Difference between revisions of "Oenothera biennis"

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|taxo_author=L.
 
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'''''Oenothera biennis''''' ('''Common evening primrose''' or '''Evening star'''), is a [[biennial plant|biennial]] [[flowering plant]] growing to 1.2 m (3 to 4 ft), with easy [[germination]].  It is also known as Weedy evening-primrose, German rampion, hog weed, King’'s cure-all, and fever-plant.
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Its [[hermaphrodite]], pale yellow [[flower]]s bloom for most of the summer, from June to September. They open in the evening, hence the name "evening primrose".
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The flower has an unusual response to ultraviolet light [http://www.naturfotograf.com/UV_OENO_BIE.html].  A brilliantly [[nectar guide|colored center]], invisible in visible light, is boldly apparent under ultraviolet.
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{{Inc|
 
Oenothera biennis, Linn. (Onagra biennis, Scop.). European Evening Primrose. Fig. 2566. Usually biennial, but often flowering the first year: mature rosettes of plants grown in rich soil 2 ft. diam.: roots large and fleshy, often 2 in. diam. at the crown: st. about 3-4 ft. tall, copiously branched, green: Lvs. varying from narrowly oblanceolate below to ovate above: calyx-tube nearly 1½ in. long; unopened bud an inch long or less; petals obcordate, broader than long, 1 in. wide; stigmas surrounded by the anthers and self-pollinated in the bud: caps. 1 in. long, loosely aggregated in the lower part of the spike, more densely above, shorter than the subpersistent leafy bracts.—Intro, into Eu. from Amer., and now a common weed in the Old World. Gn. 26, p. 480—It is somewhat coarse and has little to recommend it to cult., although it is larger-fid, and more beautiful than the common American plants, which, although they are different from the species here described, pass under the name OE. biennis. In France and other European countries, the roots of OE. biennis are said to be used as a vegetable, after the manner of salsify or oyster plant. The root should be eaten, according to Vilmorin, "at the end of the first year of its growth." OE. biennis is now unknown as a wild plant in Amer., although it will probably be found among the numerous locally distributed forms which have not yet been adequately studied. A number of obscure kinds pass in Amer. under the name OE. biennis. Most of them are more weedy than the European species and the roots are generally woody and tough. A var. hirsutissima (OE. franciscana, Bartlett) is offered in Calif., described as having sts. stout and reddish: Lvs. hairy, light green, lanceolate: fls. large, bright yellow.
 
Oenothera biennis, Linn. (Onagra biennis, Scop.). European Evening Primrose. Fig. 2566. Usually biennial, but often flowering the first year: mature rosettes of plants grown in rich soil 2 ft. diam.: roots large and fleshy, often 2 in. diam. at the crown: st. about 3-4 ft. tall, copiously branched, green: Lvs. varying from narrowly oblanceolate below to ovate above: calyx-tube nearly 1½ in. long; unopened bud an inch long or less; petals obcordate, broader than long, 1 in. wide; stigmas surrounded by the anthers and self-pollinated in the bud: caps. 1 in. long, loosely aggregated in the lower part of the spike, more densely above, shorter than the subpersistent leafy bracts.—Intro, into Eu. from Amer., and now a common weed in the Old World. Gn. 26, p. 480—It is somewhat coarse and has little to recommend it to cult., although it is larger-fid, and more beautiful than the common American plants, which, although they are different from the species here described, pass under the name OE. biennis. In France and other European countries, the roots of OE. biennis are said to be used as a vegetable, after the manner of salsify or oyster plant. The root should be eaten, according to Vilmorin, "at the end of the first year of its growth." OE. biennis is now unknown as a wild plant in Amer., although it will probably be found among the numerous locally distributed forms which have not yet been adequately studied. A number of obscure kinds pass in Amer. under the name OE. biennis. Most of them are more weedy than the European species and the roots are generally woody and tough. A var. hirsutissima (OE. franciscana, Bartlett) is offered in Calif., described as having sts. stout and reddish: Lvs. hairy, light green, lanceolate: fls. large, bright yellow.
  
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Var. grandiflora, Lindl. (OE. grandiflora, Ait.). Plant large and strong: lower Lvs. often pinnatifid: fls. much larger, the petals 1-2½ in. long; buds ' glabrous and usually red-spotted. B.M.2068. B.R. 1604. Gn. 26, p. 482; 46, p. 64.—Very showy when the fls. open, Commoner southward. Seeds sold under this name are usually the next species.
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Var. grandiflora, Lindl. (OE. grandiflora, Ait.). Plant large and strong: lower Lvs. often pinnatifid: fls. much larger, the petals 1-2½ in. long; buds ' glabrous and usually red-spotted.—Very showy when the fls. open, Commoner southward. Seeds sold under this name are usually the next species.
 
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{{Taxobox
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==Cultivation==
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = ''Oenothera biennis''
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| image = Oenothera biennis 20050825 962.jpg
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===Propagation===
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| image_width = 240px
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
 
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
 
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| ordo = [[Myrtales]]
 
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| familia = [[Onagraceae]]
 
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| genus = ''[[Oenothera]]''
 
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| species = '''''O. biennis'''''
 
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| binomial = ''Oenothera biennis''
 
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| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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}}
 
  
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'''''Oenothera biennis''''' ('''Common evening primrose''' or '''Evening star'''), is a [[biennial plant|biennial]] [[flowering plant]] growing to 1.2 m (3 to 4 ft), with easy [[germination]].  It is also known as Weedy evening-primrose, German rampion, hog weed, King’'s cure-all, and fever-plant.
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===Pests and diseases===
  
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Its [[hermaphrodite]], pale yellow [[flower]]s bloom for most of the summer, from June to September. They open in the evening, hence the name "evening primrose", and are [[Pollination|pollinated]] by [[Lepidoptera]] (Moths and Butterflies) and [[bee]]s.
 
  
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The mature seeds contain approximately 7-10[[%]] [[gamma-linolenic acid]], a rare [[essential fatty acid]]. The ''O. biennis'' seed oil is used to reduce the pains of [[premenstrual stress syndrome]] and is beneficial to the skin of the face.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Also, poultices containing ''O. biennis'' were at one time used to ease [[bruise]]s and speed [[wound]] healing.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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==Varieties==
  
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The flower has an unusual response to ultraviolet light [http://www.naturfotograf.com/UV_OENO_BIE.html].  A brilliantly [[nectar guide|colored center]], invisible in visible light, is boldly apparent under ultraviolet.
 
  
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==References==
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==Gallery==
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* {{cite book | author=[[Neltje Blanchan|Blanchan, Neltje]] | title=[[Wild Flowers Worth Knowing]] | year=[[2005]] | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]]}}
 
  
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{{Commons|Oenothera biennis}}
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<gallery perrow=5>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
  
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[[Category:Onagraceae]]
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==References==
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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<references/>
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
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==External links==
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__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 20:10, 22 February 2010


Oenothera biennis


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Onagraceae >

Oenothera >

biennis >

L. >


If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!


Oenothera biennis (Common evening primrose or Evening star), is a biennial flowering plant growing to 1.2 m (3 to 4 ft), with easy germination. It is also known as Weedy evening-primrose, German rampion, hog weed, King’'s cure-all, and fever-plant.

Its hermaphrodite, pale yellow flowers bloom for most of the summer, from June to September. They open in the evening, hence the name "evening primrose".

The flower has an unusual response to ultraviolet light [1]. A brilliantly colored center, invisible in visible light, is boldly apparent under ultraviolet.


Read about Oenothera biennis in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Oenothera biennis, Linn. (Onagra biennis, Scop.). European Evening Primrose. Fig. 2566. Usually biennial, but often flowering the first year: mature rosettes of plants grown in rich soil 2 ft. diam.: roots large and fleshy, often 2 in. diam. at the crown: st. about 3-4 ft. tall, copiously branched, green: Lvs. varying from narrowly oblanceolate below to ovate above: calyx-tube nearly 1½ in. long; unopened bud an inch long or less; petals obcordate, broader than long, 1 in. wide; stigmas surrounded by the anthers and self-pollinated in the bud: caps. 1 in. long, loosely aggregated in the lower part of the spike, more densely above, shorter than the subpersistent leafy bracts.—Intro, into Eu. from Amer., and now a common weed in the Old World. Gn. 26, p. 480—It is somewhat coarse and has little to recommend it to cult., although it is larger-fid, and more beautiful than the common American plants, which, although they are different from the species here described, pass under the name OE. biennis. In France and other European countries, the roots of OE. biennis are said to be used as a vegetable, after the manner of salsify or oyster plant. The root should be eaten, according to Vilmorin, "at the end of the first year of its growth." OE. biennis is now unknown as a wild plant in Amer., although it will probably be found among the numerous locally distributed forms which have not yet been adequately studied. A number of obscure kinds pass in Amer. under the name OE. biennis. Most of them are more weedy than the European species and the roots are generally woody and tough. A var. hirsutissima (OE. franciscana, Bartlett) is offered in Calif., described as having sts. stout and reddish: Lvs. hairy, light green, lanceolate: fls. large, bright yellow.

Var. grandiflora, Lindl. (OE. grandiflora, Ait.). Plant large and strong: lower Lvs. often pinnatifid: fls. much larger, the petals 1-2½ in. long; buds ' glabrous and usually red-spotted.—Very showy when the fls. open, Commoner southward. Seeds sold under this name are usually the next species.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Varieties

Gallery

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

External links


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