter before planting them out in early summer. Cuttings of half-ripe side shoots, August/September in a frame. Good percentage[78]. Cuttings of mature leading shoots[1].
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* [[List of plants poisonous to equines]]
 
  
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==References==
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{Reflist}}
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*Oleander caterpillars can eat much of the plants leaves. 
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*Greenflies may appear in warm/dry spring weather, attacking tender buds.  They are yellow or ochre and suck the sap from tender buds, weaken them, and make them sticky.  Mineral oil with insecticide is effective.
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*Cochineals - like scabs that stick to leaves/buds.  These also make plant sticky and can be treated with insecticide.
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*Oleander leaf scorch, caused by the bacterium ''Xylella fastidiosa'', can cause extensive mortality.
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==Cultivars==
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''Nerium oleander'' is the only species in the genus ''Nerium''.  The following is a list of selected named cultivars:
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*'Sister Agnes' - single white flowers.  Very vigorous, to 6 m.
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*'Mrs. Roeding' - double flowers, salmon/pink, to 2 m, with smaller leaves.
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*'Hawaii' - single salmon/pink.
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*'Petite pink' - easily pruned to 1 m, not as cold hardy as others.
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*'Petite salmon' - easily pruned to 1 m, not as cold hardy as others.
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*List of some very hardy varieties, between dwarf and regular size plants in size:
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**'Algiers' - deep red
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**'Casablanca' - white
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**'Ruby Lace' -bright red, 6 cm flowers with wavy edges
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**'Tangier' - soft pink
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*'Marrakesh' - red. 1.5-2 m.
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*'Morocco' - white. 1.5-2 m.
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==Gallery==
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<gallery>
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Image:Nerium oleander wild2.jpg|Oleander shrub, Morocco
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Image:Purity.jpg|Flower bud of a white-flowered cultivar
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Image:Oleander June 2007-1.jpg|Buds of Nerium oleander. From [[Lisboa]], [[Portugal]]
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Image:Oleandy-5837.jpg
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Image:Oleander-3224.jpg
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Image:Pink Oleander Cluster-7145.jpg
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Image:Oleander-8234.jpg
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Image:Oleander Hawkmoth-5928.jpg
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Image:Nerium oleander flowers leaves.jpg
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Image:Oleander-4031.jpg
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Image:Pest Plaga-8625.jpg
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Image:Blüte - blossom-5927.jpg
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Image:Heavenly Flower.-656.jpg
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Image:Oleander Flowers-2668.jpg
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</gallery>
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==Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture==
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{{Inc|
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Nerium (ancient name for oleander, supposed to be from Greek neros, "moist," alluding to the places in which it grows wild). Apocynaceae. The oleander is an old-fashioned evergreen shrub known to everybody, and cultivated everywhere in southern countries. In the North the oleander is a common house plant, being grown in tubs for summer decoration, and ranking in popularity with sweet bay and hydrangea.
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Oleanders are erect glabrous shrubs: Lvs. in whorls of 3, rarely 4 or 2, narrow, leathery, transversely feather- veined: fls. showy, rose-red, white or yellowish, in terminal cymes; calyx with many glands inside at the base; corolla-tube cylindrical at the base; throat bell- shaped and containing 5 wide or narrow teeth; lobes twisted to the right; anthers 2-tailed at the base and tapering at the apex into a long thread-like appendage; style 1; ovaries 2, forming pods; seeds twisted.—Species probably 3, with varieties. Medit. region to Japan.
  
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== External Links==
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The common species, so very widely cultivated, is N. Oleander. It attains 7 to 15 feet, and blooms in summer, the flowers being salver-shaped, five-lobed when single, 1½ to 3 inches across, and commonly pink or white, though the colors range from white through creamy white, blush, rose and copper-color, to crimson and dark purple, with variegated forms. It is of easy culture, and is well adapted to city conditions. The chief troubles are scale and mealy-bug. The scale should be sponged off; the mealy-bug is easily dislodged by the hose. Sometimes a plant forms buds which open poorly or not at all. This is often due to the imperfect ripening of the wood. The flowers are borne on the growth of the year, which should be well ripened in June in order to set many strong buds. For this purpose give the plants plenty of light and air, and water more sparingly when the vegetative growth seems to be finished. After flowering, give the plants less water. Protect them from frost in winter; keep them, if necessary, in a light shed. In April, prune back the old wood which has borne flowers and give more warmth and water. The ripened leading shoots can be rooted in a bottle of water. Oleanders are poisonous, and some persons have died from carelessly eating the flowers. Cattle have been killed by eating the foliage. It is said that in California the oleander is immune from the depredations of the gopher.—Oleanders in the East (H. A. Siebrecht): The following method of oleander culture has been pursued by the writer with success. Propagation is performed after the flowering period. Good- sized cuttings are taken, and every one grows. When rooted, the cuttings are potted in small pots and kept barely alive over the winter. They will need scarcely more attention than geraniums until February or March, or whenever growth becomes more active. Later in the spring, the young oleanders are planted outdoors in the open ground, in good rich loam or garden soil. (This is sometimes done with ivies or evonymus, but the common method is to plunge the pots outdoors during summer.) Take up the oleanders in September, pot them and bring them indoors for their second winter. The following spring the plants will bloom; but they will not be shapely. The time has now arrived to train them, either as bush plants or crown standards. Top them at whatever height is desired, say 2 or 3 feet, and the plants will make good crowns the same season (i.e., their second summer). Do not allow the plant to bloom the following spring (which is its third spring), and the result will be a fine specimen in full flower for the fourth summer.—Oleanders in California (Ernest Braunton): Oleanders are much grown in southern California, and would be extremely popular were it not for black and other scales, which seem to prefer them to everything else. We have five colors here, perhaps all of the same species—white, light pink, dark pink, scarlet and buff. Most of these colors, if not all, can be had in both single and double forms. The writer has never seen an oleander more than 20 feet high, but he thinks they will grow larger. One Los Angeles man planted the red variety twenty-seven years ago for sidewalk trees. (For this purpose, if cleaned of scale when necessary, the oleander is one of the very best.) The trees are heavily pruned and topped every third year. They are now 12 feet high and 6 to 8 inches in diameter at base. Oleanders need no attention here, and are as readily propagated from hardwood cuttings as willow. They are very floriferous, and the inflorescence comes out in large heavy heads, necessitating a close pruning to make them self-supporting.
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{{Commons|Nerium oleander}}
 
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* [http://www.oleander.org/toxic.html Information on Oleander toxicity], ''International Oleander Society''
 
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* [http://www.vet.purdue.edu/depts/addl/toxic/plant52.htm Plants Poisonous to Livestock and Pets], ''Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University''
 
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* {{cite web|
 
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url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Nerium&SPECIES_XREF=oleander&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=|
 
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work=Flora Europaea|
 
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title=Nerium oleander L.|
 
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author=Pankhurst, R. (editor)<!--This is the contact address, could't find good citation information-->|
 
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publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|
 
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accessdate=2005-11-26
 
 
}}
 
}}
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* {{cite web|
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url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018424|
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{{Inc|
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work=Flora of China|
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Nerium odorum, Soland. Sweet-scented Oleander. Stout erect shrub: Lvs. in 3's, linear-lanceolate: fls. rosy pink, 2 in. across, in clusters of as many as 80, fragrant; appendages of the anthers protruding; segms. of the crown 4-7, long and narrow. Persia, India, Japan. B.R. 74 (fls. double). B.M. 1799 and 2032. G.C. III. 50: suppl. July 8, 1911.—A less robust plant with Lvs. commonly narrower and more distant, and angled branches. In wild plants the calyx-lobes of N. Oleander are spreading; of N. odorum erect. It has the same range of color as the above, and single and double forms. Prop, by layers or cuttings.
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title=Nerium oleander L.|
 
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author=Bingtao Li, Antony J. M. Leeuwenberg & D. J. Middleton. |
 
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publisher=Harvard University|
 
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accessdate=2005-11-26
 
 
}}
 
}}
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* {{cite web|
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author=Barcelona<!-- cannot identify a natural person-->|
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{{Inc|
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url=http://www.jardibotanic.bcn.es/22_6_eng.htm|
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Nerium oleander, Linn. (N. lauriforme, Lam.). Oleander. Rose Bay. (Another plant called "Rose Bay" is Epilobium angustifolium.) Fig. 2476. Lvs. in 2's or 3's, lanceolate: appendages of the anthers scarcely protruding; segms. of the crown 3—4-toothed. Medit. region, Orient. Gn. 51, p. 81 (fine trees in vases). A.F. 10:265 (Bermuda shrub with a spread of 25 ft.). L.B.C. 7:666 (var. Loddigesii, with a variegated fl. and the appendages entire, ovate and obtuse). N. album, N. atropurpureum, N. carneum and N. roseum, Hort., are doubtless varieties. The plant is common in subtropical and tropical countries, sometimes planted in hedges, and sometimes runs wild.
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title=Barcelona Botanic Gardens - Plants of North Africa|
 
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publisher=Ajuntament de Barcelona|
 
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work=Jardín Botánico de Barcelona|
 
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year=2005<!-- last modified 2005-11-10 -->|
 
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accessdate=2005-11-26
 
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}}
 
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* {{cite book|
 
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author=Huxley, A.|
 
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coauthors=Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (eds.)|
 
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year=1992|
 
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title=The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening|
 
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publisher=Macmillan|
 
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id=ISBN 0-333-47494-5
 
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}}
 
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* {{cite web|
 
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author=Knight, Dr. A. P.|
 
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url=http://www.vth.colostate.edu/poisonous_plants/report/report_detail_1.cfm?ID=334|
 
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title=Guide to Poisonous Plants: Oleander|
 
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publisher=[[Colorado State University]]|
 
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year=1999|
 
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accessdate=2005-11-18
 
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}}<!-- Full date 1999-07-22 -->
 
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* {{cite web|
 
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author=Goetz, Rebecca. J.|
 
−
Coauthors=Jordan Thomas N.,McCain, John W.,Su, Nancy Y.|
 
−
work=[http://www.vet.purdue.edu/depts/addl/toxic/cover1.htm Indiana Plants Poisonous to Livestock and Pets]| url=http://www.vet.purdue.edu/depts/addl/toxic/plant52.htm|
 
−
title=Oleander|
 
−
publisher=Cooperative Extension Service, [[Purdue University]]|
 
−
year=1998<!-- -05-28-->|
 
−
accessdate=2005-10-23
 
−
}} 
 
−
* {{cite web|
 
−
author=Erwin, Dr Van den Enden|
 
−
work=[http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/index.htm Illustrated Lecture Notes on Tropical Medicine]|
 
−
url=http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/47_Medical_problems_caused_by_plantsp6.htm|
 
−
title=Medical problems caused by plants: Plant Toxins, Cardiac Glycosides|
 
−
publisher=[[Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine]]|
 
−
year=2004<!-- -06-06]-->|
 
−
accessdate=2005-10-23
 
−
}}
 
−
*{{cite web|
 
−
url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/pim366.htm|
 
−
title=Nerium oleander L.(PIM 366)]|
 
−
publisher=IPCS [[Inchem]]|
 
−
author=Inchem|
 
−
year=2005<!-- -05-26-->|
 
−
accessdate=2005-10-23
 
−
}}
 
−
* {{cite web|
 
−
author=Desai, Dr Umesh R|
 
−
url=http://www.people.vcu.edu/~urdesai/car.htm#Cardiac%20Glycosides|
 
−
title=Cardiac glycosides|
 
−
publisher=[[Virginia Commonwealth University]] School of Pharmacy|
 
−
year=2000<!-- -01-05--><!--web page last modified 2003-08-30-->|
 
−
accessdate=2005-11-19
 
−
}}
 
−
* {{cite journal|
 
−
author=Watson, William A., et al|
 
−
url=http://www.aapcc.org/Annual%20Reports/02report/Annual%20Report%202002.pdf|
 
−
title=2002 Annual Report of The American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System|
 
−
journal=The [[American Journal of Emergency Medicine]] (ISSN 0735-6757)|
 
−
volume=21|
 
−
issue=5|
 
−
month=September|
 
−
year=2003<!-- web version retrieved [[2005-11-19]] (scanned PDF) -->
 
−
}}
 
−
*[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/poison/oleander.htm Snopes], Legend of Oleander-poisoning at Campfire
 
−
* {{cite web|
 
−
url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Oleander_Leaf.asp?sitearea=ETO "Oleander"|
 
−
title=American Cancer Society|
 
−
accessdate=2007-03-22
 
 
}}
 
}}
 +
 +
==References==
 +
*{{wplink}}
 +
*[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Nerium+oleander Plants for a Future] - some creative commons text incorporated from PFAF.
 +
*Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608
 +
 +
==External links==
 +
 +
{{stub}}
 +
__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 17:08, 18 May 2010


Nerium oleander in flower


Plant Characteristics
Habit   shrub

Height: ⇕ 2 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 2. to 6 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 6.
Width: ⇔ 2 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 2. to 5 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 5.
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Origin: ✈ Medit. to China
Poisonous: ☠ highly toxic, fatal
Bloom: ❀ mid spring, mid summer, mid fall
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun
Water: ◍ moist, moderate, dry
Features: ✓ flowers, drought tolerant
Minimum Temp: ☃ -10°C14 °F <br />263.15 K <br />473.67 °R <br />
USDA Zones: 9 to 11
Sunset Zones: 8-16, 18-31
Scientific Names

Apocynaceae >

Nerium >

oleander >


Oleander thrives best in warm summer climates where winters are mild. Growth is moderate/fast. Natural habit is broad with many stems, but training it to tree form is easy. It is very useful as windbreak, privacy screen, along roads, in tubs. The leaves are dark green and leathery, narrow, 5-21 cm long and 1-3.5 cm broad, and with an entire margin. Plant and leaves are attractive year round. There is a variegated form with golden margins on the leaves.

Flowers at the end of branches come in clusters, each flower is 2.5-5 cm diameter. The long bloom period from spring to fall is one of the reasons for its popularity, with the extreme drought tolerance being another. Many cultivars have scented flowers, coming in red, pink, white salmon and yellow. Double flowers are less common than single. Single flowers fall off after finishing, while double flowers turn brown and remain until trimmed off.

Oleander is an extremely poisonous plant if ingested. In case it is ingested, vomiting should be induced, and immediate treatment sought. Do not use trimmed branches for barbecues or fires.

Oleander (Nerium oleander, (pronounced /ˈnɪəriəm ˈoʊliː.ændər/),[1] is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the dogbane family Apocynaceae and is one of the most poisonous plants known. It is the only species currently classified in the genus Nerium.

Oleander shrub, Morocco

It is native to a broad area from Morocco and Portugal eastward through the Mediterranean region and southern Asia to Yunnan in southern parts of China.[2][3] [4][5] It typically occurs around dry stream beds. It grows to 2-6 m tall, with spreading to erect branches. The leaves are in pairs or whorls of three, thick and leathery, dark green, narrow lanceolate, 5-21 cm long and 1-3.5 cm broad, and with an entire margin. The flowers grow in clusters at the end of each branch; they are white, pink, red or yellow, 2.5-5 cm diameter, with a deeply 5-lobed corolla with a fringe round the central corolla tube. They are often, but not always, sweetly scented. The fruit is a long narrow capsule 5-23 cm long, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy seeds.

Flower Bud of a White-flowered Cultivar

Oleander grows well in warm subtropical regions, where it is extensively used as an ornamental plant in landscapes, parks, and along roadsides. It is drought tolerant and will tolerate occasional light frost down to -10°C. [5] It is commonly used as in landscaping freeway medians in California and other mild-winter states in the Continental United States because it is easily maintained—it is deer resistant and tolerant of poor soils and drought. Oleander can also be grown in cooler climates in greenhouses and conservatories, or as indoor plants that can be kept outside in the summer. Oleander flowers are showy and fragrant and are grown for these reasons. Over 400 cultivars have been named, with several additional flower colours not found in wild plants having been selected, including red, purple, pink and orange; white and a variety of pinks are the most common. Many cultivars also have double flowers. Young plants grow best in spaces where they do not have to compete with other plants for nutrients.

Oleander is one of the most poisonous plants in the world and contains numerous toxic compounds, many of which can be deadly to people, especially young children.

A popular greenhouse pot plant that can be grown outdoors in the summer, it can be grown outdoors all year round in the milder areas such as Cornwall[1, 260]. A very ornamental plant[1], there are many named varieties[200, 260]. Plants are shy to flower when grown outdoors[49, 59]. The flowers have a soft sweet perfume[245].

Cultivation

It needs regular water until established, then extremely drought tolerant, though regular water is fine with them any time. It is very tolerant of bad or salty soil. Shade causes leggy growth and stunts blooming, as does fog.

Prune to control size and shape in the early spring. Old wood should be removed, branches may be cut to ground. Unwanted suckers should be hand pulled, not cut, for best control. Pinching or pruning of grow tips can help keep height down. Cut branches exude a milky sap (poisonous as well!).

Potted plants do not like frequent repotting.

Prefers a heavy soil[49]. Prefers a light soil according to another report[202]. Requires a position in full sun[49, 184]. Prefers a fertile well-drained soil[200]. Lime tolerant[200, 202]. Plants are very tolerant of heat and also of drought once they are established[166]. Grows well in maritime gardens, tolerating salt-laden winds[200]. This species is not very hardy in Britain, though plants tolerate temperatures down to -5°c and short periods of temperatures down to -10°c[184, 200, 260].

Propagation

For exact clones of the parent variety, cuttings are required. In spring or summer, take a 15 cm cutting without flowers and place in water. When roots reach 3 cm, it can be potted up. After it is established it can be planted in the garden. It will grow very quickly under the right conditions, and may flower the same year. Seeds can be planted as well, for new varieties.

Seed - sow spring in a greenhouse[113]. Do not use seed from pods infected with the bacterial disease 'oleander knot'[113]. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter before planting them out in early summer. Cuttings of half-ripe side shoots, August/September in a frame. Good percentage[78]. Cuttings of mature leading shoots[1].

Pests and diseases

  • Oleander caterpillars can eat much of the plants leaves.
  • Greenflies may appear in warm/dry spring weather, attacking tender buds. They are yellow or ochre and suck the sap from tender buds, weaken them, and make them sticky. Mineral oil with insecticide is effective.
  • Cochineals - like scabs that stick to leaves/buds. These also make plant sticky and can be treated with insecticide.
  • Oleander leaf scorch, caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, can cause extensive mortality.

Cultivars

Nerium oleander is the only species in the genus Nerium. The following is a list of selected named cultivars:

  • 'Sister Agnes' - single white flowers. Very vigorous, to 6 m.
  • 'Mrs. Roeding' - double flowers, salmon/pink, to 2 m, with smaller leaves.
  • 'Hawaii' - single salmon/pink.
  • 'Petite pink' - easily pruned to 1 m, not as cold hardy as others.
  • 'Petite salmon' - easily pruned to 1 m, not as cold hardy as others.
  • List of some very hardy varieties, between dwarf and regular size plants in size:
    • 'Algiers' - deep red
    • 'Casablanca' - white
    • 'Ruby Lace' -bright red, 6 cm flowers with wavy edges
    • 'Tangier' - soft pink
  • 'Marrakesh' - red. 1.5-2 m.
  • 'Morocco' - white. 1.5-2 m.

Gallery

  • Oleander shrub, Morocco

  • Flower bud of a white-flowered cultivar

  • Buds of Nerium oleander. From Lisboa, Portugal

  • Oleandy-5837.jpg
  • Oleander-3224.jpg
  • Pink Oleander Cluster-7145.jpg
  • Oleander-8234.jpg
  • Oleander Hawkmoth-5928.jpg
  • Nerium oleander flowers leaves.jpg
  • Oleander-4031.jpg
  • Pest Plaga-8625.jpg
  • Blüte - blossom-5927.jpg
  • Heavenly Flower.-656.jpg
  • Oleander Flowers-2668.jpg

Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture


Read about Nerium oleander in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Nerium (ancient name for oleander, supposed to be from Greek neros, "moist," alluding to the places in which it grows wild). Apocynaceae. The oleander is an old-fashioned evergreen shrub known to everybody, and cultivated everywhere in southern countries. In the North the oleander is a common house plant, being grown in tubs for summer decoration, and ranking in popularity with sweet bay and hydrangea.

Oleanders are erect glabrous shrubs: Lvs. in whorls of 3, rarely 4 or 2, narrow, leathery, transversely feather- veined: fls. showy, rose-red, white or yellowish, in terminal cymes; calyx with many glands inside at the base; corolla-tube cylindrical at the base; throat bell- shaped and containing 5 wide or narrow teeth; lobes twisted to the right; anthers 2-tailed at the base and tapering at the apex into a long thread-like appendage; style 1; ovaries 2, forming pods; seeds twisted.—Species probably 3, with varieties. Medit. region to Japan.

The common species, so very widely cultivated, is N. Oleander. It attains 7 to 15 feet, and blooms in summer, the flowers being salver-shaped, five-lobed when single, 1½ to 3 inches across, and commonly pink or white, though the colors range from white through creamy white, blush, rose and copper-color, to crimson and dark purple, with variegated forms. It is of easy culture, and is well adapted to city conditions. The chief troubles are scale and mealy-bug. The scale should be sponged off; the mealy-bug is easily dislodged by the hose. Sometimes a plant forms buds which open poorly or not at all. This is often due to the imperfect ripening of the wood. The flowers are borne on the growth of the year, which should be well ripened in June in order to set many strong buds. For this purpose give the plants plenty of light and air, and water more sparingly when the vegetative growth seems to be finished. After flowering, give the plants less water. Protect them from frost in winter; keep them, if necessary, in a light shed. In April, prune back the old wood which has borne flowers and give more warmth and water. The ripened leading shoots can be rooted in a bottle of water. Oleanders are poisonous, and some persons have died from carelessly eating the flowers. Cattle have been killed by eating the foliage. It is said that in California the oleander is immune from the depredations of the gopher.—Oleanders in the East (H. A. Siebrecht): The following method of oleander culture has been pursued by the writer with success. Propagation is performed after the flowering period. Good- sized cuttings are taken, and every one grows. When rooted, the cuttings are potted in small pots and kept barely alive over the winter. They will need scarcely more attention than geraniums until February or March, or whenever growth becomes more active. Later in the spring, the young oleanders are planted outdoors in the open ground, in good rich loam or garden soil. (This is sometimes done with ivies or evonymus, but the common method is to plunge the pots outdoors during summer.) Take up the oleanders in September, pot them and bring them indoors for their second winter. The following spring the plants will bloom; but they will not be shapely. The time has now arrived to train them, either as bush plants or crown standards. Top them at whatever height is desired, say 2 or 3 feet, and the plants will make good crowns the same season (i.e., their second summer). Do not allow the plant to bloom the following spring (which is its third spring), and the result will be a fine specimen in full flower for the fourth summer.—Oleanders in California (Ernest Braunton): Oleanders are much grown in southern California, and would be extremely popular were it not for black and other scales, which seem to prefer them to everything else. We have five colors here, perhaps all of the same species—white, light pink, dark pink, scarlet and buff. Most of these colors, if not all, can be had in both single and double forms. The writer has never seen an oleander more than 20 feet high, but he thinks they will grow larger. One Los Angeles man planted the red variety twenty-seven years ago for sidewalk trees. (For this purpose, if cleaned of scale when necessary, the oleander is one of the very best.) The trees are heavily pruned and topped every third year. They are now 12 feet high and 6 to 8 inches in diameter at base. Oleanders need no attention here, and are as readily propagated from hardwood cuttings as willow. They are very floriferous, and the inflorescence comes out in large heavy heads, necessitating a close pruning to make them self-supporting.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.



Read about Nerium oleander in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Nerium odorum, Soland. Sweet-scented Oleander. Stout erect shrub: Lvs. in 3's, linear-lanceolate: fls. rosy pink, 2 in. across, in clusters of as many as 80, fragrant; appendages of the anthers protruding; segms. of the crown 4-7, long and narrow. Persia, India, Japan. B.R. 74 (fls. double). B.M. 1799 and 2032. G.C. III. 50: suppl. July 8, 1911.—A less robust plant with Lvs. commonly narrower and more distant, and angled branches. In wild plants the calyx-lobes of N. Oleander are spreading; of N. odorum erect. It has the same range of color as the above, and single and double forms. Prop, by layers or cuttings.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.



Read about Nerium oleander in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Nerium oleander, Linn. (N. lauriforme, Lam.). Oleander. Rose Bay. (Another plant called "Rose Bay" is Epilobium angustifolium.) Fig. 2476. Lvs. in 2's or 3's, lanceolate: appendages of the anthers scarcely protruding; segms. of the crown 3—4-toothed. Medit. region, Orient. Gn. 51, p. 81 (fine trees in vases). A.F. 10:265 (Bermuda shrub with a spread of 25 ft.). L.B.C. 7:666 (var. Loddigesii, with a variegated fl. and the appendages entire, ovate and obtuse). N. album, N. atropurpureum, N. carneum and N. roseum, Hort., are doubtless varieties. The plant is common in subtropical and tropical countries, sometimes planted in hedges, and sometimes runs wild.


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References

External links


  1. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ↑ Pankhurst, R. (editor). Nerium oleander L. Flora Europaea. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Retrieved on 2009-07-27.
  3. ↑ Bingtao Li, Antony J. M. Leeuwenberg, and D. J. Middleton. Nerium oleander L. Flora of China. Harvard University. Retrieved on 2009-07-27.
  4. ↑ INCHEM (2005). Nerium oleander L. (PIM 366). International Programme on Chemical Safety: INCHEM. Retrieved on 2009-07-27
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Huxley, A.; Griffiths, M.; Levy, M. (eds.) (1992). The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
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