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| | [[Image:Calebasse.jpg|thumb|A [[calabash]] gourd, used for drinking ''[[yerba mate|mate]]'' tea.]] | | [[Image:Calebasse.jpg|thumb|A [[calabash]] gourd, used for drinking ''[[yerba mate|mate]]'' tea.]] |
| − | A '''gourd''' is a hollow, dried [[shell (fruit)|shell]] of a [[fruit]] in the [[Cucurbitaceae]] family of [[plant]]s. Gourds can be used as a number of things, including bowls or bottles. Gourds are also used as [[resonating chamber]]s on certain [[musical instrument]]s including the [[berimbau]] and many other [[stringed instrument]]s and [[drum]]s. Instruments of this type are fairly common in [[Africa]], [[South Asia]], and the [[Caribbean]]. Gourds are also used as a tool for sipping [[yerba mate]] by means of a [[bombilla]], in [[Uruguay]], [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Brazil]], where it is called "cuia" (kOOya). Birdhouse gourds, (Lagenaria siceraria), are commonly used in southern USA for group housing for [[Purple Martin|purple martins]], which reputedly help control [[mosquito]]es. "Gourd" can also refer to the live fruit before it is dried, or to the entire plant that produces that fruit.
| + | Gourd. In England, a generic name for species of [[Cucurbita]] (which see). In America the term is used to designate those cucurbitous fruits that are hard shelled, and are used for ornament or for the making of domestic utensils. The gourd of history is probably Lagenaria. In the northern United States, the small hard-shelled forms of [[Cucurbila pepo]] (var. ovifera) are commonly understood when the word gourd is used. The gourds in the American trade are referable to their species as follows{{SCH}}: |
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| − | Day-blooming gourds are [[pollination|pollinated]] the same as [[Squash (vegetable)|squash]], and commercial plantings should have [[Pollination management|bee hives]] supplied. Night blooming gourds are pollinated by [[moth]]s, which are normally present in adequate supply unless they are drawn off by [[Light pollution|night lights]] in the area.
| + | *Anaconda, [[Lagenaria vulgaris]]. |
| − | | + | *Apple-shaped, [[Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera]]. |
| − | Gourds were the earliest plant species domesticated by humans and were originally used by man as containers or vessels before clay or stone pottery, and is sometimes referred to as "nature's pottery". The original and evolutional shape of [[clay pottery]] is thought to have been modeled on the shape of certain gourd varieties.
| + | *Bicolor, [[Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera]] |
| − | | + | *Bonnet, Luffa. Ostrich Egg, Cucumis dip |
| − | In addition to utilitarian uses, gourds have been assigned various other functions throughout history in various cultures. Very early specimens of gourd shells discovered (for example, in Peru) indicate the use of gourds as means of recording events of the time.
| + | *Bottle-shaped, [[Lagenaria vulgaris]]. |
| − | | + | *Pear-shaped, Cucurbita Pepo |
| − | Generally, gourds are used more for utilitarian uses than for food. Only a few varieties are actually harvested for consumption, mostly in Asia. The shell of the gourd, when dried, has a wooden appearance. Gourd "wood" is essentially cellulose that has no grain, varying in thickness from paper-thin to well over an inch. Drying gourds, which takes months in some cases, causes the internal contents (seeds and fruit matter) to dry out completely, although seeds are often still capable of germination. For the uninitiated, cutting open a dried gourd (which can be done with a craft knife or miniature jig-saw) can present hazards; the resulting dust is extremely fine and can cause respiratory problems, requiring adequate protection. A bitter taste or smell is typically evident when opening a gourd that has not completely dried out inside.
| + | *Calabash. [[Crescentia cujete]], yields the true calabash, but the calabash gourd is Lagenaria vulgaris. |
| − | | + | *Coloquinte, [[Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera]] (Colocynth is cucumber, which is a Citrullus colocynthis). |
| − | It has also been found that gourd skins were used to replace missing parts of skulls back in the [[Neolithic]] times as part of primitive surgery. This is seen as evidence of [[prostheses]], that is, artificial bones made of very fine gold sheet and gourd skins, which were inserted in the skull under the skin or to cover the hole left by the operation.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
| + | *Dipper, Lagenaria vulgaris. |
| − | | + | *Dipsaceous, [[Cucumis dipsaceus]]. |
| − | The harder outer surface lends the gourd to a wide variety of creative appeals, including carving, [[pyrography]], sculpture, basketry, masks, musical instruments, and much more. A steadily growing following has emerged in the United States and other Western countries for [[Gourd art]] and craft-related purposes. There are many different types of decorative gourds. They include spoon gourds,spoon bicolor, orange warted, and striped pear. The spoon gourd ripens from the top to the bottom. A baby spoon gourd is green and as it grows it changes color. A yellow color overlaps the green and creates a two colored gourd. For decorative purposes the harvester can cut the gourd from the plant early when it is still two colors.
| + | *Dish-cloth, [[Luffa]]. |
| − | | + | *Egg, Egg-shape, Cucurbila pepo Var. ovifera. |
| − | ----
| + | *Gooseberry, [[Cucumis anguria]]. |
| − | '''
| + | *Hedgehog, Cucumis dipsaceus. |
| − | Gourd''' is any member of the [[Cucurbitaceae]] [[family (biology)|family]].<ref>[http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=gourd gourd] Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 6 September 2006</ref><ref>[http://machaut.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/WEBSTER.sh?WORD=gourd gourd] Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913 Edition. Retrieved 6 September 2006.</ref>
| + | *Hercules' Club, Lagenaria vulgaris. |
| − | | + | *Mate Gourd, small form of Lagenaria vulgaris. |
| − | ==See also==
| + | *Mock Orange, Cucurbita pepo. |
| − | * [[Follow the Drinkin' Gourd]] | + | *Onion - shaped, Cucurbita pepo. |
| − | * [[Bitter gourd]] | + | *Orange, Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera. |
| − | * [[Bottle gourd]] | + | *Ostrich Egg, Cucumis dipsaceus. |
| − | * [[Gourd art]] | + | *Pear-shaped, Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera. (Fig. 1134). |
| − | * [[Guiro]] | + | *Powder Horn, Lagenaria vulgaris. |
| − | * [[Koteka]] | + | *Rag, Luffa. |
| − | * [[Maraca]]
| + | *Serpent or Snake (not Snake cucumber, which is a Cucumis), Lagenaria vulgaris and Trichosanthes. |
| − | * [[Pointed gourd]]
| + | *Sponge, Luffa. |
| − | * [[Luffa|Ridge gourd]]
| + | *Spoon, Lagenaria vulgaris. |
| − | * [[Sitar]]
| + | *Sugar Trough, Lagenaria vulgaris. |
| − | * [[Snake gourd]]
| + | *Tashkent, Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera. |
| − | * [[Mate]] | + | *Turk’s Turban, Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera. |
| − | * [[Gaara]] | + | *Vegetable sponge, Luffa. |
| − | * [[Collins Long gourd for competition]] | + | *Wax Gourd, [[Benincasa hispida]]. |
| − | | + | }} |
| − | ==Footnotes==
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * [http://www.abotech.com/Articles/SJones01.htm A Brief History of Gourds]. | |
| − | * [http://www.cucurbit.org/family.html The Cucurbitaceae]. | |
| − | * [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/276/5314/932 The Initial Domestication of Cucurbita pepo in the Americas 10,000 Years Ago]. | |
| − | * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12586940&dopt=Abstract Phytolith evidence for early Holocene Cucurbita domestication in southwest Ecuador]. | |
| − | * [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16352716 An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas]. | |
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| − | ===Crafts===
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| − | *[http://www.AmishGourds.com/ Clean, Dried Gourds for Crafts] | |
| − | *[http://www.americangourdsociety.org/ The American Gourd Society] | |
| − | *[http://www.cagourds.com/ California Gourds, dried gourds & supplies for crafts] | |
| − | *[http://www.gourdzette.com/ The Gourdzette, more gourd craft information & projects] | |
| − | *[http://www.kygourdsociety.com] | |
| − | *[http://www.meadowbrookegourds.com/ Meadowbrooke Gourds, a nation-wide Gourd Craft supplier] | |
| − | *[http://www.gourdfarmer.com/ Gallery of over 20 gourd varieties, large supplier of dried gourds for crafts] | |
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| − | [[Category:Cucurbitaceae]] | |
| − | [[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
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