Difference between revisions of "Sarracenia flava"

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|genus=Sarracenia
 
|genus=Sarracenia
 
|species=flava
 
|species=flava
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|common_name=Yellow trumpet
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|taxo_author=L.
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|common_name=Yellow trumpet, Yellow pitcher plant
 
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|habit=herbaceous
 
|habit=herbaceous
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|exposure=sun
 
|exposure=sun
 
|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|water=wet, moist
 
|features=flowers
 
|features=flowers
 
|flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring
 
|flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring
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|min_zone=7
 
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|image=Sarracenia Flava JPG01.jpg
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'''''Sarracenia flava''''', the '''Yellow pitcher plant''', is a [[carnivorous plant]] in the family [[Sarraceniaceae]]. Like all the Sarraceniaceae, it is native to the [[New World]]. Its range extends from southern [[Alabama]], through [[Florida]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], to the coastal plains of southern [[Virginia]] and [[South Carolina]].
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[[Image:Sarracenia flavaPCCA20060423-3480B.jpg|left|100px|thumb|Pitcher mouth with operculum]]
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[[Image:Sarracenia flavaPCCA20060423-3391B.jpg|left|100px|thumb|Flower]]
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Like other members of the [[genus]] ''[[Sarracenia]]'', the yellow pitcher plant traps insects using a rolled leaf, which in this species is a vibrant yellow in colour, and up to over a metre in height<ref>Graham, D.L. 1997. {{PDFlink|[http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv26n4p118_120.pdf Reflections and suggestions from 1996.]}} ''[[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]]'' '''26'''(4): 118–120.</ref> (although 50&nbsp;cm is more typical). The uppermost part of the leaf is flared into a lid (the [[Operculum (botany)|operculum]]), which prevents excess rain from entering the pitcher and diluting the [[digestion|digestive secretions]] within. The upper regions of the pitcher are covered in short, stiff, downwards-pointing hairs, which serve to guide [[insect]]s alighting on the upper portions of the leaf towards the opening of the pitcher tube. The upper regions are also brightly patterned with flower-like [[anthocyanin]] markings, particularly in the varieties ''S. flava'' var. ''rugelii'' and ''S. flava'' var. ''ornata'': these markings also serve to attract insect prey. The opening of the pitcher tube is retroflexed into a 'nectar roll' or [[peristome]], whose surface is studded with [[nectar]]-secreting glands. The nectar contains not only [[sugar]]s, but also the [[alkaloid]] [[coniine]] (a [[toxin]] also found in [[Conium|hemlock]]), which probably intoxicates the prey. Prey entering the tube find that their footing is made extremely uncertain by the smooth, [[wax]]y secretions found on the surfaces of the upper portion of the tube. Insects losing their footing on this surface plummet to the bottom of the tube, where a combination of digestive fluid, wetting agents and inward-pointing hairs prevent their escape. Some large insects (such as [[wasp]]s) have been reported to escape from the pitchers on occasion, by chewing their way out through the wall of the tube.
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In [[spring (season)|spring]], the plant produces large [[flower]]s with 5-fold [[symmetry]]. The yellow [[petal]]s are long and strap-like, and dangle over the [[umbrella]]-like style of the flower, which is held upside down at the end of a 50&nbsp;cm long [[scape]]. The [[carpel|stigma]] of the flower are found at the tips of the 'spokes' of this umbrella. Pollinating insects generally enter the flower from above, forcing their way into the cavity between the petals and umbrella, and depositing any pollen they are carrying on the stigmata as they enter. The pollinators generally exit the flower, having been dusted with the plant's own pollen, by lifting a petal. This one-way system helps to ensure [[cross pollination]].
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In late summer and autumn, the plant stops producing carnivorous leaves, and instead produces flat, non-carnivorous [[phyllode|phyllodia]]. This is probably an adaptation to low light levels and insect scarcity during the winter months, and shows clearly the cost of carnivory.
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The yellow pitcher plant is easy to cultivate, and is one of the most popular carnivorous plants in [[horticulture]]. The yellow pitcher plant readily hybridises with other members of the genus ''Sarracenia'': the hybrids ''S. x catesbaei'' (''S. flava'' &times; ''S. purpurea'') and ''S. moorei'' (''S. flava'' &times; ''S. leucophylla'') are found in the wild, and are also popular amongst collectors.
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{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
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<!--- ******************************************************* -->
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Sarracenia flava, Linn. Pitchers erect, 10-34 in. long, trumpet-shaped, with prominent longitudinal veins, yellow-green to green, often crimson throat, or deep crimson throughout; lid ovate-orbicular, slightly inflexed over mouth, with strong median nerve ending in mucro; wing narrow, uniform in width: fls. 2-3 1/2 in. wide, flavous yellow, odor rather pungent. Abundant over swamps and savannas, often in humus-sand that becomes dry in summer but moist in winter; S. Va. to W. Fla.  
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Sarracenia flava, Linn. Pitchers erect, 10-34 in. long, trumpet-shaped, with prominent longitudinal veins, yellow-green to green, often crimson throat, or deep crimson throughout; lid ovate-orbicular, slightly inflexed over mouth, with strong median nerve ending in mucro; wing narrow, uniform in width: fls. 2-3 1/2 in. wide, flavous yellow, odor rather pungent. Abundant over swamps and savannas, often in humus-sand that becomes dry in summer but moist in winter; S. Va. to W. Fla. B.M. 780. L.B.C. 20:1957. R.H. 1852:121. F.S. 10:1068,1069. G.C. II. 16:11, desc. Gn. 30, p. 367; 48:202; 57, p. 326. Mn. 2:113. Var. atrosanguinea, Bull (Mast.; G.C. 1881). Pitcher and lid dark crimson-claret. G.C. II. 16: 13. I. H. 27:386. Not uncommon from N. to S. C. over the coastal plain region. Var. limbata, Bull Lvs. medium to large, margin of operculum crimson. A rare form. Var. maxima, Mast. Lvs. large, uniformly yellowish green. Frequent in S. N. C. Var. minima, Mast. Lvs. small, 9-12 in., pale green with purple veins over tube and lid. Occasional with the type form. Var. ornata, Bull (S. Fildesii, Hort.). Lvs. 26-32 in., throat of pitcher and base of lid furnished with purple radiate lines. Frequent in N. and S. C. Var. Rugelii, Shuttl. (S. erythropus, Bull). Lvs. large, 26-34 in., top of pitcher and base of lid dark crimson. Frequent throughout Ga. and W. Fla.
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Var. atrosanguinea, Bull (Mast.?). Pitcher and lid dark crimson-claret. Not uncommon from N. to S. C. over the coastal plain region.  
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Var. limbata, Bull Lvs. medium to large, margin of operculum crimson. A rare form.  
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Var. maxima, Mast. Lvs. large, uniformly yellowish green. Frequent in S. N. C.  
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Var. minima, Mast. Lvs. small, 9-12 in., pale green with purple veins over tube and lid. Occasional with the type form.  
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Var. ornata, Bull (S. Fildesii, Hort.). Lvs. 26-32 in., throat of pitcher and base of lid furnished with purple radiate lines. Frequent in N. and S. C.  
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Var. Rugelii, Shuttl. (S. erythropus, Bull). Lvs. large, 26-34 in., top of pitcher and base of lid dark crimson. Frequent throughout Ga. and W. Fla.
 
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==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
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===Propagation===
 
===Propagation===
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===Pests and diseases===
 
===Pests and diseases===
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==Species==
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==Varieties==
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==Gallery==
 
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Image:SarraceniaFlavaVars.JPG|A "pitcherplant meadow" in the Florida panhandle, with mixed varieties of ''Sarracenia flava'': var. ''rugelii'', var. ''ornata'', and var. ''rubricorpora''.
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
 
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
 
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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==References==
 
==References==
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<references/>
 
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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Latest revision as of 14:18, 18 May 2010


Sarracenia Flava JPG01.jpg


Plant Characteristics
Habit   herbaceous

Height: ⇕ 30 in"in" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 30.
Width: ⇔ 12 in"in" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 12.
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Bloom: ❀ early spring, mid spring, late spring
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun
Water: ◍ wet, moist
Features: ✓ flowers
USDA Zones: 7 to 9
Flower features: ❀ red, orange, yellow, pink
Scientific Names

Sarraceniaceae >

Sarracenia >

flava >

L. >


Sarracenia flava, the Yellow pitcher plant, is a carnivorous plant in the family Sarraceniaceae. Like all the Sarraceniaceae, it is native to the New World. Its range extends from southern Alabama, through Florida and Georgia, to the coastal plains of southern Virginia and South Carolina.

Pitcher mouth with operculum
Flower

Like other members of the genus Sarracenia, the yellow pitcher plant traps insects using a rolled leaf, which in this species is a vibrant yellow in colour, and up to over a metre in height[1] (although 50 cm is more typical). The uppermost part of the leaf is flared into a lid (the operculum), which prevents excess rain from entering the pitcher and diluting the digestive secretions within. The upper regions of the pitcher are covered in short, stiff, downwards-pointing hairs, which serve to guide insects alighting on the upper portions of the leaf towards the opening of the pitcher tube. The upper regions are also brightly patterned with flower-like anthocyanin markings, particularly in the varieties S. flava var. rugelii and S. flava var. ornata: these markings also serve to attract insect prey. The opening of the pitcher tube is retroflexed into a 'nectar roll' or peristome, whose surface is studded with nectar-secreting glands. The nectar contains not only sugars, but also the alkaloid coniine (a toxin also found in hemlock), which probably intoxicates the prey. Prey entering the tube find that their footing is made extremely uncertain by the smooth, waxy secretions found on the surfaces of the upper portion of the tube. Insects losing their footing on this surface plummet to the bottom of the tube, where a combination of digestive fluid, wetting agents and inward-pointing hairs prevent their escape. Some large insects (such as wasps) have been reported to escape from the pitchers on occasion, by chewing their way out through the wall of the tube.

In spring, the plant produces large flowers with 5-fold symmetry. The yellow petals are long and strap-like, and dangle over the umbrella-like style of the flower, which is held upside down at the end of a 50 cm long scape. The stigma of the flower are found at the tips of the 'spokes' of this umbrella. Pollinating insects generally enter the flower from above, forcing their way into the cavity between the petals and umbrella, and depositing any pollen they are carrying on the stigmata as they enter. The pollinators generally exit the flower, having been dusted with the plant's own pollen, by lifting a petal. This one-way system helps to ensure cross pollination.

In late summer and autumn, the plant stops producing carnivorous leaves, and instead produces flat, non-carnivorous phyllodia. This is probably an adaptation to low light levels and insect scarcity during the winter months, and shows clearly the cost of carnivory.

The yellow pitcher plant is easy to cultivate, and is one of the most popular carnivorous plants in horticulture. The yellow pitcher plant readily hybridises with other members of the genus Sarracenia: the hybrids S. x catesbaei (S. flava × S. purpurea) and S. moorei (S. flava × S. leucophylla) are found in the wild, and are also popular amongst collectors.


Read about Sarracenia flava in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Sarracenia flava, Linn. Pitchers erect, 10-34 in. long, trumpet-shaped, with prominent longitudinal veins, yellow-green to green, often crimson throat, or deep crimson throughout; lid ovate-orbicular, slightly inflexed over mouth, with strong median nerve ending in mucro; wing narrow, uniform in width: fls. 2-3 1/2 in. wide, flavous yellow, odor rather pungent. Abundant over swamps and savannas, often in humus-sand that becomes dry in summer but moist in winter; S. Va. to W. Fla.

Var. atrosanguinea, Bull (Mast.?). Pitcher and lid dark crimson-claret. Not uncommon from N. to S. C. over the coastal plain region.

Var. limbata, Bull Lvs. medium to large, margin of operculum crimson. A rare form.

Var. maxima, Mast. Lvs. large, uniformly yellowish green. Frequent in S. N. C.

Var. minima, Mast. Lvs. small, 9-12 in., pale green with purple veins over tube and lid. Occasional with the type form.

Var. ornata, Bull (S. Fildesii, Hort.). Lvs. 26-32 in., throat of pitcher and base of lid furnished with purple radiate lines. Frequent in N. and S. C.

Var. Rugelii, Shuttl. (S. erythropus, Bull). Lvs. large, 26-34 in., top of pitcher and base of lid dark crimson. Frequent throughout Ga. and W. Fla. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Varieties

Gallery

  • A "pitcherplant meadow" in the Florida panhandle, with mixed varieties of Sarracenia flava: var. rugelii, var. ornata, and var. rubricorpora.

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

  1. ↑ Graham, D.L. 1997. Template:PDFlink Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(4): 118–120.

External links


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