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−The '''spermatophytes''' (also known as '''phanerogams''') comprise those [[plant]]s that produce [[seed]]s. They are a subset of the [[embryophyte]]s or land plants. The living spermatophytes form five groups: +*[[cycad]]s, a subtropical and tropical group of plants with a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk,+*''[[Ginkgo]]'', a single species of [[tree]],
−*[[conifers]], cone-bearing trees and [[shrub]]s,
−*[[gnetae]], [[woody plant]]s in the genera ''[[Gnetum]]'', ''[[Welwitschia]]'', and ''[[Ephedra (genus)|Ephedra]]'', and
−*[[angiosperms]], the flowering plants, a large group including many familiar plants in a wide variety of habitats.
−===Relationships and nomenclature===+Seed-bearing plants were traditionally divided into [[angiosperm]]s, or flowering plants, and [[gymnosperm]]s, which includes the gnetae, cycads, ginkgo, and conifers. Angiosperms are now thought to have evolved from a gymnosperm ancestor, which would make gymnosperms a [[paraphyletic]] group if it includes extinct taxa. Although not a [[monophyletic]] taxonomic unit, "gymnosperm" is still widely used to distinguish the four taxa of non-flowering, seed-bearing plants from the angiosperms.+A traditional classification grouped put all the seed plants in a single [[division (biology)|division]], with [[class (taxonomy)|class]]es for our five groups:+*Division '''Spermatophyta'''+**'''[[Cycad|Cycadopsida]]''', the cycads+**'''[[Ginkgo|Ginkgoopsida]]''', the ginkgo+**'''[[Pinopsida]]''', the conifers, ("Coniferopsida")+**'''[[Gnetae|Gnetopsida]]''', the gnetae+**'''[[Magnoliopsida]]''', the [[flowering plant]]s, or '''Angiospermopsida'''+In addition to the taxa listed above, the fossil record contains evidence of many [[extinct]] taxa of seed plants. The so-called "seed ferns" ([[Pteridospermae]]) were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants, and forests dominated by seed ferns were prevalent in the late [[Paleozoic]]. ''[[Glossopteris]]'' was the most prominent [[tree]] [[genus]] in the ancient southern [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]] during the [[Permian]] period. By the [[Triassic]] period, seed ferns had declined in ecological importance, and representatives of modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through the end of the [[Cretaceous]], when angiosperms radiated.+A more modern classification ranks these groups as separate divisions (sometimes under the '''Superdivision Spermatophyta'''):
−*'''[[Cycad|Cycadophyta]]''', the cycads
−*'''[[Ginkgo|Ginkgophyta]]''', the ginkgo
−*'''[[Pinophyta]]''', the [[conifer]]s
−*'''[[Gnetae|Gnetophyta]]''', the gnetae
−*'''[[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]''', the [[flowering plant]]s
−== References ==+*Bowe, L. Michelle, Gwénaële Coat, and Claude W. dePamphilis. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 97: 4092-4097.
−*Soltis, Douglas E., Pamela S. Soltis and Michael J. Zanis. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. ''American Journal of Botany'' 89: 1670-1681 (abstract [http://intl.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/10/1670 here]).
−*Chaw, Shu-Miaw, Christopher L. Parkinson, Yuchang Cheng, Thomas M. Vincent, and Jeffrey D. Palmer. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 97: 4086-4091 (abstract [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/8/4086 here]).
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
+| name = ''Spermatophyte''
+| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
+| color = IndianRed
+| image = Upload.png <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
+| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
+| image_caption = <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
+| regnum = Plantae
+| divisio = Spermatophyte
+| classis = <!--- Class -->
+| ordo = <!--- Order -->
+| familia = <!--- Family -->
+}}
+[[Division]] (phyllum) of the [[plant]] kingdom.{{SCH}}
−DIVISION [[Spermatophyte|SPERMATOPHYTA or SIPHONOGAMIA]] (PHANEROGAMIA)
−:Subdivision: [[Gymnospermae|GYMNOSPERMAE]]
−::::Order: [[Cycadales]]
+:::::Family: [[Cycadaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Ginkgoales]]
+:::::Family: [[Ginkgoaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Coniferales]]
+:::::Family: [[Taxaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Pinaceae]]
+::::::Sub-family: [[Cupressineae]]
+::::::Sub-family: [[Abietineae]]
+::::Order: [[Gnetales]]
+:::::Family: [[Gnetaceae]]
−[[Molecular phylogeny|Molecular phylogenies]] have conflicted with [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]]-based evidence as to whether extant gymnosperms comprise a monophyletic group. Some morphological data suggests that the Gnetophytes are the sister-group to angiosperms, but molecular phylogenies have generally shown a gymnosperm clade that includes the Gnetophytes as sister-group to the conifers.
+:Subdivision: [[Angiospermae|ANGIOSPERMAE]]
−::CLASS: [[Monocotyledoneae|MONOCOTYLEDONEAE]]
−::::Order: [[Pandanales]]
−:::::Family: [[Typhaceae]]
−:::::Family: [[Pandanaceae]]
−::::Order: [[Helobiae]]
−:::::Family: [[Naiadaceae]]
−:::::Family: [[Aponogetonaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Alismaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Butomaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Hydrocharitaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Glumiflorae]]
+:::::Family: [[Gramineae]]
+:::::Family: [[Cyperaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Principes]]
+:::::Family: [[Palmaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Synanthae]]
+:::::Family: [[Cyclanthaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Spathiflorae]]
+:::::Family: [[Araceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Lemnaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Farinosae]]
+:::::Family: [[Bromeliaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Commelinaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Pontederiaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Liliflorae]]
+:::::Family: [[Juncaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Liliaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Amaryllidaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Taccaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Dioscoreaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Iridaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Scitamineae]]
+:::::Family: [[Musaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Zingiberaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Cannaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Marantaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Microspermae]]
+:::::Family: [[Orchidaceae]]
+:::::::Group: [[Diandrae]]
+:::::::Group: [[Monandrae]]
−::CLASS: [[Dicotyledoneae|DICOTYLEDONEAE]]
+:::Sub-class: [[Archichlamydeae]] (Choripetalae and Apetalae)
+::::Order: [[Verticillales]]
+:::::Family: [[Casuarinaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Piperales]]
+:::::Family: [[Saururaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Piperaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Chloranthaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Salicales]]
+:::::Family: [[Salicaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Myricales]]
+:::::Family: [[Myricaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Juglandales]]
+:::::Family: [[Juglandaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Fagales]]
+:::::Family: [[Betulaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Fagaceae]]
+::::Order: [[Urticales]]
+:::::Family: [[Ulmaceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Moraceae]]
+:::::Family: [[Urticaceae]]
−TO BE CONTINUED
−[[Category:Plants| sort30 Spermatophyta]]
+:Subdivision: [[
+::CLASS: [[
+:::Sub-class: [[
+::::Order: [[
+:::::Family: [[
+::::::Sub-family: [[
+:::::::Group: [[
+Source: ''[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]]''
+==Gallery==
+{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
+<gallery>
+Image:Upload.png| photo 1
+Image:Upload.png| photo 2
+Image:Upload.png| photo 3
+</gallery>
+==References==
+*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
+<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
+<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
+<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
+==External links==
+*{{wplink}}
+{{stub}}
+[[Category:Categorize]]