Difference between revisions of "Grapefruit"

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==Drug interactions==
 
==Drug interactions==
 
Grapefruit can have a [[List of drugs affected by grapefruit|number of interactions]] with [[drugs]], often increasing the effective potency of compounds.  Grapefruit contains [[naringin]], [[bergamottin]] and [[dihydroxybergamottin]], which inhibit the [[cytochrome P450]] [[isoform]] [[CYP3A4]] in the intestine. It is via inhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of [[buspirone]] (Buspar), [[carbamazepine]], [[caffeine]], several [[statin]] drugs (such as [[simvastatin]]), [[terfenadine]], [[felodipine]], [[nifedipine]], [[verapamil]], [[estradiol]], [[tacrolimus]], [[dextromethorphan]] (significant only at [[Non-medical use of dextromethorphan|recreational doses]]), [[benzodiazepines]], and [[ciclosporin]].<ref name="GSE_Drug_Effect">He K; Iyer KR; Hayes RN; Sinz MW; Woolf TF; Hollenberg PF. Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice. ''Chem Res Toxicol.'' 1998 Apr;'''11'''(4):252-9. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9548795&dopt=Abstract Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bailey_DG1998">Bailey DG, Malcolm J, Arnold O, Spence JD. Grapefruit juice-drug interactions. Br J ''Clin Pharmacol.'' 1998 Aug;'''46'''(2):101-10. Comment in: Br J ''Clin Pharmacol.'' 2001 Aug;'''52'''(2):216-7. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9723817 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Carbamazepine">Garg SK, Kumar N, Bhargava VK, Prabhakar SK. Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy. ''Clin Pharmacol Ther.'' 1998 Sep;'''64'''(3):286-8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9757152 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bailey_DG2004">Bailey DG, Dresser GK. Interactions between grapefruit juice and cardiovascular drugs. ''Am J Cardiovasc Drugs.'' 2004;'''4'''(5):281-97. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15449971 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bressler_R">Bressler R. Grapefruit juice and drug interactions. Exploring mechanisms of this interaction and potential toxicity for certain drugs. ''Geriatrics.'' 2006 Nov;'''61'''(11):12-8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17112309 Abstract]</ref> The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989. However, the effect became well-publicized after being responsible for a number of deaths due to overdosing on medication.<ref name="NYTimes">Bakalar, Nicholas. Experts Reveal the Secret Powers of Grapefruit Juice. ''New York Times.'' Published: March 21, 2006. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/21/health/21grap.html?ex=1300597200&en=61e834f36b9afac9&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Article]</ref>
 
Grapefruit can have a [[List of drugs affected by grapefruit|number of interactions]] with [[drugs]], often increasing the effective potency of compounds.  Grapefruit contains [[naringin]], [[bergamottin]] and [[dihydroxybergamottin]], which inhibit the [[cytochrome P450]] [[isoform]] [[CYP3A4]] in the intestine. It is via inhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of [[buspirone]] (Buspar), [[carbamazepine]], [[caffeine]], several [[statin]] drugs (such as [[simvastatin]]), [[terfenadine]], [[felodipine]], [[nifedipine]], [[verapamil]], [[estradiol]], [[tacrolimus]], [[dextromethorphan]] (significant only at [[Non-medical use of dextromethorphan|recreational doses]]), [[benzodiazepines]], and [[ciclosporin]].<ref name="GSE_Drug_Effect">He K; Iyer KR; Hayes RN; Sinz MW; Woolf TF; Hollenberg PF. Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice. ''Chem Res Toxicol.'' 1998 Apr;'''11'''(4):252-9. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9548795&dopt=Abstract Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bailey_DG1998">Bailey DG, Malcolm J, Arnold O, Spence JD. Grapefruit juice-drug interactions. Br J ''Clin Pharmacol.'' 1998 Aug;'''46'''(2):101-10. Comment in: Br J ''Clin Pharmacol.'' 2001 Aug;'''52'''(2):216-7. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9723817 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Carbamazepine">Garg SK, Kumar N, Bhargava VK, Prabhakar SK. Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy. ''Clin Pharmacol Ther.'' 1998 Sep;'''64'''(3):286-8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9757152 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bailey_DG2004">Bailey DG, Dresser GK. Interactions between grapefruit juice and cardiovascular drugs. ''Am J Cardiovasc Drugs.'' 2004;'''4'''(5):281-97. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15449971 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bressler_R">Bressler R. Grapefruit juice and drug interactions. Exploring mechanisms of this interaction and potential toxicity for certain drugs. ''Geriatrics.'' 2006 Nov;'''61'''(11):12-8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17112309 Abstract]</ref> The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989. However, the effect became well-publicized after being responsible for a number of deaths due to overdosing on medication.<ref name="NYTimes">Bakalar, Nicholas. Experts Reveal the Secret Powers of Grapefruit Juice. ''New York Times.'' Published: March 21, 2006. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/21/health/21grap.html?ex=1300597200&en=61e834f36b9afac9&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Article]</ref>
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heya bitches
 
  
 
==Health benefits==
 
==Health benefits==

Revision as of 03:38, 3 June 2010

Grapefruit
A basket of grapefruit
A basket of grapefruit
Plant Info
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Sublass: Rosidae
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species: C. paradisi

Binomial name
Citrus paradisi
Macfad.

The grapefruit is a sub-tropical citrus tree grown for its fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados.[1]

These evergreen trees are usually found at around 5-6 m tall, although they can reach 13-15 m. The leaves are dark green, long (up to 150 mm) and thin. It produces 5 cm white four-petalled flowers. The fruit is yellow-skinned, largely oblate and ranges in diameter from 10-15 cm and has an acidic yellow segmented pulp. The numerous cultivars include the white grapefruit and the red, of which the 1929 US Ruby Red (of the Redblush variety) has a patent. The fruit has only become popular from the late 19th century; before that it was only grown as an ornamental plant. The US quickly became a major producer of the fruit, with orchards in Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California. In Spanish, the fruit is known as toronja or pomelo.

History

The fruit was first documented in 1750 by Rev. Griffith Hughes describing specimens from Barbados.[2] Currently, the grapefruit is said to be one of the "Seven Wonders of Barbados".[3] It had developed as a hybrid of the pomelo (Citrus maxima) with the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), though it is closer to the former. It was brought to Florida by Odette Philippe in 1823. Further crosses have produced the tangelo (1905), the minneola (1931) and the sweetie (1984).

The grapefruit was known as the shaddock or shattuck until the 1800s. Its current name alludes to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to grapes. Botanically, it was not distinguished from the pomelo until the 1830s, when it was given the name Citrus paradisi. Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s. This led to the official name being altered to Citrus × paradisi.[4][5][6]

Colors and flavors

Grapefruit comes in many varieties, determinable by color, which is caused by the pigmentation of the fruit in respect of both its state of ripeness and genetic bent.[7]

The most popular varieties cultivated today are red, white, and pink hues. The family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat bitter to sweet and tart.[7]

Para-1-menthene-8-thiol, a sulfur-containing terpene, is one of the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odour of grapefruit, compared to other citrus fruits.[8]

Drug interactions

Grapefruit can have a number of interactions with drugs, often increasing the effective potency of compounds. Grapefruit contains naringin, bergamottin and dihydroxybergamottin, which inhibit the cytochrome P450 isoform CYP3A4 in the intestine. It is via inhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of buspirone (Buspar), carbamazepine, caffeine, several statin drugs (such as simvastatin), terfenadine, felodipine, nifedipine, verapamil, estradiol, tacrolimus, dextromethorphan (significant only at recreational doses), benzodiazepines, and ciclosporin.[9][10][11][12][13] The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989. However, the effect became well-publicized after being responsible for a number of deaths due to overdosing on medication.[14]

Health benefits

Grapefruit is a good source of vitamin C.[7][15]

The pink and red hues contain the beneficial antioxidant lycopene.[7][16]

Studies have shown grapefruit helps lower cholesterol.[7]<re f name="Platt_R">Platt R. Current concepts in optimum nutrition for cardiovascular disease. Prev Cardiol. 2000 Spring;3(2):83-87. Abstract</ref>

Medicinal effects

There is evidence that citrus grapefruit seeds have low levels of antioxidant properties.[17]

Grapefruit forms a core part of the "grapefruit diet", the theory being that the fruit's low glycemic index is able to help the body's metabolism burn fat.[18]

Grapefruit peel oil is used in aromatherapy and it is historically known for its aromatic scent.[19]

Grapefruit pectin is a beneficial source of soluble fiber as part of a well balanced, healthy diet.[20]

Grapefruit seed extract has been claimed to be a strong antimicrobial with proven activity against bacteria and fungi. However, studies have shown the efficacy of grapefruit seed extract as an antimicrobial is not demonstrated. Although GSE is promoted as a highly effective plant-based preservative by some natural personal care manufacturers, studies indicate the universal antimicrobial activity associated with GSE preparations is merely due to contamination with synthetic preservatives.[21][22][23][24][25]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Morton, J. 1987. Grapefruit. p. 152–158. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. Forbidden Fruit Reference
  2. ↑ World Wide Words: Questions & Answers; Grapefruit. Abstract
  3. ↑ Barbados Seven Wonders: The Grapefruit Tree. Abstract
  4. ↑ Texas Citrus: Puzzling Beginnings. Article
  5. ↑ Grapefruit Family Tree: Origin of Red Grapefruit. Article
  6. ↑ University of Florida: IFAS Extension; The Grapefruit. Fact Sheet
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 The World's Healthiest Foods; Grapefruit. The George Mateljan Foundation. Article
  8. ↑ A. Buettner, P. Schieberle (1999). "Characterization of the Most Odor -Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfayden)". J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 5189-5193. doi:10.1021/jf990071l. 
  9. ↑ He K; Iyer KR; Hayes RN; Sinz MW; Woolf TF; Hollenberg PF. Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 Apr;11(4):252-9. Abstract
  10. ↑ Bailey DG, Malcolm J, Arnold O, Spence JD. Grapefruit juice-drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Aug;46(2):101-10. Comment in: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Aug;52(2):216-7. Abstract
  11. ↑ Garg SK, Kumar N, Bhargava VK, Prabhakar SK. Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Sep;64(3):286-8. Abstract
  12. ↑ Bailey DG, Dresser GK. Interactions between grapefruit juice and cardiovascular drugs. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2004;4(5):281-97. Abstract
  13. ↑ Bressler R. Grapefruit juice and drug interactions. Exploring mechanisms of this interaction and potential toxicity for certain drugs. Geriatrics. 2006 Nov;61(11):12-8. Abstract
  14. ↑ Bakalar, Nicholas. Experts Reveal the Secret Powers of Grapefruit Juice. New York Times. Published: March 21, 2006. Article
  15. ↑ Fellers PJ, Nikdel S, Lee HS. Nutrient content and nutrition labeling of several processed Florida citrus juice products. J Am Diet Assoc. 1990 Aug;90(8):1079-84. Abstract
  16. ↑ Lee HS. Objective measurement of red grapefruit juice color. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 May;48(5):1507-11. Abstract
  17. ↑ Armando, C., Maythe, S., Beatriz, N. P. Antioxidant activity of grapefruit seed extract on vegetable oils. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1997 Dec;77(4):463-467. Abstract
  18. ↑ WMUR Ch. 9: New Hampshire news, weather, sports and entertainment. Researchers Put Grapefruit Diet To Test: Grapefruit Compound Lowers Cholesterol, Helps Regulate Insulin. June 11, 2003. Article
  19. ↑ Ann Worwood, Valerie. The Complete Book of Essential Oils and Aromatherapy (Paperback). New World Library 1991. ISBN 0-93143-282-0
  20. ↑ Cerda JJ, Robbins FL, Burgin CW, Baumgartner TG, Rice RW. The effects of grapefruit pectin on patients at risk for coronary heart disease without altering diet or lifestyle. Clin Cardiol. 1988 Sep;11(9):589-94. Abstract
  21. ↑ Sakamoto S, Sato K, Maitani T, Yamada T. Analysis of components in natural food additive “grapefruit seed extract” by HPLC and LC/MS. Bull. Natl. Inst. Health Sci. 1996, 114:38–42. Abstract
  22. ↑ von Woedtke T, Schluter B, Pflegel P, Lindequist U, Julich WD. Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained. Pharmazie 1999 54:452–456. Abstract
  23. ↑ Takeoka G, Dao L, Wong RY, Lundin R, Mahoney N. Identification of benzethonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 49(7):3316–20. Abstract
  24. ↑ Takeoka GR, Dao LT, Wong RY, Harden LA. Identification of benzalkonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 53(19):7630–6. Abstract
  25. ↑ Ganzera M, Aberham A, Stuppner H. Development and validation of an HPLC/UV/MS method for simultaneous determination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract. Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 May 31;54(11):3768-72. Abstract

External links

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