Paphiopedilum

? Paphiopedilum
Paphiopediulum insigne Paphiopediulum insigne
Plant Info
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Cypripedioideae Tribe: Cypripedieae Subtribe: Paphiopedilinae Genus: Paphiopedilum Pfitzer, 1886
Species
See text.

Paphiopedilum is a genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae) of approximately 77 species native to South China, India, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. The genus has been given its own subtribe, the Paphiopedilinae.

Description

The genus name Paphiopedilum is derived from the Greek Paphos, a city on the island of Cyprus, and pedilon, slipper. Most species in this genus were previously considered part of the genus Cypripedium, but Paphiopedilum was accepted as the conserved (valid in use) name in 1959.

Paphiopedilum (sometimes colloquially referred to as "Paphs") are considered highly collectible by growers due to the curious and unusual form of their flowers. Most naturally occur among humus layers as terrestrials on the forest floor, while a few are true epiphytes and some are lithophytes.

Along with Phragmipedium, Cypripedium, Mexipedium, and Selenipedium, the genus is a member of the subfamily Cypripedioideae, commonly referred to as the Lady’s or Venus’ Slipper Orchids, so named from the unusual shape of the pouch (labellum) of the flower, which was said to resemble a lady’s slipper. The pouch functions by trapping insects so that they are forced to climb up past the staminode, behind which they collect or deposit pollinia.

Paphiopedilum bellatulum

These sympodial orchids lack pseudobulbs. Instead they grow robust shoots, each with several leaves. These can be short and rounded or long and narrow, and typically have a mottled pattern. When older shoots die, newer ones take over. Each new shoot only blooms once when it is fully grown, producing a raceme between the fleshy, succulent leaves. The roots are thick and fleshy. Potted plants form a tight lump of roots that, when untangled, can be up to l m long.

The Chinese orchid Paphiopedilum armeniacum, discovered in 1979 and described in 1982, amazed growers of orchids by the extraordinary beauty of its golden flowers.

The Paphiopedilums are among the most widely cultivated and hybridized of orchid genera. Thousands of interspecific hybrids have been registered with the Royal Horticultural Society in London over the years. These orchids are relatively easy to grow indoors, as long as conditions that mimic their natural habitats are created. Most species thrive in moderate to high humidity (50 to 70 percent), moderate temperatures ranging from 13 to 35 degrees Celsius and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 lux. Modern hybrids are typically easier to grow in artificial conditions than their parent species.

Synonymy

The 3 genera Cordula Raf., Stimegas Raf. and Menephora Raf. are generally considered synonyms of Paphiopedilum.

Taxonomy

Paphiopedilum primulinum

Paphiopedilum argus

Paphiopedilum callosum

Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum

Paphiopedilum insigne

Paphiopedilum philippinense var. roebelenii

Paphiopedilum spicerianum

Paphiopedilum sukhakulii

Paphiopedilum rothschildianum

The genus Paphiopedilum has been divided into several subgenera, and then further into sections and subsections.

Subgenus Parvisepalum

Subgenus Brachypetalum

Subgenus Polyantha

• section Mastigopetalum
• section Polyantha
• section Mystropetalum
• section Stictopetalum
• section Paphiopedilum
• section Seratopetalum
• section Cymatopetalum
• section Thiopetalum

Subgenus Sigmatopetalum

• section Spathopetalum
  • subsection Macronidium
  • subsection Spathopetalum
• section Blepharopetalum
• section Mastersianum
• section Punctatum
• section Barbata
  • subsection Lorapetalum
  • subsection Chloroneura
• section Planipetalum
• section Venustum

Subgenus Cochlopetalum

Species, subspecies and varieties

• Paphiopedilum acmodontum (Philippines).
• Paphiopedilum adductum (Philippines).
• Paphiopedilum appletonianum (Hainan to Indo-China).
• Paphiopedilum argus (Philippines - Luzon).
• Paphiopedilum armeniacum : Golden Slippers (China - W. YunNan to N. Myanmar).
  • Paphiopedilum armeniacum var. parviflorum (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of Paphiopedilum armeniacum S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu)
  • Paphiopedilum armeniacum var. undulatum (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of Paphiopedilum armeniacum S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu)
  • Paphiopedilum armeniacum f. markii (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of Paphiopedilum armeniacum S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu)
• Paphiopedilum barbatum (Pen. Thailand to Sumatra).
• Paphiopedilum barbigerum (China - SE. YunNan, SW. Guizhou, Guangxi).
• Paphiopedilum bellatulum : Egg-in-a-nest Orchid (China - SE. YunNan, Guizhou, S. Guangxi to Indo-China).
• Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum (Solomon Is).
  • Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum var. bougainvilleanum (Solomon Is. - North Solomons). Hemicr.
  • Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum var. saskianum ( Solomon Is. - South Solomons).. Hemicr.
• Paphiopedilum bullenianum (Malaysia).
  • Paphiopedilum bullenianum var. bullenianum (W. Malaysia). Hemicr.
  • Paphiopedilum bullenianum var. celebesense (Sulawesi to Maluku). Hemicr.
• Paphiopedilum callosum (Indo-China to NW. Pen. Malaysia).
  • Paphiopedilum callosum var. callosum (Indo-China). Hemicr.
  • Paphiopedilum callosum var. potentianum (Thailand). Hemicr.
  • Paphiopedilum callosum var. warnerianum (Pen. Thailand to NW. Pen. Malaysia). Hemicr.
• Paphiopedilum charlesworthii (N. Myanmar to China - YunNan).
• Paphiopedilum ciliolare (Philippines).
• Paphiopedilum concolor (China - YunNan, Guizhou, Guangxi to Indo-China).
• Paphiopedilum dayanum (Borneo).
• Paphiopedilum delenatii (SE. Viet Nam)
  • Paphiopedilum delenatii f. albinum (SE. Viet Nam) (synonym of Paphiopedilum delenatii Guillaumin)
• Paphiopedilum delicatum (Viet Nam) (synonym of Paphiopedilum helenae Aver.)
• Paphiopedilum densissimum (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of Paphiopedilum villosum var. villosum)
• Paphiopedilum dianthum (China - SE. YunNan, SW. Guizhou, W. Guangxi).
• Paphiopedilum dixlerianum (Mynamar)
• Paphiopedilum druryi (S. India).
• Paphiopedilum emersonii (China - SE. YunNan, S. Guizhou, Guangxi).
  • Paphiopedilum emersonii f. luteum (China - SE. YunNan)
• Paphiopedilum exul (Pen. Thailand).
• Paphiopedilum fairrieanum (E. Himalaya to Assam).
• Paphiopedilum fowliei (Philippines - Palawan).
• Paphiopedilum gigantifolium (SC. Sulawesi).
• Paphiopedilum glanduliferum (NW. New Guinea).
• Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum (E. Java).
  • Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum var. glaucophyllum (E. Java).
  • Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum var. moquetteanum (SW. Java).
• Paphiopedilum godefroyae (Pen. Thailand).
• Paphiopedilum gratrixianum (Laos to Viet Nam).
• Paphiopedilum hangianum (China - YunNan to Viet Nam).
  • Paphiopedilum hangianum f. album (Viet Nam) (synonym of Paphiopedilum hangianum Perner & O.Gruss)
• Paphiopedilum haynaldianum (Philippines - Luzon, Negros).
• Paphiopedilum helenae (N. Vietnam - Cao Bang Prov).
• Paphiopedilum hennisianum (C. Philippines).
• Paphiopedilum henryanum (China - SE. YunNan, Guangxi to N. Vietnam).
• Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum (Assam to S. China).
  • Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum (China - YunNan
  • Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum var. esquirolei (China - YunNan, Guizhou, Guangxi to N. & E. Indo-China).
  • Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum var. hirsutissimum (Assam to Myanmar).
• Paphiopedilum hookerae (Borneo).
  • Paphiopedilum hookerae var. hookerae (Borneo - Sarawak, W. Kalimantan).
  • Paphiopedilum hookerae var. volonteanum (Borneo - Sabah).
• Paphiopedilum insigne (Assam - Meghalaya).
• Paphiopedilum intaniae (Sulawesi).
• Paphiopedilum jackii (China - SE. YunNan to N. Viet Nam) (synonym of Paphiopedilum malipoense var. jackii (H.S.Hua) Aver.)
• Paphiopedilum javanicum (Sumatra to Lesser Sunda Is.)
  • Paphiopedilum javanicum]] var. javanicum (Sumatra to Lesser Sunda Is.) Hemicr.
  • Paphiopedilum javanicum]] var. virens (Borneo - Sabah to N. Sarawak). Hemicr.
• Paphiopedilum kolopakingii (Borneo - C. Kalimantan).
• Paphiopedilum lawrenceanum (Borneo - Sarawak, Sabah).
• Paphiopedilum liemianum (N. Sumatra).
• Paphiopedilum lowii (W. & C. Malesia).
  • Paphiopedilum lowii var. lowii (W. & C. Malaysia).
  • Paphiopedilum lowii var. lynniae (Borneo). Hemicr.
  • Paphiopedilum lowii var. richardianum (Sulawesi).
• Paphiopedilum malipoense : Jade Slipper Orchid (S. China to N. Viet Nam).
  • Paphiopedilum malipoense var. angustatum (China - YunNan).
  • Paphiopedilum malipoense var. jackii (H.S.Hua) Aver. (SE Yunnan to N. Vietnam)
  • Paphiopedilum malipoense var. malipoense (China - SE. YunNan, SW. Guizhou, SW. Guangxi to N. Viet Nam).
  • Paphiopedilum malipoense f. concolor (China - YunNan).
  • Paphiopedilum malipoense f. tonnianum (China - YunNan) (synonym of Paphiopedilum malipoense var. malipoense)
  • Paphiopedilum malipoense f. virescens (China - YunNan) (synonym of Paphiopedilum malipoense var. malipoense)
• Paphiopedilum mastersianum (Lesser Sunda Is. to Maluku).
  • Paphiopedilum mastersianum var. mastersianum (Maluku - Ambon, Buru).
  • Paphiopedilum mastersianum var. mohrianum (Lesser Sunda Is. (Flores).
• Paphiopedilum micranthum : Hard-leaved Pocket Orchid, Silver Slipper Orchid (China - SE. YunNan, W. & N. Guangxi, W. Guizhou to N. Viet Nam).
• Paphiopedilum niveum (Pen. Thailand to N. Pen. Malaysia).
• Paphiopedilum ooii (Borneo).
• Paphiopedilum papuanum (New Guinea).
• Paphiopedilum parishii (Assam to China - W. YunNan).
• Paphiopedilum philippinense (Philippines to N. Borneo).
  • Paphiopedilum philippinense var. philippinense (Philippines to N. Borneo).
  • Paphiopedilum philippinense var. roebelenii (Philippines - Luzon).
• Paphiopedilum primulinum (Sumatea - S. Aceh).
  • Paphiopedilum primulinum var. primulinum (Sumatra - S. Aceh).
  • Paphiopedilum primulinum var. purpurascens (Sumatra -S. Aceh).
• Paphiopedilum purpuratum (S.China to Hainan).
  • Paphiopedilum purpuratum var. hainanense (Hainan).
  • Paphiopedilum purpuratum var. purpuratum (China - YunNan, Hong Kong, Guangdong).
• Paphiopedilum randsii (Philippines - N. Mindanao).
• Paphiopedilum rhizomatosum (Myanmar).
• Paphiopedilum rothschildianum : King of the Paphs (Borneo - Mt. Kinabalu).
• Paphiopedilum saccopetalum (China - SE. Guanxi).
• Paphiopedilum sanderianum (NW. Borneo - Gunung Mulu).
• Paphiopedilum sangii (N. Sulawesi).
• Paphiopedilum schoseri (Sulawesi to Maluku).
• Paphiopedilum singchii (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of Paphiopedilum hangianum Perner & O.Gruss)
• Paphiopedilum smaragdinum (South and Central China, YunNan) (now a synonym of Paphiopedilum tigrinum f. smaragdinum (Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen) O.Gruss (2005).
• Paphiopedilum spicerianum (Bhutan to NW. Myanmar).
  • Paphiopedilum spicerianum f. immaculatum (India) (synonym of Paphiopedilum spicerianum (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer)
• Paphiopedilum stonei (Borneo - Sarawak).
  • Paphiopedilum stonei var. platyphyllum (Borneo - Sarawak).
  • Paphiopedilum stonei var. stonei (Borneo - S. Sarawak)
• Paphiopedilum sugiyamanum (Borneo - Sabah).
• Paphiopedilum sukhakulii (NE. Thailand).
• Paphiopedilum supardii (Borneo - SE. Kalimantan).
• Paphiopedilum superbiens (N. & W. Sumatra).
• Paphiopedilum thaianum (Thailand).
• Paphiopedilum tigrinum Koop. & N.Haseg. (China - W. YunNan).
  • Paphiopedilum tigrinum f. smaragdinum (Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen) O.Gruss (2005).
• Paphiopedilum tonsum (N. & W. Sumatra).
  • Paphiopediltum tonsum f. alboviride (Sumatra) (synonym of Paphiopedilum tonsum (Rchb.f.) Stein)
• Paphiopedilum tranlienianum (Viet Nam).
  • Paphiopedilum tranlienianum f. alboviride (Viet Nam)
• Paphiopedilum urbanianum (Philippines - Mindoro).
  • Paphiopedilum urbanianum f. alboviride (Philippines) (synonym of Paphiopedilum urbanianum Fowlie)
• Paphiopedilum usitanum (Philippines).
• Paphiopedilum vejvarutianum (Thailand - Kanchanaburi)
• Paphiopedilum venustum (E. Nepal to NE. Bangladesh).
• Paphiopedilum victoria-mariae (W. Sumatra).
• Paphiopedilum victoria-regina (W. Sumatra).
• Paphiopedilum vietnamense (Viet Nam).
• Paphiopedilum villosum (Assam to S. China).
  • Paphiopedilum villosum var. annamense (China - YunNan, Guangxi to Indo-China).
  • Paphiopedilum villosum var. boxallii (Myanmar).
  • Paphiopedilum villosum var. villosum (Assam to Thailand)
• Paphiopedilum viniferum (Burma) (synonym of Paphiopedilum callosum var. callosum)
• Paphiopedilum violascens (N. & E. New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. - Manus I.).
• Paphiopedilum wardii : Rainbow Orchid (China - SW. YunNan to Myanmar).
  • Paphiopedilum wardii var. teestaensis (China - SW. YunNan).
  • Paphiopedilum wardii f. alboviride (China - SW. YunNan) (synonym of Paphiopedilum wardii Summerh.)
• Paphiopedilum wentworthianum (Solomon Is.).
• Paphiopedilum wilhelminae (C. New Guinea).

Natural Hybrids

• Paphiopedilum × affine ( P. appletonianum × P. villosum). (Viet Nam).
• Paphiopedilum × areeanum(P. barbigerum × P. villosum var. annamense) (China - SE. YunNan).
• Paphiopedilum × burbidgei (P. dayanum × P. javanicum var. virens) (Borneo).
• Paphiopedilum × dalatense (P. callosum × P. villosum var. annamense) (Viet Nam).
• Paphiopedilum × dixlerianum (P. callosum × P. wardii) (Myanmar).
• Paphiopedilum × expansum ( P. hennisianum × P. philippinense) (Philippines).
• Paphiopedilum × fanaticum (P. malipoense × P. micranthum) (S. China).
• Paphiopedilum × frankeanum (P. superbiens × P. tonsum) (Sumatra). 42 SUM.
• Paphiopedilum × grussianum (P. dianthum × P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei) (China - Guangxi).
• Paphiopedilum × herrmannii (Vietnam) (P. helenae × P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei)
• Paphiopedilum × kimballianum (P. dayanum × P. rothschildianum) (Borneo -Mt. Kinabalu).
• Paphiopedilum × littleanum (P. dayanum × P. lawrenceanum) (Borneo).
• Paphiopedilum × mattesii (P. barbatum × P. bullenianum) (Pen. Malaysia).
• Paphiopedilum × pereirae (P. exul × P. niveum) (Pen. Thailand).
• Paphiopedilum × petchleungianum (P. dianthum × P. villosum) (China - SE. YunNan).
• Paphiopedilum × powellii (P. callosum × P. exul) (Pen. Thailand).
• Paphiopedilum × pradhanii (P. fairrieanum × P. venustum) (E. Himalaya)
• Paphiopedilum × shipwayae (P. dayanum × P. hookerae). (Borneo).
• Paphiopedilum × siamense (P. appletonianum × P. callosum) (Thailand).
• Paphiopedilum × spicerovenustum (P. spiceranum × P. venustum) (Assam).
• Paphiopedilum × venustoinsigne (P. insigne × P. venustum) (Assam).
• Paphiopedilum × vietenryanum (P. gratrixianum × P. henryanum) (China – YunNan).

References

• Braem, G. J., Charles O. Baker, Margaret L. Baker. The Genus Paphiopedilum: Natural History and Cultivation, Vol. 1. Kissimmee, Florida: Botanical Publishers, Inc., 1998.
• Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. Orchids: Care and Cultivation. London: Cassel Publishers Ltd., 1991.
• Pridgeon, A.M.; Cribb, P.J.; Chase, M.W. & F. N. Rasmussen (1999): Genera Orchidacearum Vol.1, Oxford U. Press. ISBN 0-19-850513-2
• Schoser, Gustav. Orchid Growing Basics. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1993.
• White, Judy. Taylor’s Guide to Orchids. Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996.

External links

Paphiopedilum molecular characterization data

• [1]
• [2]
• Orchid Picture Gallery