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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Iochroma''
| image = Iochroma fuchsioides.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Iochroma fuchsioides''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Solanales]]
| familia = [[Solanaceae]]
| genus = '''''Iochroma'''''
| genus_authority = [[George Bentham|Benth.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Iochroma''''' is a genus of about 20 species of [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s found in the forests of [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]. Their [[flower]]s are tubular or trumpet-shaped, and may be blue, purple, red, yellow, or white, becoming pulpy [[Berry|berries]]. The [[Leaf|leaves]] are alternate, simple, and entire.
''Iochromas'' are believed to contain high levels of [[tropane]] [[alkaloid]]s, and are used by [[shaman]]s of some Indian tribes for their [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogen]]ic effects.
Iochromas come in many colors, including blue, red, lavender, pink and variations of these colors. They are grown for their ornamental value by nurseries in Florida and California. Iochromas make great patio trees ([[topiary]]), most commonly trained as standards. Standards are shrubs trained into a single-trunked tree shape. Standards have the advantages of a small tree, such as shade and beauty, but do not grow too large. Iochroma flowers are very attractive to hummingbirds, who feed on the nectar. The Iochroma flower nectar apparently does not have a toxic effect on hummingbirds.
Iochromas are related to the plants [[Datura]] and [[Brugmansia]]. All of these plants have high levels of tropane alkaloids being studied for possible future medicinal uses, including potential as arthritis medication. Motion-sickness pill and patch medications ([[Dramamine]], [[Scopolamine]]) are derivitives of Brugmansias. Iochromas have over 150 different tropane alkaloids contained in their white, milky sap.
The family Solanaceae is further divided into subfamilies, tribes and subtribes. Iochroma is in the subtribe Iochrominae along with the genera Acnistus, Dunalia, Eriolarynx, Saracha, and Vassobia.
'''Species'''
The genus Iochroma is not completely known. Several of the species listed here are known to have resulted from hybridisation in the wild and there is extensive synonymy which is not recorded here. Recent research indicates that some of the species listed here are not Iochroma (see notes) although changes in nomenclature have not formally been published. There are also known to be undescribed species.
The genus is currently divided into 3 sections.
Section Iochroma
*Iochroma albianthum S. Leiva
*Iochroma australe Grisebach (see notes)
*Iochroma ayabacense S. Leiva
*Iochroma calycinum Bentham
*Iochroma confertiflorum (Miers) Hunziker
*Iochroma cornifolium Miers
*Iochroma cyaneum (Lindley) M. L. Green
*Iochroma edule S. Leiva
*Iochroma fuchsioides Miers
*Iochroma gesnerioides (Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth) Miers
*Iochroma grandiflorum Bentham
*Iochroma loxense Miers
*Iochroma nitidum S. Leiva & Quipuscoa
*Iochroma peruvianum (Dunal) J. F. Macbride
*Iochroma sagasteguii sp. nov. ined.
*Iochroma salpoanum S. Leiva & P. Lezama
*Iochroma schjellerupii S. Leiva & Quipuscoa
*Iochroma squamosum S. Leiva & Quipuscoa
*Iochroma stenanthum S. Leiva, Quipuscoa & Sawyer
*Iochroma tingoense sp. nov. ined.
*Iochroma tupayachianum S.Leiva
*Iochroma umbellatum (Ruiz & Pavon) D'Arcy
Section Lehmannia
*Iochroma ellipticum (Hook.f.) Hunziker
*Iochroma lehmannii Bitter
Section Spinosa
*Iochroma cardenasianum Hunziker (see notes)
*Iochroma parvifolium (Roemer & Schultes) D’Arcy (see notes)
Notes:
Iochroma australe is not an Iochroma but an Eriolarynx.
Iochroma cardenasianum is not an Iochroma and not a member of the tribe Physaleae (incl. subtribe Iochrominae) but the tribe Datureae.
Iochroma parviflorum is not an Iochroma but a Dunalia.
'''Iochromas as ornamentals'''
Several forms of Iochroma (some wild collected, some garden hybrids) have been given cultivar names. Some of the cultivars have been assigned to species but others, mainly hybrids, have not. There may be some synonymy in this list.
*Iochroma australe ‘Andean Snow’
*Iochroma australe ‘Bill Evans’
*Iochroma australe ‘Sunrise’
*Iochroma calycinum ‘Vlasta’s Surprise’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Album’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Apricot Belle’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Indigo’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Karl Hartweg’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘John Miers’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Royal Blue’,
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Sky King’,
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Trebah’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Woodcote White’
*Iochroma gesnerioides ‘Coccineum’
*Iochroma gesnerioides var. flavum
*Iochroma ‘Ashcott Red’
*Iochroma ‘Burgundy Bells’
*Iochroma ‘Frosty Plum’
*Iochroma ‘Ilie’s Plum’
*Iochroma ‘Plum Beauty’
*Iochroma ‘Plum Delight’
*Iochroma ‘Purple Haze’
*Iochroma ‘Sunset’
*Iochroma ‘Wine Red’
'''Main Sources.'''
*Shaw, J. M. H. (1998) A Review of Iochroma in Cultivation. New Plantsman 5(3): 154-192.
*Smith, S. D. and Baum D. A. (2006) Phylogenetics Of The Florally Diverse Andean Clade Iochrominae (Solanaceae). American Journal Of Botany 93(8): 1140–1153.
[[Category:Solanaceae]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Iochroma''
| image = Iochroma fuchsioides.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Iochroma fuchsioides''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Solanales]]
| familia = [[Solanaceae]]
| genus = '''''Iochroma'''''
| genus_authority = [[George Bentham|Benth.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Iochroma''''' is a genus of about 20 species of [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s found in the forests of [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]. Their [[flower]]s are tubular or trumpet-shaped, and may be blue, purple, red, yellow, or white, becoming pulpy [[Berry|berries]]. The [[Leaf|leaves]] are alternate, simple, and entire.
''Iochromas'' are believed to contain high levels of [[tropane]] [[alkaloid]]s, and are used by [[shaman]]s of some Indian tribes for their [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogen]]ic effects.
Iochromas come in many colors, including blue, red, lavender, pink and variations of these colors. They are grown for their ornamental value by nurseries in Florida and California. Iochromas make great patio trees ([[topiary]]), most commonly trained as standards. Standards are shrubs trained into a single-trunked tree shape. Standards have the advantages of a small tree, such as shade and beauty, but do not grow too large. Iochroma flowers are very attractive to hummingbirds, who feed on the nectar. The Iochroma flower nectar apparently does not have a toxic effect on hummingbirds.
Iochromas are related to the plants [[Datura]] and [[Brugmansia]]. All of these plants have high levels of tropane alkaloids being studied for possible future medicinal uses, including potential as arthritis medication. Motion-sickness pill and patch medications ([[Dramamine]], [[Scopolamine]]) are derivitives of Brugmansias. Iochromas have over 150 different tropane alkaloids contained in their white, milky sap.
The family Solanaceae is further divided into subfamilies, tribes and subtribes. Iochroma is in the subtribe Iochrominae along with the genera Acnistus, Dunalia, Eriolarynx, Saracha, and Vassobia.
'''Species'''
The genus Iochroma is not completely known. Several of the species listed here are known to have resulted from hybridisation in the wild and there is extensive synonymy which is not recorded here. Recent research indicates that some of the species listed here are not Iochroma (see notes) although changes in nomenclature have not formally been published. There are also known to be undescribed species.
The genus is currently divided into 3 sections.
Section Iochroma
*Iochroma albianthum S. Leiva
*Iochroma australe Grisebach (see notes)
*Iochroma ayabacense S. Leiva
*Iochroma calycinum Bentham
*Iochroma confertiflorum (Miers) Hunziker
*Iochroma cornifolium Miers
*Iochroma cyaneum (Lindley) M. L. Green
*Iochroma edule S. Leiva
*Iochroma fuchsioides Miers
*Iochroma gesnerioides (Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth) Miers
*Iochroma grandiflorum Bentham
*Iochroma loxense Miers
*Iochroma nitidum S. Leiva & Quipuscoa
*Iochroma peruvianum (Dunal) J. F. Macbride
*Iochroma sagasteguii sp. nov. ined.
*Iochroma salpoanum S. Leiva & P. Lezama
*Iochroma schjellerupii S. Leiva & Quipuscoa
*Iochroma squamosum S. Leiva & Quipuscoa
*Iochroma stenanthum S. Leiva, Quipuscoa & Sawyer
*Iochroma tingoense sp. nov. ined.
*Iochroma tupayachianum S.Leiva
*Iochroma umbellatum (Ruiz & Pavon) D'Arcy
Section Lehmannia
*Iochroma ellipticum (Hook.f.) Hunziker
*Iochroma lehmannii Bitter
Section Spinosa
*Iochroma cardenasianum Hunziker (see notes)
*Iochroma parvifolium (Roemer & Schultes) D’Arcy (see notes)
Notes:
Iochroma australe is not an Iochroma but an Eriolarynx.
Iochroma cardenasianum is not an Iochroma and not a member of the tribe Physaleae (incl. subtribe Iochrominae) but the tribe Datureae.
Iochroma parviflorum is not an Iochroma but a Dunalia.
'''Iochromas as ornamentals'''
Several forms of Iochroma (some wild collected, some garden hybrids) have been given cultivar names. Some of the cultivars have been assigned to species but others, mainly hybrids, have not. There may be some synonymy in this list.
*Iochroma australe ‘Andean Snow’
*Iochroma australe ‘Bill Evans’
*Iochroma australe ‘Sunrise’
*Iochroma calycinum ‘Vlasta’s Surprise’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Album’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Apricot Belle’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Indigo’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Karl Hartweg’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘John Miers’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Royal Blue’,
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Sky King’,
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Trebah’
*Iochroma cyaneum ‘Woodcote White’
*Iochroma gesnerioides ‘Coccineum’
*Iochroma gesnerioides var. flavum
*Iochroma ‘Ashcott Red’
*Iochroma ‘Burgundy Bells’
*Iochroma ‘Frosty Plum’
*Iochroma ‘Ilie’s Plum’
*Iochroma ‘Plum Beauty’
*Iochroma ‘Plum Delight’
*Iochroma ‘Purple Haze’
*Iochroma ‘Sunset’
*Iochroma ‘Wine Red’
'''Main Sources.'''
*Shaw, J. M. H. (1998) A Review of Iochroma in Cultivation. New Plantsman 5(3): 154-192.
*Smith, S. D. and Baum D. A. (2006) Phylogenetics Of The Florally Diverse Andean Clade Iochrominae (Solanaceae). American Journal Of Botany 93(8): 1140–1153.
[[Category:Solanaceae]]