| Myrtle | ||||||||||||
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 Myrtus communis | ||||||||||||
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| Myrtus communis L. Myrtus nivellei Batt. & Trab. |
The Myrtle (Myrtus) is a genus of one or two species of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae, native to southern Europe and north Africa. They are evergreen shrubs or small trees, growing to 5 m tall. The leaves are entire, 3-5 cm long, with a pleasantly fragrant essential oil. The star-like flowers have five petals and sepals, and an amazingly large number of stamens. Petals are usually white, with globose blue-black berries containing several seeds. The flowers are pollinated by insects, and the seeds dispersed by birds that feed on the berries.
The Common Myrtle Myrtus communis, is widespread in the Mediterranean region and is also by far the most commonly cultivated. It was sacred to Aphrodite. The other species, Saharan Myrtle M. nivellei, is restricted to the Tassili n'Ajjer mountains in southern Algeria and the Tibesti Mountains in Chad, where it occurs in small areas of sparse relict woodland near the centre of the Sahara Desert; it is listed as an endangered species. However, some botanists are not convinced that M. nivellei is sufficiently distinct to be treated as a separate species.
Modern uses
Myrtle is used in the islands of Sardinia and Corsica to produce an aromatic liqueur called "Mirto"' by macerating it in alcohol. It is known as one of the national drinks of Sardinia[1]. There are two varieties of this drink: the "Mirto Rosso" (red) produced by macerating the berries, and the "Mirto Bianco" (white) produced from the leaves.
Uses in myth and ritual
In Jewish liturgy, it is one of the four sacred plants of Sukkot, the Feast of Tabernacles, rationalized as for its pleasant aroma. The leaves are held by the worshippers in the synagogue during the prayers.
In Greek mythology and ritual the myrtle was sacred to the goddesses Aphrodite[2] and also Demeter: Artemidorus asserts that in interpreting dreams “a myrtle garland signifies the same as an olive garland, except that it is especially auspicious for farmers because of Demeter and for women because of Aphrodite. For the plant is sacred to both goddesses.”[3] Pausanias explains that one of the Graces in the sanctuary at Elis holds a myrtle branch because “the rose and the myrtle are sacred to Aphrodite and connected with the story of Adonis, while the Graces are of all deities the nearest related to Aphrodite.” Myrtle is the garland of Iacchus, according to Aristophanes,[4] and of the victors at the Theban Iolaea, held in honour of the Theban hero Iolaus.[5]
In Rome, Virgil explains that “the poplar is most dear to Alcides, the vine to Bacchus, the myrtle to lovely Venus, and his own laurel to Phoebus.”[6] At the Veneralia, women bathed wearing crowns woven of myrtle branches, and myrtle was used in wedding rituals
Related plants
Many other related species native to South America, New Zealand and elsewhere, previously classified in a wider interpretation of the genus Myrtus, are now treated in other genera, Eugenia, Lophomyrtus, Luma, Rhodomyrtus, Syzygium, Ugni, and at least a dozen other genera. The name "myrtle" is also used to refer to unrelated plants in several other genera: "Crepe myrtle" (Lagerstroemia, Lythraceae), "Wax myrtle" (Myrica, Myricaceae), and "Myrtle" or "Creeping myrtle" (Vinca, Apocynaceae).
Footnotes
- ↑ "Liquore di mirto" (in Italian). Italian Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2007-06-18.
- ↑ V. Pirenne-Delforge, “Épithètes cultuelles et interpretation philosophique: à propos d’Aphrodite Ourania et Pandémos à Athènes.” AntCl 57 (1980::142-57) p. 413.
- ↑ Artemidorus, Oneirocritica, I.77. (translation of Hugh G. Evelyn-White).
- ↑ Aristophanes, The Frogs, the Iacchus chorus, 330ff.
- ↑ Pindar, Isthmian Ode IV.
- ↑ Virgil, Eclogue VII.61-63.
External links
- Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages