Difference between revisions of "Jujube"

From Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
 
Line 1: Line 1:
−
:''For the chewy candy, see [[Jujube (confectionery)]].''
+
__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
−
{{Taxobox
 
−
| color = lightgreen
 
 
| name = ''Ziziphus zizyphus''
 
| name = ''Ziziphus zizyphus''
 +
| common_names = Jujube, Red Date, Chinese Date
 +
| growth_habit = deciduous tree
 +
| high = 30ft (9m)
 +
| wide = 12ft (3.5m)
 +
| origin = unknown (perhaps S Asia)
 +
| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
 +
| lifespan = perennial
 +
| exposure = full sun
 +
| water = regular, drought tolerant
 +
| features = edible fruit
 +
| hardiness = -28[[Fahrenheit|°F]] (-15°C[[Celsius|°C]])
 +
| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for it's flowers -->
 +
| usda_zones = 7-10
 +
| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
 +
| color = IndianRed
 
| image = ZiziphusJujubaVarSpinosa.jpg
 
| image = ZiziphusJujubaVarSpinosa.jpg
−
| image_width = 240px
+
| image_width = 200px
 
| image_caption = ''Ziziphus zizyphus''
 
| image_caption = ''Ziziphus zizyphus''
−
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+
| regnum = Plantae
−
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
+
| divisio = Magnoliophyta
−
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
+
| classis = Magnoliopsida
−
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
+
| ordo = Rosales
−
| familia = [[Rhamnaceae]]
+
| familia = Rhamnaceae
−
| genus = ''[[Ziziphus]]''
+
| genus = Ziziphus
−
| species = '''''Z. zizyphus'''''
+
| species = zizyphus
−
| binomial = ''Ziziphus zizyphus''
 
−
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten|H.Karst.]]
 
 
}}
 
}}
−
[[Image:Ziziphus_jujuba.jpg|thumb|rigtht|150px|The [[Ziziphus jujuba]] which written in ''[[Monbusho]]'' chant lyrics.<br/>It is located in [[General]] [[Nogi]]'s [[mansion]] now.]]
+
Small deciduous tree with spines, grows fast, popular from S Europe to China.  Serrated leaves are oval to lance-shaped serrated. Gives tiny (5mm) cream-colored flowers in late spring, which are followed by plum-like fruit (1.5-3 cm) which become dark red when ripe, and has one hard stone in it, like that of the olive.
−
'''''Ziziphus zizyphus''''' ([[synonymy|syn.]] ''Z. jujuba'', ''Rhamnus zizyphus''; '''Jujube''', '''Red Date''', or '''Chinese Date''' ({{zh-stp|s=枣|t=棗|p=zǎo}}; also ''hóng zǎo'' 红枣, ''dà zǎo'' 大枣, ''hēi zǎo'' 黑枣, ''zǎozi'' 枣子; [[Wade-Giles]]: ''tsao''; [[Korean language|Korean]]: 대추 ''daechu''; [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 棗 ''natsume''; [[Gujarati language| Gujarati]]: બોર ''boar'') is a species of ''[[Ziziphus]]'' in the buckthorn [[family (biology)|family]] [[Rhamnaceae]].
 
  
−
Its precise natural distribution is uncertain due to extensive cultivation, but is thought to be in southern [[Asia]], between [[Syria]], northern [[India]], and southern and central [[China]], and possibly also southeastern [[Europe]] though more likely introduced there.<ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref>
 
  
−
It is a small [[deciduous]] [[tree]] or [[shrub]] reaching a height of 5-10 m, usually with thorny branches. The [[leaf|leaves]] are shiny-green, ovate-acute, 2-7 cm long and 1-3 cm broad, with three conspicuous veins at the base, and a finely toothed margin. The [[flower]]s are small, 5 mm diameter, with five inconspicuous yellowish-green petals. The [[fruit]] is an edible oval [[drupe]] 1.5-3 cm long; when immature it is smooth-green, with the consistency and taste of an [[apple]], maturing dark red to purplish-black and eventually wrinkled, looking like a small [[Date Palm|date]] (hence the name Chinese Date). There is a single hard stone, similar to an [[olive]] stone.<ref name=rushforth/>
+
:''More information about this species can be found on the [[Ziziphus|genus page]].''
  
−
==Nomenclature==
+
==Cultivation==
−
The species has a curious nomenclatural history, due to a combination of botanical [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature|naming regulations]], and variations in spelling. It was first described scientifically by [[Carolus Linnaeus]] as ''Rhamnus zizyphus'', in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753. Later, in 1768, [[Philip Miller]] concluded it was sufficiently distinct from ''[[Rhamnus]]'' to merit separation into a new genus, in which he named it ''Ziziphus jujube'', using Linnaeus' species name for the genus but with a probably accidental single letter spelling difference, 'i' for 'y'; for the species name he used a different name, as [[tautonymy|tautonyms]] (repetition of exactly the same name in the genus and species) are not permitted in botanical naming. However, because of Miller's slightly different spelling, the combination correctly using the earliest species name (from Linnaeus) with the new genus, ''Ziziphus zizyphus'', is ''not'' a tautonym, and therefore permitted as a botanical name; this combination was made by [[Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten|Hermann Karsten]] in 1882.<ref name=clarke>Clarke, D. L. (1988). ''W. J. Bean Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'', Supplement. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-4443-2.</ref><ref name=rushforth/>
+
{{monthbox
−
 
+
| color = IndianRed
−
==Cultivation and uses==
+
| name = Jujube
 +
| jan =
 +
| feb =
 +
| mar =
 +
| apr =
 +
| may =
 +
| jun =
 +
| jul =
 +
| aug =
 +
| sep =
 +
| oct =
 +
| nov =
 +
| dec =
 +
| notes =
 +
}}
 
[[Image:Azufaifas fcm.jpg|thumb|left|jujube fruit]]
 
[[Image:Azufaifas fcm.jpg|thumb|left|jujube fruit]]
−
The Jujube has been cultivated for over 4,000 years for its edible fruit, and over 400 [[cultivar]]s have been selected.
+
Tolerant of a wide range of temperatures and water, but won't give good fruit without summer heat and water during fruit development. Very drought tolerant if fruit is not important.  Does well in desert with some water, can take extreme heat, down to -15C temperatures.  
  
−
The tree tolerates a wide range of temperatures and rainfall, though it requires hot summers and sufficient water for acceptable fruiting. Unlike most of the other species in the genus, it tolerates fairly cold winters, surviving temperatures down to about -15°C. This enables the jujube to grow in desert habitats, provided there is access to underground water through the summer. Virtually no temperature seems to be too high in summertime.
 
  
−
Many jujube trees can still be seen in the central and southern regions of [[Israel]], especially in the [[Arava Valley]], where it is the second most common tree.<!--please check to make sure the species is the same as the one described in this article--> A jujube tree near Ein Hatzeva in the Arava is estimated to be over 300 years old.
+
<br clear=all>
 +
===Propagation===
  
−
===Medicinal use===
+
===Pests and diseases===
−
The fruits are used in Chinese and Korean [[traditional Chinese medicine|traditional medicine]], where they are believed to alleviate stress. {{Fact|date=October 2007}} The fruit is ground to powder, with very small amounts required to promptly calm nerves and purify blood quality. {{Fact|date=October 2007}} The Australian drink [[1-bil]] makes de-stressing (or relaxing) claims on the basis of its jujube ingredient.<!--It is not always ground to a powder; it may also be eaten or boiled by itself or with other herbs. Why do you say it is always ground to a powder? Also, stress is not the only condition jujube is recommended for in TCM.-->
+
No serious pests in the USA.  [[Witch's broom]]s are a wide problem in China and Korea.
  
−
[[Ziziphin]], a compound in the leaves of the jujube, suppresses the ability to perceive sweet taste in humans.<ref name="crfsn-32-231">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=1418601&cmd=showdetailview Kurihara, Y. 1992. Characteristics of antisweet substances, sweet proteins, and sweetness-inducing proteins. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 32:231-252.]</ref> The fruit, being [[Mucilage|mucilaginous]], is also very soothing to the throat and decoctions of jujube have often been used in pharmacy to treat sore throats.
+
==Cultivars==
 +
There are over 400 cultivars of the Jujube. Here are a few selections:
  
−
===Culinary use===
+
===Early Ripening===
−
[[Image:Ziziphus jujuba MS 2461.JPG|right|thumb|Dried red jujube fruits]]
+
* '''Li''' - Large, round fruit up to 3 ounces in mid-August. May be picked at the yellow-green stage. Tree is many-branched, yet narrow and upright. Best eaten fresh. Best first tree to have.  
−
The freshly harvested as well as the candied dried fruits are often eaten as a snack, or with tea.  They are available either red or black (called ''hóng zǎo'' or ''hēi zǎo'', respectively, in Chinese), the latter being [[Smoking (food)|smoked]] to enhance their flavour [http://www.seasonalchef.com/jujubes.htm]. In mainland China, Korea, and Taiwan, a sweetened tea syrup containing jujube fruits is available in glass jars,<sup>[http://www.megaq.co.kr/product_images/pro_images/04441649/S04441649L.jpg photo]</sup> and canned jujube tea or jujube tea in the form of teabags is also available.  Although not widely available, jujube juice[http://www.tianjiaohong.com.cn/ecpjs/ZAOZHI.HTM] and jujube vinegar are also produced.[http://www.tianjiaohong.com.cn/ecpjs/ZAOCU.HTM]
 
  
−
In China, a wine made from jujubes called ''hong zao jiu'' (红枣酒) is also produced.[http://www.tianjiaohong.com.cn/ecpjs/ZAOJIU.HTM] Jujubes are sometimes preserved by storing in a jar filled with ''[[baijiu]]'' (Chinese liquor), which allows them to be kept fresh for a long time, especially through the winter. Such jujubes are called ''jiu zao'' (酒枣; literally "spirited jujube").
+
===Mid Season===
 +
* '''Ed Hegard''' - Very similar to the Lang and Thornless.  
 +
* '''GA-866''' - An outstandingly sweet selection out of the Chico Research program. Large, elongated fruit.  
 +
* '''Jin''' - An excellent elongated fruit. Very chewy when allowed to dry on the tree.  
 +
* '''Globe''' - A new, Chinese introduction.
 +
* '''Honey Jar''' - Another new, Chinese introduction.
 +
* '''Lang''' - Large, pear-shaped fruit which must be fully colored to be best eating. This fruit is best to let dry on the tree. Tree is upright and virtually spineless.
 +
* '''Redlands #4''' - Collected at an old homestead in Redlands, California. Very large, sweet, round fruit.
 +
* '''So''' - A tree of most beautiful shape. At each node of the stem the branch decides to go off in a new direction. Hence, a very zig-zag branching pattern which casts a beautiful shadow in the wintertime. Tree is somewhat dwarfed.
 +
* '''Sugar Cane''' - Small to medium fruit which can be round to elongated. Extremely sweet fruit but on a very spiny plant. The fruit is worth the spines!
 +
* '''Thornless''' - Just as the name implies. Very few, if any spines occur. A fruit very similar to the Lang.  
  
−
In addition, jujubes, often stoned, are a significant ingredient in a wide variety of Chinese delicacies. In [[Persian cuisine]], the dried drupes are known as ''annab''.
+
===Late Season===
 +
* '''Admiral Wilkes''' - Collected on a South Seas expedition in the 1840's and planted on the Capitol grounds in Washington, D.C. Elongated fruit which has been the very last to ripen, generally in mid to late November.  
 +
* '''Chico (GI 7-62)''' - Fruit is round but flattened on the bottom. Looks like small apples. Excellent either fresh or dried.
 +
* '''GI-1183''' - Another cultivar from the Chico program. Large, sweet fruit.
 +
* '''Sherwood''' - A seedling plant from Louisiana. The fruit is very dense and sweet. Tree is very narrow and upright with leaves that are weeping in habit.
 +
* '''Silverhill''' - An elongated fruit which has cropped well even in northern Florida. Virtually spineless.
 +
* '''Tigerstooth''' - Very similar to Silverhill.
 +
* '''Topeka''' - From eastern Kansas and an excellent, late cropping fruit.  
  
−
===Other uses===
+
==Gallery==
−
The jujube's sweet smell is said to make teenagers fall in love, and as a result, in the [[Himalaya]] and [[Karakoram]] regions, men take a stem of sweet smelling jujube flowers with them or put it on their hats to attract the opposite sex.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
 
  
−
In Japan, the ''natsume'' has given its name to a style of [[Chaki|tea caddy]] used in the [[Japanese tea ceremony]].
+
<gallery>
 +
Image:Ziziphus_jujuba.jpg|Jujube tree
 +
Image:Ziziphus jujuba MS 2461.JPG|Dried red jujube fruits
 +
</gallery>
  
−
In Korea, the wood is used to make the body of the ''[[taepyeongso]]'', a double-reed wind instrument.
+
==References==
−
 
+
*http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jujube.html
−
===Pests and diseases===
+
*Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881926248
−
[[Witch's broom]]s, prevalent in China and Korea, is the main disease affecting jujubes, though plantings in North America currently are not affected by any pests or diseases.<ref>Fruit Facts: [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jujube.html Jujube]</ref>
+
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
−
==References==
+
==External links==
−
{{commons|Ziziphus zizyphus}}
+
*{{wplink}}
−
{{reflist}}
 
−
*''Fruits in Warm Climates''. J. F. Morton, Miami, FL: 1987.
 
−
*[http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-B00001-01c20VA.html Nutritional data for the jujube]
 
−
*[http://english.irib.ir/photo%20gallery/jujube.htm On the Medicinal uses of Jujube and its cultivation in Iran ]
 
−
*[http://www.tianshannet.com.cn/GB/channel3/99/200509/27/188078.html Photos of jujubes growing on trees]
 
−
*[http://www.kung-kuan.com.tw/files/detailed_images/produce_35_produce_35_DSC01340.jpg Photo of a bottle of Taiwanese jujube wine]
 
−
*[http://kr.agrotrade.net/company/o/okf/img/oimg_GC00007690_CA00007695.jpg Photo of a jar of Korean jujube tea]
 
−
*[http://www.lotteplaza.com/product_images/09192006142420_849_full.jpg Photo of a package of Korean jujube tea]
 
  
−
[[Category:Rhamnaceae]]
+
{{stub}}
−
[[Category:Fruit]]
+
[[Category:Categorize]]
−
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
 
−
[[Category:Traditional Chinese medicine]]
 
−
[[Category:Chinese cuisine]]
 
−
[[Category:Iranian cuisine]]
 
−
[[Category:Dietary supplements]]
 

Revision as of 21:47, 6 February 2009


Ziziphus zizyphus


Plant Characteristics
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Origin: ✈ unknown (perhaps S Asia)
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ full sun"full sun" is not in the list (sun, part-sun, shade, unknown) of allowed values for the "Exposure" property.
Water: ◍ regular"regular" is not in the list (wet, moist, moderate, dry, less when dormant) of allowed values for the "Water" property., drought tolerant"drought tolerant" is not in the list (wet, moist, moderate, dry, less when dormant) of allowed values for the "Water" property.
Features: ✓ edible fruit"Edible fruit" is not in the list (evergreen, deciduous, flowers, fragrance, edible, fruit, naturalizes, invasive, foliage, birds, ...) of allowed values for the "Features" property.
Scientific Names

Rhamnaceae >

Ziziphus >

zizyphus >


Small deciduous tree with spines, grows fast, popular from S Europe to China. Serrated leaves are oval to lance-shaped serrated. Gives tiny (5mm) cream-colored flowers in late spring, which are followed by plum-like fruit (1.5-3 cm) which become dark red when ripe, and has one hard stone in it, like that of the olive.


More information about this species can be found on the genus page.

Cultivation

Jujube calendar?
January:
February:
March:
April:
May:
June:
July:
August:
September:
October:
November:
December:
Notes:
jujube fruit

Tolerant of a wide range of temperatures and water, but won't give good fruit without summer heat and water during fruit development. Very drought tolerant if fruit is not important. Does well in desert with some water, can take extreme heat, down to -15C temperatures.



Propagation

Pests and diseases

No serious pests in the USA. Witch's brooms are a wide problem in China and Korea.

Cultivars

There are over 400 cultivars of the Jujube. Here are a few selections:

Early Ripening

  • Li - Large, round fruit up to 3 ounces in mid-August. May be picked at the yellow-green stage. Tree is many-branched, yet narrow and upright. Best eaten fresh. Best first tree to have.

Mid Season

  • Ed Hegard - Very similar to the Lang and Thornless.
  • GA-866 - An outstandingly sweet selection out of the Chico Research program. Large, elongated fruit.
  • Jin - An excellent elongated fruit. Very chewy when allowed to dry on the tree.
  • Globe - A new, Chinese introduction.
  • Honey Jar - Another new, Chinese introduction.
  • Lang - Large, pear-shaped fruit which must be fully colored to be best eating. This fruit is best to let dry on the tree. Tree is upright and virtually spineless.
  • Redlands #4 - Collected at an old homestead in Redlands, California. Very large, sweet, round fruit.
  • So - A tree of most beautiful shape. At each node of the stem the branch decides to go off in a new direction. Hence, a very zig-zag branching pattern which casts a beautiful shadow in the wintertime. Tree is somewhat dwarfed.
  • Sugar Cane - Small to medium fruit which can be round to elongated. Extremely sweet fruit but on a very spiny plant. The fruit is worth the spines!
  • Thornless - Just as the name implies. Very few, if any spines occur. A fruit very similar to the Lang.

Late Season

  • Admiral Wilkes - Collected on a South Seas expedition in the 1840's and planted on the Capitol grounds in Washington, D.C. Elongated fruit which has been the very last to ripen, generally in mid to late November.
  • Chico (GI 7-62) - Fruit is round but flattened on the bottom. Looks like small apples. Excellent either fresh or dried.
  • GI-1183 - Another cultivar from the Chico program. Large, sweet fruit.
  • Sherwood - A seedling plant from Louisiana. The fruit is very dense and sweet. Tree is very narrow and upright with leaves that are weeping in habit.
  • Silverhill - An elongated fruit which has cropped well even in northern Florida. Virtually spineless.
  • Tigerstooth - Very similar to Silverhill.
  • Topeka - From eastern Kansas and an excellent, late cropping fruit.

Gallery

  • Jujube tree

  • Dried red jujube fruits

References

External links

Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Jujube&oldid=17300"