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Ulmus glabra (view source)

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|common_name=Scotch Elm, Wych Elm
 
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The '''Wych Elm ''Ulmus glabra''''' <small>[[William Hudson (botanist)|Huds.]]</small>, or '''Scots Elm''', is a large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] native to [[Europe]], [[Asia Minor]], and the [[Caucasus]]. Essentially a [[montane]] species, the tree occurs as far north as [[67th parallel north|latitude 67°N]] at [[Beiarn]] in Norway and has also been successfully introduced to [[Narsarsuaq]], near the southern tip of [[Greenland]] ([[61st parallel north|61°N]]). The tree was by far the most common elm in the north and west of the [[British Isles]], <ref name=Richens>Richens, R. J. (1984) ''Elm'', Cambridge University Press.</ref>, and is now acknowledged as the only truly native species. Closely related species such as [[Bergmann's Elm]] ''U. bergmanniana'' and [[Manchurian Elm]] ''U. laciniata'', native to north-east [[Asia]], were once sometimes included in ''Ulmus glabra'' <ref name=Elwes>Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). ''The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland''. Vol. VII. pp 1848&ndash;1929. Private publication, Edinburgh. [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/7tgbi/]</ref>. Another close relative is the [[Himalayan Elm]] ''U. wallichiana''.
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The Wych Elm sometimes reaches heights of 40 m, typically with a broad crown supported by a short [[Bole (botany)|bole]] < 2 m. [[diameter at breast height|d.b.h]], and is notable for its very tough, supple young shoots. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[deciduous]], alternate, simple [[leaf shape|ovate]] or [[leaf shape|obovate]] with a lop-sided base, 6-17 cm long and 3-12 cm broad; the upper surface is rough. Leaves on vigorous shoots are sometimes three-lobed near the apex. The [[plant sexuality|hermaphrodite]] [[flower]]s appear before the leaves in early spring, produced in clusters of 10-20; they are 4 mm across on 10 mm long stems and, being wind-pollinated, are [[apetalous]]. The [[fruit]] is a winged [[Samara (fruit)|samara]] 20 mm long and 15 mm broad, with a single round 6 mm [[seed]] in the centre, maturing in late spring <ref name=Bean>Bean, W. J. (1981). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain'', 7th edition. Murray, London.
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</ref> <ref name=White>White, J. & More, D. (2003). ''Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Cassell's, London</ref>.
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Ulmus glabra, Huds. (U. scabra, Mill. U. montana, With.). Wych Elm. Scotch Elm. Tree, to 120 ft., with spreading branches forming an oblong or broad round-topped head; without suckers: bark remaining smooth for many years (hence its Latin specific name): branches never with corky wings; young branchlets pubescent: buds obtuse, ciliate, and pubescent with yellowish brown hairs: lvs. very short-petioled and unequal at base, broadly obovate to oblong-obovate, abruptly acuminate or sometimes 3-lobed at the apex, sharply and doubly serrate, rough above, pubescent beneath, 3-6 in. long: fls. clustered; stamens 5-6, little exserted: fr. oval or roundish obovate, little notched at the apex, with the seed in the middle, 3/4 - 1 in. long. Eu. to Japan.—A variable species of which many forms are cult.: Var. grandidentata, Moss (U. scabra tricuspis, Koch. U. triserrata or tridens, Hort.). Lvs. 3-lobed at the apex, particularly on vigorous shoots: young branchlets pubescent, reddish brown in autumn. Var. crispa, Rehd. (U. montana crispa, Loud. U. crispa, Willd. U. aspleniifolia, Hort.). Slow-growing form with narrow lvs. incisely serrate with incurved twisted teeth. Var. atropurpurea, Rehd. (U. montana atropurpurea, Spaeth). Lvs. dark purple and folded. Var. lutescens, Rehd. (U. montana lutescens, Dipp.). Lvs. yellow. Var. rubra, Rehd. (U. campestris rubra, Simon-Louis. U. montana libro rubro, Planch.). Inner bark of the young branchlets deep red. Var. fastigiata, Rehd. (U. montana fastigiata, Loud. U. pyramidalis, Hort. U. plumosa pyramidalis, Hort. U. exoniensis, Hort. U. Fordii, Hort.). Columnar form with strictly upright branches: lvs. rather small, dark green, obovate, wrinkled above and somewhat twisted. Var. pendula, Rehd. (U. montana pendula, Loud. U. montana horizontalis, Kirchn.). Branches horizontally spreading forming a flat-topped head, branchlets pendulous. Var. Camperdownii, Rehd. (U. Camperdownii, Hort. U. montana pendula Camperdownii, Henry. U. montana pendula, Hort., not Loud.). Camperdown Elm. Figs. 3881, 3882. Branches and branchlets pendulous, forming a round head. Var. nana, Rehd. (U. montana nana, Simon-Louis). Dwarf slow-growing form with horizontal branches, stunted branchlets, and small lvs., forming a hemispherical bush. Forms of U. glabra are frequently planted in the East.
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Ulmus glabra, Huds. (U. scabra, Mill. U. montana, With.). Wych Elm. Scotch Elm. Fig. 3877. Tree, to 120 ft., with spreading branches forming an oblong or broad round-topped head; without suckers: bark remaining smooth for many years (hence its Latin specific name): branches never with corky wings; young branchlets pubescent: buds obtuse, ciliate, and pubescent with yellowish brown hairs: lvs. very short-petioled and unequal at base, broadly obovate to oblong-obovate, abruptly acuminate or sometimes 3-lobed at the apex, sharply and doubly serrate, rough above, pubescent beneath, 3-6 in. long: fls. clustered; stamens 5-6, little exserted: fr. oval or roundish obovate, little notched at the apex, with the seed in the middle, 3/4 - 1 in. long. Eu. to Japan. H.W. 2:38, pp. 7, 8. F.S.R. 3, pp. 269, 271, 272. G.C. III. 39:152, suppl. S.E.B. 8:1287.—A variable species of which many forms are cult.: Var. grandidentata, Moss (U. scabra tricuspis, Koch. U. triserrata or tridens, Hort.). Lvs. 3-lobed at the apex, particularly on vigorous shoots: young branchlets pubescent, reddish brown in autumn. Var. crispa, Rehd. (U. montana crispa, Loud. U. crispa, Willd. U. aspleniifolia, Hort.). Slow-growing form with narrow lvs. incisely serrate with incurved twisted teeth. Var. atropurpurea, Rehd. (U. montana atropurpurea, Spaeth). Lvs. dark purple and folded. Var. lutescens, Rehd. (U. montana lutescens, Dipp.). Lvs. yellow. Var. rubra, Rehd. (U. campestris rubra, Simon-Louis. U. montana libro rubro, Planch.). Inner bark of the young branchlets deep red. Var. fastigiata, Rehd. (U. montana fastigiata, Loud. U. pyramidalis, Hort. U. plumosa pyramidalis, Hort. U. exoniensis, Hort. U. Fordii, Hort.). Columnar form with strictly upright branches: lvs. rather small, dark green, obovate, wrinkled above and somewhat twisted. Var. pendula, Rehd. (U. montana pendula, Loud. U. montana horizontalis, Kirchn.). Branches horizontally spreading forming a flat-topped head, branchlets pendulous. Gn. 17, p. 539; 77, p. 385. G.C. III. 50:221. M.D.G. 1901: 163. G.M. 49:749. G.L. 20:431. Var. Camperdownii, Rehd. (U. Camperdownii, Hort. U. montana pendula Camperdownii, Henry. U. montana pendula, Hort., not Loud.). Camperdown Elm. Figs. 3881, 3882. Branches and branchlets pendulous, forming a round head. Gn. 40, p. 158. G.C. III. 50:221. G.W. 2, p. 33; 8, p. 352; 15, p. 662. Var. nana, Rehd. (U. montana nana, Simon-Louis). Dwarf slow-growing form with horizontal branches, stunted branchlets, and small lvs., forming a hemispherical bush. Forms of U. glabra are frequently planted in the East.
   
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==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
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The tree is moderately light-demanding, requires deep, rich soils, and is intolerant of flooding and prolonged drought <ref name=CAB>CAB International (2005) ''Forestry Compendium''. CAB International, Wallingford, UK</ref>. Although rarely used as a street tree owing to its shape, it can be surprisingly tolerant of urban air-pollution, constricted growing conditions and severe pollarding, as evidenced by the survival of those in Tsimiski Avenue in central [[Thessaloniki]], Greece.
    
===Propagation===
 
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Wych Elm does not sucker from the roots. Wych Elm is best propagated from seed, although softwood cuttings taken in early June will root fairly reliably. Propagation from hardwood cuttings is notoriously difficult, even under mist conditions.
    
===Pests and diseases===
 
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While the species is highly susceptible to [[Dutch elm disease]]. <ref name=Forestry>Forestry Commission. ''Dutch elm disease in Britain'', UK. [http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/HCOU-4U4JCL]</ref> <ref name=Brasier>Brasier, C. M. (1996). New horizons in Dutch elm disease control. Pages 20&ndash;28 in: ''Report on Forest Research'', 1996. Forestry Commission. HMSO, London, UK.[http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/New_horizons_DED.pdf/$FILE/New_horizons_DED.pdf]</ref>, it is less favoured as a host by the elm bark beetles which act as vectors.
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In trials conducted in Italy, the tree was found to have a slight to moderate susceptibility to [[Elm Yellows]], and a high susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle ''[[Xanthogaleruca luteola]]'' [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Xanthogaleruca_luteola] <ref name=Mittempergher>Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). The History of Elm Breeding. ''Invest. Agrar.: Sist Recur For. 2004 13 (1), 161-177.</ref>.
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==Varieties==
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Image: Ulmus glabra.jpg|Typical leaves, and seeds
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Image:Ulmus glabra 001.jpg|Leaves with extra lobes
 
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==References==
 
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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