Difference between revisions of "Fir"
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[[Image:Abies_Orjen_foliage.jpg|thumb|right|''Abies alba'' foliage from Dinaric calcareous fir forests on Mt. Orjen]] | [[Image:Abies_Orjen_foliage.jpg|thumb|right|''Abies alba'' foliage from Dinaric calcareous fir forests on Mt. Orjen]] | ||
| − | '''Firs''' (''Abies'') are a genus of between 45-55 species of [[evergreen]] [[Pinophyta|conifers]] in the family [[Pinaceae]]. All are [[tree]]s, | + | '''Firs''' (''Abies'') are a genus of between 45-55 species of [[evergreen]] [[Pinophyta|conifers]] in the family [[Pinaceae]]. All are [[tree]]s, and reach heights of 10-80 m (30-260 ft) tall with trunk diameters of 0.5-4 m (2-12 ft) when mature. Firs can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by their needle-like [[leaf|leaves]], attached to the twig by a base that resembles a small suction cup; and by erect, cylindrical [[Conifer cone|cones]] 5-25 cm (2-10 in) long that shatter at maturity to release the winged [[seed]]s. |
[[Douglas-fir]]s are not true firs, being of the genus ''[[Pseudotsuga]]''. | [[Douglas-fir]]s are not true firs, being of the genus ''[[Pseudotsuga]]''. | ||
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* '''Section ''Balsamea''''' (Taiga|boreal Asia and North America, and high mountains further south) | * '''Section ''Balsamea''''' (Taiga|boreal Asia and North America, and high mountains further south) | ||
**''[[Fraser Fir|Abies fraseri]]'' - Fraser Fir | **''[[Fraser Fir|Abies fraseri]]'' - Fraser Fir | ||
| − | **''[[Balsam Fir|Abies balsamea]]'' - Balsam Fir | + | **''[[Balsam Fir|Abies balsamea]]'' - Balsam Fir, [[Sunset zones]] 3-7, 15-17, 36-38, 42-44. Native of NE US. Pyramidal tree up to 50ft tall with dark green needles. Doesn't thrive in hot-summer climates. Has legendary fragrance, making it popular for wreaths and Christmas trees. 'Nana' is a dwarf variety good in rock gardens and containers. |
***''Abies balsamea'' var. ''phanerolepis'' - Bracted Balsam Fir | ***''Abies balsamea'' var. ''phanerolepis'' - Bracted Balsam Fir | ||
**''[[Subalpine Fir|Abies bifolia]]'' - Rocky Mountains Subalpine Fir | **''[[Subalpine Fir|Abies bifolia]]'' - Rocky Mountains Subalpine Fir | ||
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**''[[Grand Fir|Abies grandis]]'' - Grand Fir or Giant Fir | **''[[Grand Fir|Abies grandis]]'' - Grand Fir or Giant Fir | ||
***''Abies grandis'' var. ''idahoensis'' - Interior Grand Fir or Giant Fir | ***''Abies grandis'' var. ''idahoensis'' - Interior Grand Fir or Giant Fir | ||
| − | **''[[White Fir|Abies concolor]]'' - White Fir | + | **''[[White Fir|Abies concolor]]'' - White Fir, Sunset zones 1-9, 14-24, 34-37, 39, 41. Native to mountains of the West and Southwest, but can do well in Northwest and humid-summer parts of North and Northeast. Also does well in lower Midwest and in some lower-elevation parts of interior West. Reaches 50-70 feet in gardens. Bluish-green needles which are 1-2 inches long. 'Candicans' is bluish white. |
***''Abies concolor'' subsp. ''lowiana'' - Low's White Fir | ***''Abies concolor'' subsp. ''lowiana'' - Low's White Fir | ||
**''[[Durango Fir|Abies durangensis]]'' - Durango Fir | **''[[Durango Fir|Abies durangensis]]'' - Durango Fir | ||
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**''[[Min Fir|Abies recurvata]]'' - Min Fir | **''[[Min Fir|Abies recurvata]]'' - Min Fir | ||
***''Abies recurvata'' var. ''ernestii'' - Min Fir | ***''Abies recurvata'' var. ''ernestii'' - Min Fir | ||
| − | **''[[Momi Fir|Abies firma]]'' - Momi Fir | + | **''[[Momi Fir|Abies firma]]'' - Momi Fir, Japanese Fir. Sunset zones 4-6, 17, 32, 34. Native to Japan. Broadly pyramidal, reaches 40-50 feet, branches are slightly above horizontal. Dark green needles are lighter underneath. Tolerates hot, moist climates. |
**''[[Baishanzu Fir|Abies beshanzuensis]]'' - Baishanzu Fir | **''[[Baishanzu Fir|Abies beshanzuensis]]'' - Baishanzu Fir | ||
**''[[Manchurian Fir|Abies holophylla]]'' - Manchurian Fir | **''[[Manchurian Fir|Abies holophylla]]'' - Manchurian Fir | ||
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==Propagation== | ==Propagation== | ||
| + | Cylindrical [[Conifer cone|cones]] 5-25 cm (2-10 in) long shatter at maturity to release the winged [[seed]]s, leaving a spiky stalk. | ||
==Pests and diseases== | ==Pests and diseases== | ||
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==Uses== | ==Uses== | ||
The [[wood]] of most firs is considered unsuitable for general timber use, and is often used as pulp or for the manufacture of [[plywood]] and rough timber. [[Nordmann Fir]], [[Noble Fir]], [[Fraser Fir]] and [[Balsam Fir]] are very popular [[Christmas tree]]s, generally considered to be the best trees for this purpose, with aromatic foliage that does not shed many needles on drying out. Many are also very decorative garden trees, notably [[Korean Fir]] and Fraser Fir, which produce brightly coloured cones even when very young, still only 1-2 m (3-6 ft) tall. | The [[wood]] of most firs is considered unsuitable for general timber use, and is often used as pulp or for the manufacture of [[plywood]] and rough timber. [[Nordmann Fir]], [[Noble Fir]], [[Fraser Fir]] and [[Balsam Fir]] are very popular [[Christmas tree]]s, generally considered to be the best trees for this purpose, with aromatic foliage that does not shed many needles on drying out. Many are also very decorative garden trees, notably [[Korean Fir]] and Fraser Fir, which produce brightly coloured cones even when very young, still only 1-2 m (3-6 ft) tall. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Small specimens are good for container or [[bonsai]] plants. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Birds are attracted by fir seeds. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | They are most closely related to the [[cedar]]s (''Cedrus''). | + | They are most closely related to the [[cedar]]s (''Cedrus''). Identification of the species is based on the size and arrangement of the leaves, the size and shape of the cones, and whether the bract scales of the cones are long and exserted, or short and hidden inside the cone. |
| − | [[Douglas-fir]]s are not true firs, being of the genus ''[[Pseudotsuga]]''. | + | Firs are sometimes confused with Spruce due to similar appearance, but firs cones grow up instead of down, and they have softer needles that fall directly from the stems, while those of the spruce leave short pegs behind when the needles fall. [[Douglas-fir]]s are not true firs, being of the genus ''[[Pseudotsuga]]''. |
==Distribution and habitat== | ==Distribution and habitat== | ||
Revision as of 21:13, 2 September 2008
| Abies - firs | ||||||||||||
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 Korean Fir (Abies koreana) cone and foliage | ||||||||||||
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Firs (Abies) are a genus of between 45-55 species of evergreen conifers in the family Pinaceae. All are trees, and reach heights of 10-80 m (30-260 ft) tall with trunk diameters of 0.5-4 m (2-12 ft) when mature. Firs can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by their needle-like leaves, attached to the twig by a base that resembles a small suction cup; and by erect, cylindrical cones 5-25 cm (2-10 in) long that shatter at maturity to release the winged seeds.
Douglas-firs are not true firs, being of the genus Pseudotsuga.
Species
- Section Balsamea (Taiga|boreal Asia and North America, and high mountains further south)
- Abies fraseri - Fraser Fir
- Abies balsamea - Balsam Fir, Sunset zones 3-7, 15-17, 36-38, 42-44. Native of NE US. Pyramidal tree up to 50ft tall with dark green needles. Doesn't thrive in hot-summer climates. Has legendary fragrance, making it popular for wreaths and Christmas trees. 'Nana' is a dwarf variety good in rock gardens and containers.
- Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis - Bracted Balsam Fir
- Abies bifolia - Rocky Mountains Subalpine Fir
- Abies lasiocarpa - Coast Range Subalpine Fir
- Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica - Corkbark Fir
- Abies sibirica - Siberian Fir
- Abies sachalinensis - Sakhalin Fir
- Abies koreana - Korean Fir
- Abies nephrolepis - Khinghan Fir
- Abies veitchii - Veitch's Fir
- Abies veitchii var. sikokiana - Shikoku Fir
- Section Grandis (western North America to Mexico and Guatemala, lowlands in north, moderate altitudes in south)
- Abies grandis - Grand Fir or Giant Fir
- Abies grandis var. idahoensis - Interior Grand Fir or Giant Fir
- Abies concolor - White Fir, Sunset zones 1-9, 14-24, 34-37, 39, 41. Native to mountains of the West and Southwest, but can do well in Northwest and humid-summer parts of North and Northeast. Also does well in lower Midwest and in some lower-elevation parts of interior West. Reaches 50-70 feet in gardens. Bluish-green needles which are 1-2 inches long. 'Candicans' is bluish white.
- Abies concolor subsp. lowiana - Low's White Fir
- Abies durangensis - Durango Fir
- Abies durangensis var. coahuilensis - Coahuila Fir
- Abies flinckii - Jalisco Fir
- Abies guatemalensis - Guatemalan Fir
- Abies grandis - Grand Fir or Giant Fir
- Section Abies (central, south & east Europe, Asia Minor)
- Abies nebrodensis - Sicilian Fir
- Abies alba - Silver Fir
- Abies borisii-regis - Bulgarian Fir
- Abies cephalonica - Greek Fir
- Abies nordmanniana - Nordmann Fir or Caucasian Fir
- Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani - Turkish Fir
- Abies cilicica - Cilician Fir
- Section Piceaster (southern Spain, northwest Africa)
- Spanish Fir
- Abies pinsapo var. marocana - Moroccan Fir
- Abies numidica - Algerian Fir
- Section Momi (east & central Asia, Himalaya, generally at low to moderate altitudes)
- Abies kawakamii - Taiwan Fir
- Abies homolepis - Nikko Fir
- Abies recurvata - Min Fir
- Abies recurvata var. ernestii - Min Fir
- Abies firma - Momi Fir, Japanese Fir. Sunset zones 4-6, 17, 32, 34. Native to Japan. Broadly pyramidal, reaches 40-50 feet, branches are slightly above horizontal. Dark green needles are lighter underneath. Tolerates hot, moist climates.
- Abies beshanzuensis - Baishanzu Fir
- Abies holophylla - Manchurian Fir
- Abies chensiensis - Shensi Fir
- Abies chensiensis subsp. salouenensis - Salween Fir
- Abies pindrow - Pindrow Fir
- Abies ziyuanensis - Ziyuan Fir
- Section Amabilis (Pacific coast mountains, North America and Japan, in high rainfall mountains)
- Abies amabilis - Pacific Silver Fir
- Abies mariesii - Maries' Fir
- Section Pseudopicea (Sino-Himalayan mountains, at high altitude)
- Abies delavayi - Delavay's Fir
- Abies fabri - Faber's Fir
- Abies forrestii - Forrest's Fir
- Abies chengii - Cheng's Fir
- Abies densa - Bhutan Fir
- Abies spectabilis - East Himalayan Fir
- Abies fargesii - Farges' Fir
- Abies fanjingshanensis - Fanjingshan Fir
- Abies yuanbaoshanensis - Yuanbaoshan Fir
- Abies squamata - Flaky Fir
- Section Oiamel (Mexico, high altitudes in mountains)
- Abies religiosa - Sacred Fir
- Abies vejarii - Vejar's Fir
- Abies vejarii var. mexicana - Mexican Fir
- Abies hickelii - Hickel's Fir
- Abies hickelii var. oaxacana - Oaxaca Fir
- Section Nobilis (western USA, high altitudes)
- Abies procera - Noble Fir
- Abies magnifica - Red Fir
- Abies magnifica var. shastensis - Shasta Red Fir
- Section Bracteata (California coast)
- Abies bracteata - Bristlecone Fir
Cultivation
Propagation
Cylindrical cones 5-25 cm (2-10 in) long shatter at maturity to release the winged seeds, leaving a spiky stalk.
Pests and diseases
Firs are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Chionodes abella (recorded on White Fir), Autumnal Moth, Conifer Swift (a pest of Balsam Fir), The Engrailed, Grey Pug, Mottled Umber and Pine Beauty.
Uses
The wood of most firs is considered unsuitable for general timber use, and is often used as pulp or for the manufacture of plywood and rough timber. Nordmann Fir, Noble Fir, Fraser Fir and Balsam Fir are very popular Christmas trees, generally considered to be the best trees for this purpose, with aromatic foliage that does not shed many needles on drying out. Many are also very decorative garden trees, notably Korean Fir and Fraser Fir, which produce brightly coloured cones even when very young, still only 1-2 m (3-6 ft) tall.
Small specimens are good for container or bonsai plants.
Birds are attracted by fir seeds.
History
Taxonomy
They are most closely related to the cedars (Cedrus). Identification of the species is based on the size and arrangement of the leaves, the size and shape of the cones, and whether the bract scales of the cones are long and exserted, or short and hidden inside the cone.
Firs are sometimes confused with Spruce due to similar appearance, but firs cones grow up instead of down, and they have softer needles that fall directly from the stems, while those of the spruce leave short pegs behind when the needles fall. Douglas-firs are not true firs, being of the genus Pseudotsuga.
Distribution and habitat
Firs are found through much of North and Central America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa, occurring in mountains over most of the range.
References
- Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881926248
- American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432
- Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608
