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Ulmus parvifolia (view source)

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|species=parvifolia
 
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|common_name=Chinese Elm
 
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'''''Ulmus parvifolia''''', commonly known as the '''Chinese''' or '''Lacebark, Elm''', is a [[species]] native to [[China]], [[Japan]], [[North Korea]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=Fu> Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ''Flora of China'', Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA.http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf</ref>
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A small to medium [[deciduous]], [[semi-deciduous]] (rarely semi-[[evergreen]]) [[tree]] growing to 10-18 m tall with a slender trunk and crown. It has been described as "one of the most splendid elms, having the poise of a graceful [[Nothofagus]]".<ref name=Hilliers'>''Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs'', 4th edition, 1977,  David & Charles, Newton Abbot, England </ref> . The leathery, lustrous green single-toothed [[leaf|leaves]] are small, 2 cm - 5 cm long by 1 cm -3 cm broad, and often retained as late as December or even January in [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. The [[apetalous]] wind-pollinated [[perfect flower]]s are produced in early autumn, small and inconspicuous. The fruit is a [[samara (fruit)|samara]], elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 10 mm - 13 mm long by 6 mm - 8 mm broad <ref name=Fu>Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ''Flora of China'', Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. ISBN 10-193-072340-7 [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf]</ref>. The samara is mostly glabrous, the seed at the centre or toward the apex, borne on a stalk between 1 mm and 3 mm in length; it matures rapidly and disperses by late autumn. The trunk has a handsome, flaking bark of mottled greys with tans and reds, giving rise to its other common name, the Lacebark Elm, although scarring from major branch loss can lead to large canker-like wounds.<ref name=Bean>Bean, W. J. (1981). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain'', 7th edition. Murray, London.</ref><ref name=White>White, J & More, D. (2003). ''Trees of Britain & Northern Europe''. Cassell's, London.</ref><ref>http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/uparvifolia.htm</ref><ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ULPU PLANTS Profile for Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm) | USDA PLANTS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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The Chinese Elm is a tough landscape tree, hardy enough for use in harsh planting situations such as parking lots, in small planters along streets and in plazas or patios. Chinese Elms are frequently used in [[bonsai]]; they are considered a good choice for beginners owing to their high tolerance of pruning.  Nurseries are widely available in North America, Europe, and Australasia.
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The tree is arguably the most ubiquitous of the elms, now found in all the continents except [[Antarctica]].
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Ulmus parvifolia, Jacq. (U. chinensis, Pers.). Chinese Elm. Half-evergreen small tree or shrub, with spreading pubescent branches: lvs. ovate to obovate or oblong, very short-petioled and little unequal at base, acute or obtusish, subcoriaceous, simply serrate, glabrous and glossy above, pubescent beneath when young, usually glabrous at length, 3/4-2 in. long: fls. short-pedicelled, in clusters; stamens 4-5, much exserted: fr. oval to elliptic, notched at the apex, with the seed in the middle, 1/3 – 1/2 in. long. July-Sept. N. China, Japan. —Has proved hardy near Boston. The recently described U. Sieboldii, Daveau, and U. Shirasawana, Daveau, are probably only forms of this species; they are said to differ in their deciduous lvs. and the former besides by the persistent deeply fissured bark, exfoliating in the other two species and the larger fr. exceeding 1/2 in.; the latter differs in the crenate-dentate lvs. with 8-10 pairs of veins and in the contracted fr.
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Ulmus parvifolia, Jacq. (U. chinensis, Pers.). Chinese Elm. Half-evergreen small tree or shrub, with spreading pubescent branches: lvs. ovate to obovate or oblong, very short-petioled and little unequal at base, acute or obtusish, subcoriaceous, simply serrate, glabrous and glossy above, pubescent beneath when young, usually glabrous at length, 3/4-2 in. long: fls. short-pedicelled, in clusters; stamens 4-5, much exserted: fr. oval to elliptic, notched at the apex, with the seed in the middle, 1/3 – 1/2 in. long. July-Sept. N. China, Japan. S.I.F. 1:37. R.H. 1909, pp. 398, 399. —Has proved hardy near Boston. The recently described U. Sieboldii, Daveau, and U. Shirasawana, Daveau, are probably only forms of this species; they are said to differ in their deciduous lvs. and the former besides by the persistent deeply fissured bark, exfoliating in the other two species and the larger fr. exceeding 1/2 in. (B.S.D. 1914:24, 25); the latter differs in the crenate-dentate lvs. with 8-10 pairs of veins and in the contracted fr. (B.S.D. 1914: 24; also S.I.F. 1:37 represents this form).
   
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==Cultivation==
 
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===Propagation===
 
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===Pests and diseases===
 
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The Chinese Elm is highly resistant, but not immune, to [[Dutch elm disease]]. It is also very resistant to the elm leaf beetle ''[[Xanthogaleruca luteola]]'' [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Xanthogaleruca_luteola], but has a moderate susceptibility to [[Elm Yellows]] <ref name=Mittempergher>Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). The History of Elm Breeding. ''Invest. Agrar.: Sist Recur For. 2004 13 (1), 161-177.</ref>. In trials at the Sunshine Nursery, Oklahoma, the species was adjudged as having the best pest resistance of about 200 taxa <ref>http://www.greenbeam.com/rs/nm_pdfs/16338_013.pdf</ref> However, foliage was regarded as only "somewhat resistant" to [[Black Spot (disease)|black spot]] by the Plant Diagnostic Clinic of the [[University of Missouri]] [http://soilplantlab.missouri.edu/plant/diseases/resistant.htm].
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==Varieties==
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===Subspecies, varieties, and forms===
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*[[Ulmus parvifolia var. coreana|''Ulmus parvifolia'' var. ''coreana'']] <small>Nakai</small>
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*''[[Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata]]'' <small>Ueki</small>
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==Species==
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===Cultivars===
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Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been raised, mostly in North America:
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*[[Ulmus parvifolia 'A. Ross Central Park'|A. Ross Central Park (<tt>Central Park Splendor</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'BSNUPF'|BSNUPF (<tt>Everclear</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Burgundy'|Burgundy]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Burnley Select'|Burnley Select]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Catlin'|Catlin]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Chessins'|Chessins]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Churchyard'|Churchyard]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Cork Bark'|Cork Bark]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'D.B.Cole'|D.B.Cole]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Drake'|Drake]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Dwarf Weeper'|Dwarf Weeper]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Dynasty'|Dynasty]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Ed Wood'|Ed Wood]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Elsmo'|Elsmo]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Emer I' or 'Emerald Isle'|Emer I or Emerald Isle (<tt>Athena</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Emer II' or 'Emerald Vase'|Emer II or Emerald Vase (<tt>Allee</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Emerald Prairie'|Emerald Prairie]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Frosty'|Frosty]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Garden City Clone'|Garden City Clone]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Geisha'|Geisha]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Glory'|Glory]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Golden Rey'|Golden Rey]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Hallelujah'|Hallelujah]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Harzam'|Harzam (<tt>Harrison</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Hokkaido'|Hokkaido]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Jade Empress'|Jade Empress]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'King's Choice'|King's Choice]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Littleleaf'|Littleleaf]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Lois Hole'|Lois Hole]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Matthew'|Matthew]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Milliken'|Milliken]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Nire-keyaki'|Nire-keyaki]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Ohio'|Ohio]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Orange Ribbon'|Orange Ribbon]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Pathfinder'|Pathfinder]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Pendens'|Pendens]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Prairie Shade'|Prairie Shade]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Red Fall'|Red Fall]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Sabamiki'|Sabamiki]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Sagei'|Sagei]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Seiju'|Seiju]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Select 380'|Select 380]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Sempervirens'|Sempervirens]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'State Fair'|State Fair]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Stone's Dwarf'|Stone's Dwarf]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Taiwan'|Taiwan]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'The Thinker'|The Thinker]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Todd'|Todd]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'UPMTF'|UPMTF (<tt>Bosque</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Ware's'|Ware's]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Yarralumla'|Yarralumla (<tt>Yarralumla</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Yatsubusa'|Yatsubusa]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Zettler'|Zettler (<tt>Heritage</tt>)]]
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===Hybrid cultivars===
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An autumn flowering species, whereas most other elms flower in spring, hybrids have accordingly been very few:
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*[[Frontier (elm hybrid)|Frontier]]
    
==Gallery==
 
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:NCArboretum Bonsai-27527-3.jpg|Chinese Elm bonsai.
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==References==
 
==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<references/>
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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