Buxus
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Buxus > |
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Read about Buxus in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
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Buxus (ancient Latin name). Buxàcex. Box Tree. Ornamental small trees or shrubs grown chiefly for their handsome evergreen foliage. Leaves opposite, short-petioled, penninerved, entire, glabrous or nearly so, coriaceous: fls. monoecious, apetalous, in axillary or terminal clusters, consisting usually of 1 terminal pistillate fl., with usually 6 sepals and with a 3-celled superior ovary with 3 short styles and several lateral staminate fls. with 4 sepals and 4 stamens: fr. an obovate or nearly globular 3-pointed caps., separating into 3 valves, each containing 2 shining black seeds.—About 30 species in the mts. of Cent. and E. Asia, N. Afr., and S. Eu., also in W. India and Cent. Amer. These are evergreen shrubs of rather slow growth, with shining, small foliage and inconspicuous flowers and fruits. Buxus japónica seems to be the hardiest species, and it has proved quite hardy at the Arnold Arboretum; and B. microphyUa is of about the same hardiness, while B. sempervirens is somewhat tenderer; B. balearica and B. Wauichiana are still more tender. B. sempervirens stands pruning very well, and in the old formal gardens of Europe was formerly much used for hedges, and sometimes trimmed into the most fantastic shapes; the dwarf variety is still often planted for bordering flowerbeds. The very hard and close-grained wood is in great demand for engraving and finer turnery work. The box tree thrives in almost any well-drained soil, and best in a partially shaded position. Propagation is by cuttings from mature wood early in fall, kept during the winter in the cool greenhouse or under handlights in the open; in more temperate regions they may be inserted in a shady place in the open air; 4 to 6 inches is the best size for outdoor cuttings. Layers will also make good plants. The dwarf variety is usually propagated by division. In planting borders, it is essential to insert the divided plants deeply and as firmly as possible, and to give plenty of water in the beginning. Seeds are sown soon after maturity, but it requires a long time to raise plants of good size from them.
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 Common Box Buxus sempervirens | ||||||||||||
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| About 70 species; see text |
Buxus is a genus of about 70 species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include boxwood (North America) and box (all other English-speaking countries).
The boxes are native to western and southern Europe, southwest, southern and eastern Asia, Africa, Madagascar, northernmost South America, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean, with the majority of species tropical or subtropical; only the European and some Asian species are frost-tolerant. Centres of diversity occur in Cuba (about 30 species), China (17 species) and Madagascar (nine species).
They are slow-growing evergreen shrubs and small trees, growing to 2-12 m (rarely 15 m) tall. The leaves are opposite, rounded to lanceolate, and leathery; they are small in most species, typically 1.5-5 cm long and 0.3-2.5 cm broad, but up to 11 cm long and 5 cm broad in B. macrocarpa. The flowers are small and yellow-green, monoecious with both sexes present on a plant. The fruit is a small capsule 0.5-1.5 cm long (to 3 cm in B. macrocarpa), containing several small seeds.
The genus splits into three genetically distinct sections, each section in a different region, with the Eurasian species in one section, the African (except northwest Africa) and Madagascan species in the second, and the American species in the third. The African and American sections are genetically closer to each other than to the Eurasian section (Balthazar et al., 2000).
- Selected species
- Europe, northwest Africa, Asia
- Buxus austro-yunnanensis (Yunnan Box; southwest China)
- Buxus balearica (Balearic Box; Balearic Islands, southern Spain, northwest Africa)
- Buxus bodinieri (China)
- Buxus cephalantha (China)
- Buxus cochinchensis (Malaysia)
- Buxus colchica (Georgian Box; western Caucasus)
- Buxus hainanensis (Hainan Box; China: Hainan)
- Buxus harlandii (Harland's Box; southern China)
- Buxus hebecarpa (China)
- Buxus henryi (Henry's Box; China)
- Buxus hyrcana (Caspian Box; Alborz, eastern Caucasus)
- Buxus ichangensis (China)
- Buxus latistyla (China)
- Buxus linearifolia (China)
- Buxus megistophylla (China)
- Buxus microphylla (Japanese Box; Korea, China; long cultivated in Japan)
- Buxus mollicula (China)
- Buxus myrica (China)
- Buxus papillosa (western Himalaya)
- Buxus pubiramea (China)
- Buxus rivularis (Philippines)
- Buxus rolfei (Borneo)
- Buxus rugulosa (China, eastern Himalaya)
- Buxus rupicola (Malaysia)
- Buxus sempervirens (Common Box or European Box; western and southern Europe, except far southwest)
- Buxus sinica (Chinese Box; China, Korea, Japan)
- Buxus stenophylla (China)
- Buxus wallichiana (Himalayan Box; Himalaya)
- Africa, Madagascar
- Buxus acuminata (Africa: Zaire; syn. Notobuxus acuminata)
- Buxus calcarea (Madagascar endemic)
- Buxus capuronii (Madagascar endemic)
- Buxus hildebrantii (eastern Africa: Somalia, Ethiopia)
- Buxus humbertii (Humbert's Box; Madagascar endemic)
- Buxus itremoensis (Madagascar endemic)
- Buxus lisowskii (Congo)
- Buxus macowanii (Cape Box; eastern and northern South Africa)
- Buxus macrocarpa (Madagascar endemic)
- Buxus madagascarica (Madagascan Box; Madagascar, Comoros)
- Buxus monticola (Madagascar endemic)
- Buxus moratii (Madagascar, Comoros)
- Buxus natalensis (Natal Box; eastern South Africa; syn. Notobuxus natalensis)
- Buxus obtusifolia (eastern Africa; syn. Notobuxus obtusifolia)
- Buxus rabenantoandroi (Madagascar endemic; syn. B. angustifolia GE Schatz & Lowry non Mill.)
- Americas
- Buxus aneura (Cuba)
- Buxus bartletii (Central America)
- Buxus brevipes (Cuba)
- Buxus citrifolia (Venezuela)
- Buxus crassifolia (Cuba)
- Buxus ekmanii (Cuba)
- Buxus excisa (Cuba)
- Buxus heterophylla (Cuba)
- Buxus imbricata (Cuba)
- Buxus lancifolia (Mexico)
- Buxus macrophylla (Central America)
- Buxus mexicana (Mexico)
- Buxus muelleriana (Cuba)
- Buxus olivacea (Cuba)
- Buxus pilosula (Cuba)
- Buxus portoricensis (Puerto Pico)
- Buxus pubescens (Mexico)
- Buxus rheedioides (Cuba)
- Buxus vahlii (Vahl's Box or Smooth Box; Puerto Pico; syn. B. laevigata)
Symbolism and uses
Boxes are commonly used for hedges and topiary, and the dense wood (called "boxwood" in all countries) is valued for wood carving and the making of wood type for printing. The inconspicuous flowers mean that boxes are usually only grown for their foliage. They are particularly favoured for hedges, topiary, and mazes in formal gardens. Given time, neat low hedging can grow to enormous size, as at Powis Castle in north Wales. Often, however, they are kept dwarfed, as in the famous gardens at Château Villandry in France.
European Box has lent its name to several places in southern England, for example Bexhill-on-Sea in Sussex and Box Hill in Surrey, and to other things, including the Boxwood Festival for flutists.
The American Boxwood Society specializes in the study of boxwoods, and has produced a number of publications.
References
Balthazar, M. von, Peter K. Endress, P. K., and Qiu, Y.-L. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships in Buxaceae based on nuclear internal transcribed spacers and plastid ndhF sequences. Int. J. Plant Sci. 161(5): 785–792 (available online).