Difference between revisions of "Sumac"

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{{Taxobox
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{{SPlantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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|familia=Anacardiaceae
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| name = Sumac
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|genus=Rhus
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| image = Rhus copallinum.jpg
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|Min ht metric=cm
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| image_width = 200px
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|poisonous=Some species
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| image_caption = Winged Sumac leaves and flowers
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|jumpin=This is the plant information box - for information on light; water; zones; height; etc. If it is mostly empty you can help grow this page by clicking on the edit tab and filling in the blanks!
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|image=Rhus copallinum.jpg
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| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
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|image_width=200
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| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
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|image_caption=Rhus copallinum
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| familia = [[Anacardiaceae]]
 
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| genus = '''''Rhus'''''
 
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
 
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| subdivision = About 250 species; see text
 
 
}}
 
}}
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'''Sumac''' is any one of approximately 250 species of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[genus]] '''''Rhus''''' and related genera, in the family [[Anacardiaceae]].
  
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'''''Rhus''''' is a [[genus]] of approximately 250 species of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Anacardiaceae]]. They are commonly called '''sumac''' or '''sumach'''. Some species (including [[Poison ivy]], [[Western Poison-oak|poison-oak]], and [[poison sumac]]), often placed in this genus, are here treated in the genus ''[[Toxicodendron]]'', which differs in highly [[allergen]]ic foliage and grayish-white fruit but is not [[genetics|genetic]]ally distinct. The name derives from the Greek name for sumac, ''rhous''.
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Sumacs grow in subtropical and temperate regions throughout the world, especially in [[North America]].<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=128455 12. Rhus Linnaeus], ''Flora of China''</ref><ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=RHUS Rhus L.], USDA PLANTS</ref>
  
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[[Image:Rhus_typhina.JPG|thumb|left|A young branch of Staghorn Sumac.]]
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Sumacs are [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s that can reach a height of {{convert|1|-|10|m|ft}}. The [[leaf|leaves]] are spirally arranged; they are usually [[Pinnate|pinnately compound]], though some species have trifoliate or simple leaves. The [[flower]]s are in dense [[panicle]]s or spikes {{convert|5|-|30|cm|in}} long, each flower very small, greenish, creamy white or red, with five petals. The [[fruit]]s form dense clusters of reddish [[drupe]]s called sumac bobs. The dried drupes of some species are ground to produce a tangy purple spice.
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The genus is found in subtropical and warm temperate regions throughout the world, with the highest diversity in southern [[Africa]].
 
  
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They are [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s growing to 1-10 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are spirally arranged; they are usually pinnately compound, though some species have trifoliate or simple leaves. The [[flower]]s are in dense panicles or spikes 5-30 cm long, each flower very small, creamy white, greenish or red, with five petals. The [[fruit]] form dense clusters of reddish [[drupe]]s called sumac bobs.  
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Species including the fragrant sumac (''Rhus aromatica''), the littleleaf sumac (''R. microphylla''), the skunkbush sumac (''R. trilobata''), the smooth sumac and the staghorn sumac are grown for ornament, either as the wild types or as [[cultivar]]s.
  
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Sumac propagates both by seeds, which are spread by birds and other animals through their [[feces|droppings]], and by new sprouts from rhizomes, forming large [[Clonal colony|clonal colonies]]. <br clear = left>
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{{Inc|
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Rhus (ancient Greek name). Anacardiaceae. Sumac. Ornamental woody plants, grown chiefly for their handsome foliage, often assuming brilliant autumnal colors, and some species also for their showy fruiting panicles.  See also Cotinus.
  
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===Species===
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Deciduous or evergreen shrubs, sometimes climbing by aerial rootlets, or trees, with milky or resinous juice: lvs. alternate, without stipules, simple, 3-foliolate or odd-pinnate: fls. dioecious or polygamous, small, in axillary or terminal panicles; calyx 5-parted; petals 5, imbricate; stamens 5, inserted below a broad disk; ovary superior, with 3 styles: fr. a small 1-seeded dry drupe, smooth or hairy.—About 150 species in the temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Foliage and bark of most species are rich in tannin and are used for tanning leather, particularly the lvs. of B. coriaria in S. Eu. From R. verniciflua lacquer is obtained in China and Japan, used in the manufacture of lacquer-ware; R. succedanea yields a vegetable wax, used for candles in Japan, and also exported for various purposes. R. laevigata and some other S. African species are valued for their timber.
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The sumacs are shrubs or trees with handsome simple or usually compound foliage assuming in most deciduous species brilliant autumnal colors, and with small comparatively inconspicuous flowers in usually large panicles, followed by small fruits which are deep red and showy in many species. The only species with rather showy flowers of creamy white color appearing in late summer is R. javanica, while R. typhina, R. glabra, and R. copallina are chiefly valued for their large pinnate leaves coloring scarlet in autumn and also for the conspicuous panicles of deep red fruits remaining almost unchanged on the plants during the winter; they are well adapted for mass-planting on barren ground and dry hillsides. Also R. verniciflua, R. succedanea, and R. vernix have handsome large foliage, but are poisonous like R. Toxicodendron, and for this reason are not recommended for extensive planting. The deciduous native species are hardy North, and R. verniciflua, R. Potaninii, R. punjabensis var. sinica, R. javanica, R. tri- chocarpa, and R. sylvestris are hardy as far north as Massachusetts, while R. coriaria is tender, and the evergreen species can be grown only in warmer temperate regions. Most species grow well in dry and barren soil, only R. vernix is a swamp-loving plant. Many species, particularly R. Toxicodendron, R. glabra, R. typhina, and R. copallina. spread by suckers and may become a nui- sance in lawns and mixed plantations. Propagation is by seeds sown in autumn or stratified; all species grow readily from root-cuttings; some species, as R. canaden- sis, may be increased by layers or cuttings of mature wood.
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}}
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==Cultivation==
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<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Propagation===
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Sumacs propagate both by [[seed]] ([[Seed dispersal#Dispersal by animals|spread]] by [[bird]]s and other animals through their [[feces|droppings]]), and by new [[shoot]]s from [[rhizome]]s, forming large [[Clonal colony|clonal colonies]].
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===Pests and diseases===
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<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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==Species==
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[[Image:Rhus typhina.JPG|thumb|A young branch of [[staghorn sumac]]]]
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[[Image:Rhulan01.jpg|thumb|''Rhus lancea'' fruit]]
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[[Image:Sumac bob 3568.JPG|thumb|right|[[Staghorn sumac]] bob, Hamilton, Ontario]]
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[[Image:Rhus copallinum.jpg|thumb|Winged sumac leaves and flowers]]
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[[Image:Rhus malloryi 01.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Rhus malloryi]]'' fossil]]
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Selected species:
 
{|
 
{|
 
|- valign=top
 
|- valign=top
 
|
 
|
 
;Africa:
 
;Africa:
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*''[[Rhus acocksii]]'' Moffett
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*''[[Rhus acocksii]]'' <small>Moffett</small>
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*''[[Rhus albomarginata]]'' Sond.
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*''[[Rhus albomarginata]]'' <small>Sond.</small>
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*''[[Rhus angustifolia]]'' L.
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*''[[Rhus angustifolia]]'' <small>L.</small>
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*''[[Rhus batophylla]]'' Codd
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*''[[Rhus batophylla]]'' <small>Codd</small>
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*''[[Rhus baurii]]'' Schonl.
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*''[[Rhus baurii]]'' <small>Schönl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus bolusii]]'' Sond. ex Engl.
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*''[[Rhus bolusii]]'' <small>Sond. ex Engl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus burchellii]]'' Sond. ex Engl.
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*''[[Rhus burchellii]]'' <small>Sond. ex Engl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus carnosula]]'' Schonl
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*''[[Rhus carnosula]]'' <small>Schönl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus chirindensis]]'' Bak.f.
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*''[[Rhus chirindensis]]'' <small>Bakh.f.</small>
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*''[[Rhus ciliata]]'' Licht. ex Schult.
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*''[[Rhus ciliata]]'' <small>Licht. ex Schult.</small>
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*''[[Rhus crenata]]'' Thunb.
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*''[[Rhus crenata]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>
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*''[[Rhus cuneifolia]]'' L.
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*''[[Rhus cuneifolia]]'' <small>L.</small>
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*''[[Rhus dentata]]'' Thunb.
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*''[[Rhus dentata]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>
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*''[[Rhus discolor]]''E.Mey. ex Sond.
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*''[[Rhus discolor]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Sond.</small>
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*''[[Rhus dissecta]]'' Thunb.
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*''[[Rhus dissecta]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>
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*''[[Rhus divaricata]]'' Eckl. & Zeyh.
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*''[[Rhus divaricata]]'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small>
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*''[[Rhus dracomontana]]'' Moffett
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*''[[Rhus dracomontana]]'' <small>Moffett</small>
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*''[[Rhus dregeana]]'' Sond.
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*''[[Rhus dregeana]]'' <small>Sond.</small>
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*''[[Rhus dura]]'' Schonl.
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*''[[Rhus dura]]'' <small>Schönl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus engleri]]'' Britt.
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*''[[Rhus engleri]]'' <small>Britt.</small>
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*''[[Rhus erosa]]'' Thunb.
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*''[[Rhus erosa]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>
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*''[[Rhus fastigiata]]'' Eckl. & Zeyh.
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*''[[Rhus fastigiata]]'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small>
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*''[[Rhus gerrardii]]'' (Harv. ex Engl.) Diels.
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*''[[Rhus gerrardii]]'' <small>(Harv. ex Engl.) Diels.</small>
−
*''[[Rhus glauca]]'' Thunb.
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*''[[Rhus glauca]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>
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*''[[Rhus gracillima]]'' Engl.
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*''[[Rhus gracillima]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus grandidens]]'' Harv. ex Engl.
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*''[[Rhus grandidens]]'' <small>Harv. ex Engl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus gueinzii]]'' Sond.
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*''[[Rhus gueinzii]]'' <small>Sond.</small>
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*''[[Rhus harveyi]]'' Moffett
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*''[[Rhus harveyi]]'' <small>Moffett</small>
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*''[[Rhus horrida]]'' Eckl. & Zeyh.
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*''[[Rhus horrida]]'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small>
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*''[[Rhus incisa]]'' L.f.
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*''[[Rhus incisa]]'' <small>L.f.</small>
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*''[[Rhus kirkii]]'' Oliv.
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*''[[Rhus kirkii]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
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*''[[Rhus keetii]]'' Schönl.
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*''[[Rhus keetii]]'' <small>Schönl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus krebsiana]]'' Presl ex Engl.
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*''[[Rhus krebsiana]]'' <small>Presl ex Engl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus laevigata]]'' L.
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*''[[Rhus laevigata]]'' <small>L.</small>
−
*''[[Rhus lancea]]'' L.f.
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*''[[Rhus lancea]]'' <small>L.f.</small> ([[syn.]] ''Searsia lancea'')
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*''[[Rhus leptodictya]]'' Diels.
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*''[[Rhus leptodictya]]'' <small>Diels.</small>
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*''[[Rhus longispina]]'' Eckl. & Zeyh.
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*''[[Rhus loemnodia]]'' <small>Ruckt.</small>
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*''[[Rhus lucens]]'' Hutch.
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*''[[Rhus longispina]]'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small>
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*''[[Rhus lucida]]'' L.
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*''[[Rhus lucens]]'' <small>Hutch.</small>
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*''[[Rhus macowanii]]'' Schönl.
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*''[[Rhus lucida]]'' <small>L.</small>
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*''[[Rhus magalismontana]]'' Sond.
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*''[[Rhus macowanii]]'' <small>Schönl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus maricoana]]'' Moffett
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*''[[Rhus magalismontana]]'' <small>Sond.</small>
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*''[[Rhus marlothii]]'' Engl.
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*''[[Rhus maricoana]]'' <small>Moffett</small>
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*''[[Rhus microcarpa]]'' Schonl.
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*''[[Rhus marlothii]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus montana]]'' Diels
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*''[[Rhus microcarpa]]'' <small>Schönl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus natalensis]]'' Bernh. ex Krauss
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*''[[Rhus montana]]'' <small>Diels</small>
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*''[[Rhus nebulosa]]'' Schonl.
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*''[[Rhus natalensis]]'' <small>Bernh. ex Krauss</small>
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*''[[Rhus pallens]]'' Eckl. & Zeyh.
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*''[[Rhus nebulosa]]'' <small>Schönl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus pendulina]]'' Jacq.
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*''[[Rhus pallens]]'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small>
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*''[[Rhus pentheri]]'' Zahlbr.
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*''[[Rhus pendulina]]'' <small>Jacq.</small>
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*''[[Rhus pondoensis]]'' Schönl.
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*''[[Rhus pentheri]]'' <small>Zahlbr.</small>
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*''[[Rhus populifolia]]'' E.Mey. ex Sond.
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*''[[Rhus pondoensis]]'' <small>Schönl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus problematodes]]'' Merxm. & Roessl.
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*''[[Rhus populifolia]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Sond.</small>
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*''[[Rhus pterota]]'' Presl
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*''[[Rhus problematodes]]'' <small>Merxm. & Roessl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus pygmaea]]'' Moffett
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*''[[Rhus pterota]]'' <small>Presl</small>
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*''[[Rhus pyroides]]'' Burch.
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*''[[Rhus pygmaea]]'' <small>Moffett</small>
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*''[[Rhus quartiniana]]'' A. Rich.
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*''[[Rhus pyroides]]'' <small>Burch.</small>
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*''[[Rhus refracta]]'' Eckl. & Zeyh.
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*''[[Rhus quartiniana]]'' <small>A.Rich.</small>
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*''[[Rhus rehmanniana]]'' Engl.
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*''[[Rhus refracta]]'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small>
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*''[[Rhus rigida]]'' Mill.
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*''[[Rhus rehmanniana]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus rimosa]]'' Eckl. & Zeyh.
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*''[[Rhus rigida]]'' <small>Mill.</small>
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*''[[Rhus rogersii]]'' Schonl.
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*''[[Rhus rimosa]]'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small>
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*''[[Rhus rosmarinifolia]]'' Vahl
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*''[[Rhus rogersii]]'' <small>Schönl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus rudatisii]]'' Engl.
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*''[[Rhus rosmarinifolia]]'' <small>Vahl</small>
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*''[[Rhus scytophylla]]'' Eckl. & Zeyh.
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*''[[Rhus rudatisii]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus sekhukhuniensis]]'' Moffett
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*''[[Rhus scytophylla]]'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small>
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*''[[Rhus stenophylla]]'' Eckl. & Zeyh.
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*''[[Rhus sekhukhuniensis]]'' <small>Moffett</small>
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*''[[Rhus tenuinervis]]'' Engl.
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*''[[Rhus stenophylla]]'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh.</small>
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*''[[Rhus tomentosa]]'' L.
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*''[[Rhus tenuinervis]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
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*''[[Rhus transvaalensis]]'' Engl.
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*''[[Rhus tomentosa]]'' <small>L.</small>
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*''[[Rhus tridactyla]]'' Burch.
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*''[[Rhus transvaalensis]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
−
*''[[Rhus tumulicola]]'' S.Moore
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*''[[Rhus tridactyla]]'' <small>Burch.</small>
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*''[[Rhus undulata]]'' Jacq.
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*''[[Rhus tumulicola]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
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*''[[Rhus volkii]]'' Suesseng.
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*''[[Rhus undulata]]'' <small>Jacq.</small>
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*''[[Rhus wilmsii]]'' Diels.
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*''[[Rhus volkii]]'' <small>Suesseng.</small>
−
*''[[Rhus zeyheri]]'' Sond.
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*''[[Rhus wilmsii]]'' <small>Diels.</small>
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*''[[Rhus zeyheri]]'' <small>Sond.</small>
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*[[Rhus sp. nov. A|''Rhus'' sp. nov. A]] <small></small> ([[Yemen]]'s [[Socotra|Socotra Archipelago]])<ref>Miller, A. 2004.  [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/44736/all ''Rhus sp. nov. A''].  [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ]  Downloaded on [[23 August]] [[2007]].</ref>
 
|
 
|
 
;Asia:
 
;Asia:
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*''[[Rhus chinensis]]'' (Chinese Sumac)
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*''[[Rhus chinensis]]'' <small>[[Philip Miller|Mill.]]</small> - Chinese sumac
 
*''[[Rhus hypoleuca]]''
 
*''[[Rhus hypoleuca]]''
 
*''[[Rhus javanica]]''
 
*''[[Rhus javanica]]''
−
*''[[Rhus punjabensis]]'' (Punjab Sumac)
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*''[[Rhus punjabensis]]'' <small></small> - Punjab sumac
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*''Rhus verniciflua'': see ''[[Lacquer Tree|Toxicodendron vernicifluum]]''
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*''Rhus verniciflua'' ([[syn.]] ''[[Toxicodendron vernicifluum]]'', lacquer tree)
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*''Rhus succedanea''
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*''Rhus succedanea'' (syn. ''[[Toxicodendron succedaneum]]'')
  
 
;Australia, Pacific:
 
;Australia, Pacific:
−
*''[[Rhus taitensis]]'' Guillemin
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*''[[Rhus taitensis]]'' <small>[[Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemin|Guill.]]</small> (Northeast [[Australia]], [[Malesia]], [[Micronesia]], [[French Polynesia]])
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* ''[[Rhus sandwicensis]]'' <small>[[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small> - ''Neneleau'' ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])<ref name="CFTH">{{cite paper |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Rhus_sandwicensis.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |title=Neneleau, Hawaiian sumac |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |coauthors=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref>
  
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;Mediterranean region:
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;Mediterranean Basin:
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*''[[Rhus coriaria]]'' (Tanner's Sumac)
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*''[[Rhus coriaria]]'' <small></small> - Tanner's sumac
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*''[[Rhus pentaphylla]]''
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*''[[Rhus pentaphylla]]'' <small></small>
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*''[[Rhus tripartita]]''
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*''[[Rhus tripartita]]'' <small></small>
  
 
;Eastern North America:
 
;Eastern North America:
−
*''[[Rhus aromatica]]'' (Fragrant Sumac)
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*''[[Rhus aromatica]]'' <small></small> - Fragrant sumac
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*''[[Rhus copallina]]'' (Winged Sumac or Shining Sumac)
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*''[[Rhus copallina]]'' <small></small> - Winged or shining sumac
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*''[[Rhus glabra]]'' (Smooth Sumac)
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*''[[Rhus glabra]]'' <small></small> - Smooth sumac
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*''[[Rhus lanceolata]]'' (Prairie Sumac)
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*''[[Rhus lanceolata]]'' <small></small> - Prairie sumac
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*''[[Rhus michauxii]]'' (Michaux's Sumac)
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*''[[Rhus michauxii]]'' <small></small> - Michaux's sumac
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*''[[Rhus typhina]]'' (Staghorn Sumac)
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*''[[Rhus typhina]]'' <small></small> - Staghorn sumac
−
*''Rhus toxicodendron'': see ''[[Poison ivy|Toxicodendron radicans]]''
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*''Rhus toxicodendron'' <small></small> ([[syn.]] ''Toxicodendron radicans'', [[poison ivy]])
−
*''Rhus vernix'': see ''[[Poison Sumac|Toxicodendron vernix]]''
+
*''Rhus vernix'' (syn. ''Toxicodendron vernix'', [[poison sumac]])
  
 
;Western North America:
 
;Western North America:
−
*''[[Rhus choriophylla]]'' (Mearns Sumac), Arizona, New Mexico
+
*''[[Rhus choriophylla]]'' <small></small> - Mearn's sumac (Arizona, [[New Mexico]])
−
*''[[Rhus laurina]]'' (Laurel Sumac). Now considered to be ''[[Malosma laurina]]''.<ref>Integrated Taxonomic Information Service. "[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28786 ''Rhus laurina'']."</ref>
+
*''Rhus laurina'' <small></small> ([[syn.]] ''[[Malosma|Malosma laurina]]'') - Laurel sumac
−
*''[[Rhus integrifolia]]'' (Lemonade Sumac)
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*''[[Rhus integrifolia]]'' <small></small> - Lemonade sumac
−
*''[[Rhus microphylla]]'' (Desert Sumac, Littleleaf sumac)
+
*''[[Rhus glabra]]'' <small></small> - Smooth sumac
−
*''[[Rhus ovata]]'' (Sugar Sumac)
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*†''[[Rhus malloryi]]'' <small>[[Jack A. Wolfe|Wolfe]] & [[Wesley C. Wehr|Wehr]], 1987</small> [[Eocene]]
−
*''[[Rhus trilobata]]'' (Skunkbush Sumac)
+
*''[[Rhus microphylla]]'' <small></small> - Desert sumac, littleleaf sumac
−
*''[[Rhus virens]]'' (Evergreen Sumac)
+
*''[[Rhus ovata]]'' <small></small> - Sugar sumac
 +
*''[[Rhus trilobata]]'' <small>[[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]</small> - Skunkbush sumac
 +
*''[[Rhus virens]]'' <small></small> - evergreen sumac
  
 
;Mexico and Central America:
 
;Mexico and Central America:
−
*''[[Rhus muelleri]]'' (Müller's Sumac; northeast Mexico)
+
*''[[Rhus muelleri]]'' <small></small> - Müller's sumac (northeast Mexico)
−
 
 
−
;Pacific Ocean:
 
−
* ''[[Rhus sandwicensis]]'' A. Gray (Neleau; [[Hawaii]], endemic).
 
−
[[image:Rhulan01.jpg|thumb|''Rhus lancea'' fruit]]
 
−
[[Image:Sumac bob 3568.JPG|thumb|right|Staghorn sumac bob, Hamilton, Ontario]]
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
==Cultivation and uses==
+
{{Inc|
−
The drupes of the Genus Rhus are harvested, the hairy coating removed and then ground to be used as a [[spice]] (a deep red powder with a sour taste) in some Middle Eastern countries, particularly with salads. In North America, the smooth sumac, ''Rhus glabra'', and the staghorn sumac, ''Rhus typhina'', are sometimes used to make a beverage, termed "sumac-ade" or "Indian lemonade" or "rhus juice". This drink is made by soaking the drupes in cool water, rubbing the active principle off the drupes, then straining the liquid through a cotton cloth and sweetening it. Native Americans also used the leaves and berries of the smooth and staghorn sumacs combined with [[tobacco]] in traditional smoking mixtures.
+
aromatica,     8.laevigata,    5.radicans,      10.
 +
canadensis,    8.lanceolata,  18.roxburghii,    17.
 +
copallina,    18.laurina,      3.semialata,    17.
 +
coriaria,      16.lucida,      6.sinica,    14, 15.
 +
dissecta,      20.michauxii,  19.succedanea,    13.
 +
diversiloba,    9.mollis,       4.toxicodendron, 10.
 +
filicina,     20.osbeckii,    17.trilobata,      7.
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glabra,       21.ovata,       2.typhina,       20.
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hirta,        20.potaninii,  14.venenata,      11.
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integrifolia,  1.pumila,      19.vernicifera,  12.
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javanica,      17.punjabensis, 15.verniciflus,   12.
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laciniata, 20, 21.quercifolia, 10.vernix,    11, 12.
  
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Species including the fragrant sumac ''Rhus aromatica'', the littleleaf sumac, ''R. microphylla'', the skunkbush sumac, ''R. trilobata'', the smooth sumac, and the staghorn sumac are grown for ornament, either as the wild type or as [[cultivar]]s.
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R. cotinoides, Nutt.~Cotinus americana.—R. Cotinus, Linn.~Cotinus Coggygria.—R. Delavayi, Franch. Allied to R. succedanea. Glabrous shrub: lfts. 5-7, elliptic, 1-2 in. long, light green beneath: infl. 2-3 1/2 in. long. W. China. Var. quinquejuga, Rehd. & Wilson. Lfts. 5-11. slightly pubescent while young. W. China.—, hybrida, Rehd. Hybrid between R. glabra and R. typhina, found occasionally among the parents: young branchlcts sparingly or densely pubescent: lfts. on the veins beneath slightly pubescent: hairs of the fr. exactly intermediate in length between those of the parents. —R. orienitalis, Schneid. (R. Toxicodendron var. hispida, Engl. ), Allied to R.Toxicodendron. Climbing: young branchlets hairy: lfts. dull green above, entire: fr. pilose. Japan. China.—R. rhodanthema, F. Muell.~Rhodosphaera rhodanthema.—R. sylvestris, Sieb. & Zucc. Allied to R. succedanea. Shrub or tree, to 30 ft.: young branchlets, rachis, and lfts. beneath pubescent. Japan, China.—R. tomentosa. Linn. Allied to R. laevigata. Shrub or small tree: lfts. 3, oblong, entire or crenate-dentate, tomentose beneath, 1 1/2-3 in. long. S. Afr.—R. trichocarpa, Miq. Allied to R. verniciflua. Shrub or small tree: petiole and lfts. beneath pubescent; lfts. usually smaller: panicle shorter and denser: fr. pilose. Japan, China.
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}}
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The leaves of certain sumacs yield [[tannin]] (mostly pyrogallol), a substance used in vegetable tanning. [[Leather]] tanned with sumac is flexible, light in weight, and light in color, even bordering on being white.
 
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Dried sumac wood glows under UV lighting (blacklight) {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
 
  
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Mowing of sumac is not a good control measure as the wood is springy resulting in jagged, sharp pointed stumps when mowed. The plant will quickly recover with new growth after mowing. See [http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/range/g1319.htm Nebraska Extension Service publication G97-1319] for suggestions as to control.
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
  
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==See also==
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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*Red [[za'atar]]
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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<references/>
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{{refbegin}}
 +
{{Reflist|2}}
 +
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10433 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Rhus'']
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*{{wplink}}
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;Southern African species
 
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*RO Moffett. ''A Revision of Southern African Rhus species''  FSA (Flora of South Africa) vol 19 (3) Fascicle 1.
 
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*Schmidt, E., Lotter, M., & McCleland, W. (2002). ''Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park''. Jacana. ISBN 1-919777-30-X.
 
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*[[List of Southern African indigenous trees]]
 
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*[http://landscaping.about.com/cs/landscapecolor/a/sumac.htm Sumac Shrubs]
 
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{{Herbs & spices}}
 
  
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[[Category:Sapindales]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Spices]]
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__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 16:34, 15 December 2009


Rhus copallinum


Plant Characteristics
Poisonous: ☠ Some species
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Anacardiaceae >

Rhus >


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Sumac is any one of approximately 250 species of flowering plants in the genus Rhus and related genera, in the family Anacardiaceae.

Sumacs grow in subtropical and temperate regions throughout the world, especially in North America.[1][2]

Sumacs are shrubs and small trees that can reach a height of 1 - 10 m. The leaves are spirally arranged; they are usually pinnately compound, though some species have trifoliate or simple leaves. The flowers are in dense panicles or spikes 5 - 30 cm long, each flower very small, greenish, creamy white or red, with five petals. The fruits form dense clusters of reddish drupes called sumac bobs. The dried drupes of some species are ground to produce a tangy purple spice.

Species including the fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica), the littleleaf sumac (R. microphylla), the skunkbush sumac (R. trilobata), the smooth sumac and the staghorn sumac are grown for ornament, either as the wild types or as cultivars.


Read about Sumac in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Rhus (ancient Greek name). Anacardiaceae. Sumac. Ornamental woody plants, grown chiefly for their handsome foliage, often assuming brilliant autumnal colors, and some species also for their showy fruiting panicles. See also Cotinus.

Deciduous or evergreen shrubs, sometimes climbing by aerial rootlets, or trees, with milky or resinous juice: lvs. alternate, without stipules, simple, 3-foliolate or odd-pinnate: fls. dioecious or polygamous, small, in axillary or terminal panicles; calyx 5-parted; petals 5, imbricate; stamens 5, inserted below a broad disk; ovary superior, with 3 styles: fr. a small 1-seeded dry drupe, smooth or hairy.—About 150 species in the temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Foliage and bark of most species are rich in tannin and are used for tanning leather, particularly the lvs. of B. coriaria in S. Eu. From R. verniciflua lacquer is obtained in China and Japan, used in the manufacture of lacquer-ware; R. succedanea yields a vegetable wax, used for candles in Japan, and also exported for various purposes. R. laevigata and some other S. African species are valued for their timber.

The sumacs are shrubs or trees with handsome simple or usually compound foliage assuming in most deciduous species brilliant autumnal colors, and with small comparatively inconspicuous flowers in usually large panicles, followed by small fruits which are deep red and showy in many species. The only species with rather showy flowers of creamy white color appearing in late summer is R. javanica, while R. typhina, R. glabra, and R. copallina are chiefly valued for their large pinnate leaves coloring scarlet in autumn and also for the conspicuous panicles of deep red fruits remaining almost unchanged on the plants during the winter; they are well adapted for mass-planting on barren ground and dry hillsides. Also R. verniciflua, R. succedanea, and R. vernix have handsome large foliage, but are poisonous like R. Toxicodendron, and for this reason are not recommended for extensive planting. The deciduous native species are hardy North, and R. verniciflua, R. Potaninii, R. punjabensis var. sinica, R. javanica, R. tri- chocarpa, and R. sylvestris are hardy as far north as Massachusetts, while R. coriaria is tender, and the evergreen species can be grown only in warmer temperate regions. Most species grow well in dry and barren soil, only R. vernix is a swamp-loving plant. Many species, particularly R. Toxicodendron, R. glabra, R. typhina, and R. copallina. spread by suckers and may become a nui- sance in lawns and mixed plantations. Propagation is by seeds sown in autumn or stratified; all species grow readily from root-cuttings; some species, as R. canaden- sis, may be increased by layers or cuttings of mature wood.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Sumacs propagate both by seed (spread by birds and other animals through their droppings), and by new shoots from rhizomes, forming large clonal colonies.

Pests and diseases

Species

A young branch of staghorn sumac
Rhus lancea fruit
Staghorn sumac bob, Hamilton, Ontario
Winged sumac leaves and flowers
Rhus malloryi fossil

Selected species:

Africa
Asia
Australia, Pacific
Mediterranean Basin
Eastern North America
Western North America
Mexico and Central America


Read about Sumac in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

aromatica, 8.laevigata, 5.radicans, 10. canadensis, 8.lanceolata, 18.roxburghii, 17. copallina, 18.laurina, 3.semialata, 17. coriaria, 16.lucida, 6.sinica, 14, 15. dissecta, 20.michauxii, 19.succedanea, 13. diversiloba, 9.mollis, 4.toxicodendron, 10. filicina, 20.osbeckii, 17.trilobata, 7. glabra, 21.ovata, 2.typhina, 20. hirta, 20.potaninii, 14.venenata, 11. integrifolia, 1.pumila, 19.vernicifera, 12. javanica, 17.punjabensis, 15.verniciflus, 12. laciniata, 20, 21.quercifolia, 10.vernix, 11, 12.

R. cotinoides, Nutt.~Cotinus americana.—R. Cotinus, Linn.~Cotinus Coggygria.—R. Delavayi, Franch. Allied to R. succedanea. Glabrous shrub: lfts. 5-7, elliptic, 1-2 in. long, light green beneath: infl. 2-3 1/2 in. long. W. China. Var. quinquejuga, Rehd. & Wilson. Lfts. 5-11. slightly pubescent while young. W. China.—, hybrida, Rehd. Hybrid between R. glabra and R. typhina, found occasionally among the parents: young branchlcts sparingly or densely pubescent: lfts. on the veins beneath slightly pubescent: hairs of the fr. exactly intermediate in length between those of the parents. —R. orienitalis, Schneid. (R. Toxicodendron var. hispida, Engl. ), Allied to R.Toxicodendron. Climbing: young branchlets hairy: lfts. dull green above, entire: fr. pilose. Japan. China.—R. rhodanthema, F. Muell.~Rhodosphaera rhodanthema.—R. sylvestris, Sieb. & Zucc. Allied to R. succedanea. Shrub or tree, to 30 ft.: young branchlets, rachis, and lfts. beneath pubescent. Japan, China.—R. tomentosa. Linn. Allied to R. laevigata. Shrub or small tree: lfts. 3, oblong, entire or crenate-dentate, tomentose beneath, 1 1/2-3 in. long. S. Afr.—R. trichocarpa, Miq. Allied to R. verniciflua. Shrub or small tree: petiole and lfts. beneath pubescent; lfts. usually smaller: panicle shorter and denser: fr. pilose. Japan, China.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

Template:Refbegin

  1. ↑ 12. Rhus Linnaeus, Flora of China
  2. ↑ Rhus L., USDA PLANTS
  3. ↑ Miller, A. 2004. Rhus sp. nov. A. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 23 August 2007.
  4. ↑ Template:Cite paper

External links


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