94,129
edits
Changes
no edit summary
{{SPlantbox
{{SPlantbox
|familia=Aquifoliaceae
|genus=Ilex
|taxo_author=L.
|Temp Metric=°F
|Temp Metric=°F
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
|image=Upload.png
|image=Ilex-aquifolium (Europaeische Stechpalme-1.jpg
|image_width=240
|image_width=240
|image_caption=European Holly (''Ilex aquifolium'') leaves and fruit
}}
}}
'''Holly''' ('''''Ilex''','' {{pron-en|ˈaɪlɛks}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] of approximately 600 [[species]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Aquifoliaceae''', and the only living genus in that family.
[[Image:Hollyflowers.jpg|thumb|left|Hollies (here, ''[[Ilex aquifolium]]'') are dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing stamen and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen.]]
[[Image:Holly in Winter.jpg|thumb|A holly bush with a lone red berry in winter.]]
Holly berries are somewhat{{Clarify|date=February 2010}} toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by [[human|people]], partly due to the ilicin content. The fatal dose is estimated to be around twenty berries for adults. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of [[bird]]s, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the fall and early winter the berries are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the berries soften, and become milder in taste. During winter [[storm]]s, [[bird]]s often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from [[predator]]s (by the spiny leaves), and [[food]]. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the [[larva]] of the [[Double-striped Pug]] [[moth]] (''Gymnoscelis rufifasciata''). Other [[Lepidoptera]] whose larvae feed on holly include ''[[Bucculatrix ilecella]]'' (which feeds exclusively on hollies) and [[The Engrailed]] (''Ectropis crepuscularia''). Holly is commonly referenced at [[Christmas]] time. Also see: [[wreath]] for information on how the holly plant is used in [[Christmas]] wreaths.
Having [[evolution|evolved]] numerous species that are [[endemism|endemic]] to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare. [[Tropical]] species are especially often threatened by [[habitat destruction]] and [[overexploitation]], and at least two have become [[extinct]], with numerous others barely surviving.<ref name=iucn>[[International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]] (IUCN) (2007): ''2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'': [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/search.php?freetext=ilex&modifier=phrase&criteria=wholedb&taxa_species=1&redlistCategory%5B%5D=all&country%5B%5D=all&cty_default=1&aquatic%5B%5D=all&aqu_default=1®ions%5B%5D=all®_default=1&habitats%5B%5D=all&threats%5B%5D=all&redlistAssessyear%5B%5D=all&growths%5B%5D=all ''Ilex'']</ref>
{{Inc|
{{Inc|
Ilex (the ancient Latin name of Quercus ilex). Including Prinos and Othera. Aquifoliaceae (or Ilicineae). Holly. Ornamental woody plants, grown for their handsome foliage and the attractive mostly red berries.
Ilex (the ancient Latin name of Quercus ilex). Including Prinos and Othera. Aquifoliaceae (or Ilicineae). Holly. Ornamental woody plants, grown for their handsome foliage and the attractive mostly red berries.
Evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs: lvs. alternate, petioled, with small, caducous stipules, sometimes spiny: fls. dioecious, usually in rather few-fld. axillary cymes; calyx-lobes, petals and stamens usually 4, sometimes more; ovary superior; style very short: fr. a berry-like drupe, with 2-8 bony 1-seeded stones.— About 275 species in N. and S. Amer., Trop. and Temp. Asia, and few in Afr., Austral, and Eu. Monograph by Loesener in Nov. Act. Leop.-Carol. Acad. 71, pt. 1 (1901). For a horticultural monograph, see Dalli- more, Holly, Yew and Box, pp. 1-149 (1909), with many illustrations.
Evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs: lvs. alternate, petioled, with small, caducous stipules, sometimes spiny: fls. dioecious, usually in rather few-fld. axillary cymes; calyx-lobes, petals and stamens usually 4, sometimes more; ovary superior; style very short: fr. a berry-like drupe, with 2-8 bony 1-seeded stones.— About 275 species in N. and S. Amer., Trop. and Temp. Asia, and few in Afr., Austral, and Eu. Monograph by Loesener in Nov. Act. Leop.-Carol. Acad. 71, pt. 1 (1901). For a horticultural monograph, see Dalli- more, Holly, Yew and Box, pp. 1-149 (1909), with many illustrations.
The hollies have medium-sized, simple leaves, small, inconspicuous, whitish flowers in axillary clusters or solitary, and black, red or sometimes yellow berries, remaining on the branches often until the following spring. Of the evergreen species, only I. glabra and I. opaca are hardy North, and also I. crenata in somewhat sheltered positions. I. aquifolium, I. pernyi, and 7. cornuta are more tender, but stand many degrees of frost if sheltered, while most of the others can be grown only in the South. Of the deciduous species, I. decidua, I. monticola, I. laevigata and 7. I. verticillata are hardy North; also I. serrata and some other Japanese species are hardy or nearly so. The hollies, especially those with scarlet or red berries, are highly ornamental, and the berried branches of I. opaca and I. aquifolium are in great demand for Christmas decoration. Also I. laevigata and I. verticillata, the prettiest in fruit of the deciduous kinds, are sometimes sold for this purpose. The deciduous species are mostly shrubs, while many of the evergreen species grow into small or medium-sized trees, and I. opaca is the tallest of the broad-leaved evergreens which are hardy North and thrives even on extremely poor soil, and has good color also; the evergreens I. crenata, and I. glabra always remain shrubby. I. aquifolium is a favorite evergreen in English gardens, and numerous varieties are there in cultivation; it also grows well on the Pacific coast from British Columbia to California. It stands severe pruning well, and can be clipped and trained into almost every shape; it also makes fine hedges, but its slow growth is a disadvantage. As the chief value of the deciduous species is in the ornamental fruits, and the hollies are dioecious, care should be taken to choose in planting mostly pistillate plants and a few staminate ones and to give the former the most prominent place. The light, close-grained and tough wood of some of the arborescent species is much valued for turnery-work, engraving and cabinent-making. The leaves of some tropical species, as I. paraguariensis and 7. conocarpa, yield a kind of tea known as Yerba de Mate, or Paraguay tea, which is much used in South America. The hollies grow best in rich, well-drained soil, and the evergreen ones in partly shaded situations, but I. laevigata, I. verticillata and also I. serrata prefer moist places, and grow even in swamps. Most of the species grow slowly, and are not easily transplanted when older. The best tune for moving the evergreen species is the early fall, when the young wood has almost ripened, or in the spring just before the plants start into new growth. The leaves should be stripped on I. opaca and I. aquifolium when transplanted, particularly if at all exposed—or at least nearly all. This is absolutely necessary to insure success. Wild hollies may be handled this way with success, particularly if cut back as well. Propagation is by seeds, which do not germinate until the second year, and are therefore stratified and treated like those of the slow-growing hawthorns. The young seedlings should be transplanted^ after the second year. The evergreen species may be" increased by cuttings of ripened wood under glass, especially the shrubby ones; they are also sometimes grafted or budded on seedlings of I. aquifolium or I. opaca.
The hollies have medium-sized, simple leaves, small, inconspicuous, whitish flowers in axillary clusters or solitary, and black, red or sometimes yellow berries, remaining on the branches often until the following spring. Of the evergreen species, only I. glabra and I. opaca are hardy North, and also I. crenata in somewhat sheltered positions. I. aquifolium, I. pernyi, and 7. cornuta are more tender, but stand many degrees of frost if sheltered, while most of the others can be grown only in the South. Of the deciduous species, I. decidua, I. monticola, I. laevigata and 7. I. verticillata are hardy North; also I. serrata and some other Japanese species are hardy or nearly so. The hollies, especially those with scarlet or red berries, are highly ornamental, and the berried branches of I. opaca and I. aquifolium are in great demand for Christmas decoration. Also I. laevigata and I. verticillata, the prettiest in fruit of the deciduous kinds, are sometimes sold for this purpose. The deciduous species are mostly shrubs, while many of the evergreen species grow into small or medium-sized trees, and I. opaca is the tallest of the broad-leaved evergreens which are hardy North and thrives even on extremely poor soil, and has good color also; the evergreens I. crenata, and I. glabra always remain shrubby. I. aquifolium is a favorite evergreen in English gardens, and numerous varieties are there in cultivation; it also grows well on the Pacific coast from British Columbia to California. It stands severe pruning well, and can be clipped and trained into almost every shape; it also makes fine hedges, but its slow growth is a disadvantage. As the chief value of the deciduous species is in the ornamental fruits, and the hollies are dioecious, care should be taken to choose in planting mostly pistillate plants and a few staminate ones and to give the former the most prominent place. The light, close-grained and tough wood of some of the arborescent species is much valued for turnery-work, engraving and cabinent-making. The leaves of some tropical species, as I. paraguariensis and 7. conocarpa, yield a kind of tea known as Yerba de Mate, or Paraguay tea, which is much used in South America. The hollies grow best in rich, well-drained soil, and the evergreen ones in partly shaded situations, but I. laevigata, I. verticillata and also I. serrata prefer moist places, and grow even in swamps. Most of the species grow slowly, and are not easily transplanted when older. The best tune for moving the evergreen species is the early fall, when the young wood has almost ripened, or in the spring just before the plants start into new growth. The leaves should be stripped on I. opaca and I. aquifolium when transplanted, particularly if at all exposed—or at least nearly all. This is absolutely necessary to insure success. Wild hollies may be handled this way with success, particularly if cut back as well. Propagation is by seeds, which do not germinate until the second year, and are therefore stratified and treated like those of the slow-growing hawthorns. The young seedlings should be transplanted^ after the second year. The evergreen species may be" increased by cuttings of ripened wood under glass, especially the shrubby ones; they are also sometimes grafted or budded on seedlings of I. aquifolium or I. opaca.}}
==Cultivation==
===Propagation===
===Pests and diseases===
==Species==
Selected species:
<div float="left">
{{col-begin|width=75%}}
{{col-1-of-3}}
* ''[[Ilex abscondita]]''
* ''[[Ilex acutidenticulata]]''
* ''[[Ilex affinis]]''
* ''[[Ilex × altaclarensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex altiplana]]''
* ''[[Ilex amara]]'' – [[Caachira]]
* ''[[Ilex ambigua]]'' – [[Sand Holly]]
* ''[[Ilex amelanchier]]'' – Swamp Holly
* ''[[Ilex anomala]]'' <small>[[Hook.]] & [[Arn.]]</small> – ''Kāwa{{okina}}u'' ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])<ref>{{cite paper |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Ilex_anomala.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |title=Kāwa{{okina}}u, Hawaiian holly |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |coauthors=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref>
* ''[[Ilex anonoides]]''
* ''[[Ilex aquifolium]]'' – European Holly, English Holly, Christ's Thorn
* ''[[Ilex aracamuniana]]''
* ''[[Ilex argentina]]''
* ''[[Ilex arisanensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex bioritsensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex brachyphylla]]''
* ''[[Ilex brasiliensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex brevicuspis]]''
* ''[[Ilex brevipedicellata]]''
* ''[[Ilex buergeri]]''
* ''[[Ilex canariensis]]'' – [[Small-leaved Holly]], Acebino
* ''[[Ilex caniensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex cassine]]'' – Dahoon Holly, Cassena
* ''[[Ilex centrochinensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex cerasifolia]]''
* ''[[Ilex chamaedryfolia|Ilex chamædryfolia]]''
* ''[[Ilex chapaensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex chengkouensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex chinensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex chuniana]]''
* ''[[Ilex ciliolata]]''
* ''[[Ilex ciliospinosa]]''
* ''[[Ilex cognata]]''
* ''[[Ilex colchica]]''
* ''[[Ilex collina]]''
* ''[[Ilex conocarpa]]''
* ''[[Ilex cookii]]'' <small></small> – Cook's Holly ([[Puerto Rico]])
* ''[[Ilex corallina]]''
* ''[[Ilex coriacea]]'' – [[Gallberry]]<!-- see annotation in gallberry article source -->
* ''[[Ilex cornuta]]'' – [[Chinese Holly]], Horned Holly
* ''[[Ilex costaricensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex cowanii]]''
* ''[[Ilex crenata]]'' – Japanese Holly, Box-leaved Holly, ''inutsuge'' ([[Japanese (language)|Japanese]])
* ''[[Ilex crepitans]]''
* ''[[Ilex cyrtura]]''
* ''[[Ilex dabieshanensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex davidsei]]''
* ''[[Ilex decidua]]'' <small>Walter</small> – Possumhaw (Eastern United States, Northeastern [[Mexico]])
* ''[[Ilex dehongensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex dimorphophylla]]''
* ''[[Ilex diospyroides]]''
* ''[[Ilex dipyrena]]'' – [[Himalayan Holly]]
* ''[[Ilex dumosa]]''
* ''[[Ilex ericoides]]''
* ''[[Ilex euryoides]]''
* ''[[Ilex fargesii]]''
* ''[[Ilex fengqingensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex fertilis]]'' <!--Reiss.-->
* ''[[Ilex florifera]]''
* ''[[Ilex gardneriana]]'' ([[extinct]]: 20th century?)
* ''[[Ilex geniculata]]''
* ''[[Ilex georgei]]''
* ''[[Ilex gigantea]]''
* ''[[Ilex glabella]]''
* ''[[Ilex glabra]]'' <small>L. A.Gray</small> – Evergreen Winterberry, Bitter Gallberry, Inkberry (Eastern North America)
{{col-2-of-3}}
* ''[[Ilex gleasoniana]]''
* ''[[Ilex goshiensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex graciliflora]]''
* ''[[Ilex grandiflora]]''
* ''[[Ilex guaiquinimae]]''
* ''[[Ilex guayusa]]'' – Guayusa
* ''[[Ilex guianensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex harrisii]]''
* ''[[Ilex holstii]]''
* ''[[Ilex huachamacariana]]''
* ''[[Ilex humboldtiana]]''
* ''[[Ilex ignicola]]''
* ''[[Ilex illustris]]''
* ''[[Ilex integerrima]]''
* ''[[Ilex integra]]'' – Mochi Tree, Nepal Holly
* ''[[Ilex intricata]]''
* ''[[Ilex jamaicana]]'' <small>Proctor</small> ([[Jamaica]])
* ''[[Ilex jauaensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex jelskii]]''
* ''[[Ilex karuaiana]]''
* ''[[Ilex khasiana]]''
* ''[[Ilex kingiana]]''
* ''[[Ilex kudingcha]]''
* ''[[Ilex kusanoi]]''
* ''[[Ilex laevigata|Ilex lævigata]]'' – Smooth Winterberry
* ''[[Ilex lasseri]]''
* ''[[Ilex latifolia]]'' – Tarajo Holly, ''tarayō'' (Japanese)
* ''[[Ilex lechleri]]''
* ''[[Ilex leucoclada]]''
* ''[[Ilex longipes]]''
* ''[[Ilex longzhouensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex machilifolia]]''
* ''[[Ilex maclurei]]''
* ''[[Ilex macoucoua]]''
* ''[[Ilex macrocarpa]]''
* ''[[Ilex macropoda]]''
* ''[[Ilex magnifructa]]''
* ''[[Ilex maingayi]]''
* ''[[Ilex marahuacae]]''
* ''[[Ilex marginata]]''
* ''[[Ilex margratesavage]]''
* ''[[Ilex mathewsii]]''
* ''[[Ilex × meserveae]]''
* ''[[Ilex microdonta]]''
* ''[[Ilex mitis]]''
* ''[[Ilex montana]]'' <small>[[John Torrey|Torrey]] & [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small> – Mountain Winterberry ([[Eastern United States]])
* ''[[Ilex mucronata]]'' <small>(L.) M.Powell, Savol., & S.Andrews</small> – Mountain Holly, Catberry (Eastern North America)
* ''[[Ilex myrtifolia]]'' – [[Myrtle Holly]], Myrtle Dahoon
* ''[[Ilex neblinensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex nothofagifolia]]''
* ''[[Ilex oblonga]]''
* ''[[Ilex occulta]]''
* ''[[Ilex opaca]]'' – American Holly (Eastern United States)
* ''[[Ilex ovalifolia]]''
* ''[[Ilex palawanica]]''
* ''[[Ilex pallida]]''
* ''[[Ilex paraguariensis]]'' – [[Yerba maté|Maté]], [[yerba maté]], ''erva-mate'' (Portuguese)
* ''[[Ilex parvifructa]]''
* ''[[Ilex patens]]''
* ''[[Ilex pauciflora]]''
* ''[[Ilex paujiensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex pedunculosa]]''
* ''[[Ilex peiradena]]''
* ''[[Ilex perado]]'' – [[Madeiran Holly]]
* ''[[Ilex perlata]]''
* ''[[Ilex pernyi]]'' – [[Perny's Holly]]
* ''[[Ilex polita]]''
* ''[[Ilex praetermissa]]''
{{col-3-of-3}}
* ''[[Ilex pringlei]]''
* ''[[Ilex pseudobuxus]]''
* ''[[Ilex puberula]]''
* ''[[Ilex pubescens]]''
* ''[[Ilex pubiflora]]''
* ''[[Ilex purpurea]]''
* ''[[Ilex qianlingshanensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex quercetorum]]''
* ''[[Ilex quercifolia]]''
* ''[[Ilex rarasanensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex reticulata]]''
* ''[[Ilex rotunda]]''
* ''[[Ilex rugosa]]''
* ''[[Ilex sclerophylla]]''
* ''[[Ilex serrata]]'' – [[Japanese Winterberry]]
* ''[[Ilex sessilifructa]]''
* ''[[Ilex shimeica]]''
* ''[[Ilex sikkimensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex sintenisii]]'' <small>(Urban) Britt.</small> – Sintenis' Holly ([[Puerto Rico]])
* ''[[Ilex sipapoana]]''
* ''[[Ilex socorroensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex spinigera]]''
* ''[[Ilex spruceana]]''
* ''[[Ilex steyermarkii]]''
* ''[[Ilex subrotundifolia]]''
* ''[[Ilex subtriflora]]''
* ''[[Ilex sugerokii]]''
* ''[[Ilex sulcata]]''
* ''[[Ilex syzygiophylla]]''
* ''[[Ilex tahanensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex tateana]]''
* ''[[Ilex taubertiana]]''
* ''[[Ilex ternatiflora]]'' ([[extinct]]: 20th century?)
* ''[[Ilex theezans]]''
* ''[[Ilex tiricae]]''
* ''[[Ilex tolucana]]''
* ''[[Ilex trachyphylla]]''
* ''[[Ilex trichocarpa]]''
* ''[[Ilex tugitakayamensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex uraiensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex vaccinoides]]''
* ''[[Ilex venezuelensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex venulosa]]''
* ''[[Ilex verticillata]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small> American Winterberry (Eastern North America)<!-- I have removed an excessively long list of ambiguous common names --~~~~-->
* ''[[Ilex vomitoria]]'' – Yaupon Holly, ''casseena'' ([[Spanish (language)|Spanish]])
* ''[[Ilex vulcanicola]]''
* ''[[Ilex wenchowensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex williamsii]]''
* ''[[Ilex wilsonii]]''
* ''[[Ilex yunnanensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex wugonshanensis]]''
* ''[[Ilex yuiana]]''<ref>Ulloa Ulloa & Jørgensen (1993), eFloras.org (2007a, b), IUCN (2007), RBGE (2007), USDA (2007a, b)</ref>
{{col-end}}
</div>
{{Inc|
Index.
Index.
Mart.=Villaresia mucronata. — I.inslgnis, Hook. f. Evergreen small tree: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, spiny-toothed, often almost entire on older plants: fr. large, globose. Himalayas. G. C. II. 14:297. G. M. 31:475.—I.longipes Chapm. Deciduous shrub, allied to I. decidus: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, crenately serrate, almost glabrous: fr. globose, slender-pedicelled. N. C. to Ga., west to La. G. F. 3:345.—I. macrooarpa, Oliver. Deciduous tree, to 30 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptic or elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, finely serrate, 3-4 ½in. long: frs. black, solitary, ½ -3/4 in. across, on peduncles ½ -1 1/4in. long. Cent. China. H. I. 18:1787.— I. microcdrpa, Lindl.=I. rotunda, Thunb.—I. oldhamii. Miq.- purpures, Thunb,-I.pedunculoea, Miq. Evergreen small tree, glabrous: lvs.slender-petioled, elliptic-ovate to ovate-oblong, abruptly short-acuminate, entire or sparingly serrulate, 1 ½ -3in.long: fr. red, usually solitary on slender pedicels 1 ½ -2 in.long. Japan. S.1.F. 1:61. Var. continentalis, Loes. lvs. generally larger, thicker: sepals ciliate.
Mart.=Villaresia mucronata. — I.inslgnis, Hook. f. Evergreen small tree: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, spiny-toothed, often almost entire on older plants: fr. large, globose. Himalayas. G. C. II. 14:297. G. M. 31:475.—I.longipes Chapm. Deciduous shrub, allied to I. decidus: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, crenately serrate, almost glabrous: fr. globose, slender-pedicelled. N. C. to Ga., west to La. G. F. 3:345.—I. macrooarpa, Oliver. Deciduous tree, to 30 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptic or elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, finely serrate, 3-4 ½in. long: frs. black, solitary, ½ -3/4 in. across, on peduncles ½ -1 1/4in. long. Cent. China. H. I. 18:1787.— I. microcdrpa, Lindl.=I. rotunda, Thunb.—I. oldhamii. Miq.- purpures, Thunb,-I.pedunculoea, Miq. Evergreen small tree, glabrous: lvs.slender-petioled, elliptic-ovate to ovate-oblong, abruptly short-acuminate, entire or sparingly serrulate, 1 ½ -3in.long: fr. red, usually solitary on slender pedicels 1 ½ -2 in.long. Japan. S.1.F. 1:61. Var. continentalis, Loes. lvs. generally larger, thicker: sepals ciliate.
Cent. China.—I. purpurea, Thunb. (I. Oldhamii, Mlq.). Evergreen tree, glabrous: lvs. elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, crenate - serrulate, 2-3 in. long.: fr. red, 1/2in. across, pedicelled. usually 2-5 on a common peduncle about ½in. long. Japan, Cent. China. S. I. F. 1:62.—I. rotunda, Thunb. (I. microcarpa, Lindl.). Evergreen shrub or tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. oblong or elliptic, acute, pointed, quite entire: fr. small, red, in peduncled clusters. Japan. G. C. 1850:311. F.S. 7, p.
Cent. China.—I. purpurea, Thunb. (I. Oldhamii, Mlq.). Evergreen tree, glabrous: lvs. elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, crenate - serrulate, 2-3 in. long.: fr. red, 1/2in. across, pedicelled. usually 2-5 on a common peduncle about ½in. long. Japan, Cent. China. S. I. F. 1:62.—I. rotunda, Thunb. (I. microcarpa, Lindl.). Evergreen shrub or tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. oblong or elliptic, acute, pointed, quite entire: fr. small, red, in peduncled clusters. Japan. G. C. 1850:311. F.S. 7, p.
216. S. I. F. 1:60.—I. Rugdsa, F. Schmidt. Evergreen low spreading shrub, sometimes prostrate, glabrous: lvs. oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, remotely crenate-serrate, rugose above, 3/4-2 in. long: fr. usually solitary, scarlet. Japan, Saghalin.—I. szechwanensis, Loes. Evergreen shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, ovate- to elliptic- oblong, serrulate, 1-2 ½in. long.: fr. black, solitary, on stalks about 1/2 in. long. Cent. China.—I. triflora, Brandegee=I. brandegeeana. —I. yunnanensis, Franch. Evergreen shrub, to 10 ft.: branchlets villous: lvs. short-stalked, ovate to ovate-oblong, crenate-serrate or serrulate, pubescent below, at least on the midrib,3/4 – 1 1/2 in.long: fr. red, solitary, stalked. W. China. Alfred Rehder.
216. S. I. F. 1:60.—I. Rugdsa, F. Schmidt. Evergreen low spreading shrub, sometimes prostrate, glabrous: lvs. oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, remotely crenate-serrate, rugose above, 3/4-2 in. long: fr. usually solitary, scarlet. Japan, Saghalin.—I. szechwanensis, Loes. Evergreen shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, ovate- to elliptic- oblong, serrulate, 1-2 ½in. long.: fr. black, solitary, on stalks about 1/2 in. long. Cent. China.—I. triflora, Brandegee=I. brandegeeana. —I. yunnanensis, Franch. Evergreen shrub, to 10 ft.: branchlets villous: lvs. short-stalked, ovate to ovate-oblong, crenate-serrate or serrulate, pubescent below, at least on the midrib,3/4 – 1 1/2 in.long: fr. red, solitary, stalked. W. China.
}}
}}
==Gallery==
===Uses===
<gallery perrow=5>
Image:Starr_020925-0058_Ilex_anomala.jpg|''Ilex anomala''
Image:Ilex chinensis1.jpg|''Ilex chinensis''
Image:Ilex pedunculosa5.jpg|''Ilex pedunculosa''
Image:Ilex rotunda5.jpg|''Ilex rotunda''
Image:winterberry1.jpg|''Ilex verticillata''
Image:Yunnan Holly Ilex yunnanensis Sprig 3008px.jpg|''Ilex yunnanensis''
Image:Contorted Hedgehog Holly.JPG|A contorted hedgehog holly.
Image:Starr_020925-0058_Ilex_anomala.jpg|''Ilex anomala''
Image:Ilex chinensis1.jpg|''Ilex chinensis''
Image:Ilex pedunculosa5.jpg|''Ilex pedunculosa''
Image:Ilex rotunda5.jpg|''Ilex rotunda''
Image:Yunnan Holly Ilex yunnanensis Sprig 3008px.jpg|''Ilex yunnanensis''
</gallery>
==References==
==References==
<references/>
*[http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=3&start_taxon_id=116366 Flora of China: ''Ilex'' species list]
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ILEX USDA Plants Profile: ''Ilex'']
==External links==
==External links==
*[http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-1511:1 ''Growing Christmas holly on the farm''] hosted by the [http://digital.library.unt.edu/browse/department/govdocs/ UNT Government Documents Department]
*{{wplink}}
{{commons|Ilex aquifolium}}
{{stub}}
__NOTOC__