Changes

|genus=Sambucus

|genus=Sambucus

|species=nigra

|species=nigra

|common_name=Black elder, European elder

|common_name=Black elder, European elder

|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|Min ht box=8

|Min ht box=8

|Min ht metric=ft

|Min ht metric=ft

|Max wd metric=ft

|Max wd metric=ft

|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|lifespan=perennial

|lifespan=perennial

|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|exposure=sun

|exposure=sun

|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|features=flowers

|features=deciduous, flowers, edible

|flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring, early summer, mid summer, late summer

|flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring, early summer, mid summer, late summer

|flower_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|flower_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|max_zone=10

|max_zone=10

|image=Upload.png

|image=Sambucus nigra 004.jpg

|image_width=240

|image_width=240

}}

}}

'''''Sambucus nigra''''' is a species complex of elder native to most of Europe<ref>[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Sambucus&SPECIES_XREF=nigra&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Sambucus nigra''] at [[Flora Europaea]]</ref> , northwest Africa southwest Asia, and western North America.

| name = ''LATINNAME''   <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->

 

| common_names =     <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->

It is most commonly called '''Elder''', '''Elderberry''', '''Black Elder''', '''European Elder''',''' European Elderberry''', '''European Black Elderberry'''<ref>{{ITIS|ID= 35324}}</ref><ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SANI4 ''Sambucus nigra''] at [http://plants.usda.gov/ USDA PLANTS Database]</ref>, '''Common Elder''', or '''Elder Bush''' when distinction from other species of ''Sambucus'' is needed. It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations.

| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->

 

| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->

It is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to 4–6 m (rarely to 10 m) tall. The bark, light grey when young, changes to a coarse grey outer bark with lengthwise furrowing. The [[leaf|leaves]] are arranged in opposite pairs, 10–30 cm long, pinnate with five to seven (rarely nine) leaflets, the leaflets 5–12 cm long and 3–5 cm broad, with a serrated margin.

| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->

 

| origin = ?   <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->

The [[plant sexuality|hermaphrodite]] [[flower]]s are borne in large [[corymb]]s 10–25&nbsp;cm diameter in mid summer, the individual flowers white, 5–6&nbsp;mm diameter, with five petals; they are pollinated by flies.

| poisonous =     <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->

 

| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->

The [[fruit]] is a dark purple to black [[berry]] 3–5&nbsp;mm diameter, produced in drooping clusters in the late autumn; they are an important food for many fruit-eating [[bird]]s, notably [[Blackcap]]s.

| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->

 

| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->

'''Toxicity:''' The dark blue/purple berries can be eaten when fully ripe but are mildly [[poison]]ous in their unripe state. <ref> Professor Julia Morton, University of Miami</ref> . All green parts of the plant are poisonous, containing [[cyanogenic glycoside]]s (Vedel & Lange 1960). The seeds of red elderberries are toxic and must be removed before eating red elderberries or food products from red elderberries. The berries are edible after cooking and can be used to make [[Fruit preserves|jam]], jelly, chutney and Pontack sauce. Also when cooked they go well with [[blackberries]] and with [[Apple|apples]] in [[Pie|pies]].

| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->

 

| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->

| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->

| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->

| image = Upload.png  <!--- Freesia.jpg -->

| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->

| image_caption =    <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->

| regnum = Plantae  <!--- Kingdom -->

| divisio =  <!--- Phylum -->

{{Inc|

{{Inc|

Sambucus nigra, Linn. European Elder. Large shrub or tree, to 30 ft., with deeply furrowed bark: all parts when bruised exhaling a disagreeable odor: branches gray, strongly lenticellate: lvs. dark green, usually pubescent beneath while young; lfts. 3-7, usually 5, short-stalked, elliptic, acute, serrate, 2-6 in. long: cymes 5-rayed, to 5 in. across: fr. black, lustrous, 3- celled, 1/4-1/3 in. across. May, June: fr. Aug., Sept. Eu., W. Afr., W. Asia. Many varieties: Var. pyramidata, Lav. (var. pyramidalis, Dipp.). Habit columnar. Var. pendula, Dipp. Pendulous or prostrate. Var. nana, Schwerin. Forming a globose bush about 3 ft. high; weak-growing. Var. rotundifolia, Endl. Lfts. 3, rarely 5, broadly ovate to suborbicular. Var. laciniata, Willd. (S. laciniata, Mill.). Lfts. regularly and finely dissected. R.F.G. 12:780. A handsome and distinct form. Var. heterophylla, Endl. (var. linearis, Kirchn.). Lfts. irregularly cut and erose and partly reduced to the midrib; slow-growing form. Var. latisecta, Hesse. Lvs. broadly lobed. Var. albo-variegata, Endl. Lvs. variegated with white. Var. pulverulenta, Sweet. Lvs. finely dotted and sprinkled with white. Var. aurea, Sweet. Lvs. golden yellow. Var. viridis, Ait. (var. chlorocarpa, Hayne. Var. virescens, Sweet). Fr. pale green, striped whitish.

Sambucus nigra, Linn. European Elder. Large shrub or tree, to 30 ft., with deeply furrowed bark: all parts when bruised exhaling a disagreeable odor: branches gray, strongly lenticellate: lvs. dark green, usually pubescent beneath while young; lfts. 3-7, usually 5, short-stalked, elliptic, acute, serrate, 2-6 in. long: cymes 5-rayed, to 5 in. across: fr. black, lustrous, 3- celled, 1/4-1/3 in. across. May, June: fr. Aug., Sept. Eu., W. Afr., W. Asia. S.E.B. 4:637. R.F.G. 12:780. H.W. 3, p. 132. G.C. III. 10:405. Many varieties: Var. pyramidata, Lav. (var. pyramidalis, Dipp.). Habit columnar. Var. pendula, Dipp. Pendulous or prostrate. Var. nana, Schwerin. Forming a globose bush about 3 ft. high; weak-growing. Var. rotundifolia, Endl. Lfts. 3, rarely 5, broadly ovate to suborbicular. Var. laciniata, Willd. (S. laciniata, Mill.). Lfts. regularly and finely dissected. R.F.G. 12:780. A handsome and distinct form. Var. heterophylla, Endl. (var. linearis, Kirchn.). Lfts. irregularly cut and erose and partly reduced to the midrib; slow-growing form. Var. latisecta, Hesse. Lvs. broadly lobed. Var. albo-variegata, Endl. Lvs. variegated with white. J.H.S. 33, p. 360, fig. 47. G.W. 11, p. 474. Var. pulverulenta, Sweet. Lvs. finely dotted and sprinkled with white. Var. aurea, Sweet. Lvs. golden yellow. G.W. 2, p. 565. Var. viridis, Ait. (var. chlorocarpa, Hayne. Var. virescens, Sweet). Fr. pale green, striped whitish. M.D. 1908:8, fig. 2.

{{SCH}}

{{SCH}}

}}

}}

==Cultivation==

==Cultivation==

 

===Propagation===

===Propagation===

 

===Pests and diseases===

===Pests and diseases===

{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->

Like other elderberries, Sambucus nigra is subject to ''Elder whitewash fungus''.

==Species==

==Varieties==

<!--  This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->

Some selections and cultivars have [[Variegation|variegated]] or coloured [[Leaf|leaves]] and other distinctive qualities, and are grown by the [[Plant nursery|horticultural industry]] for public landscapes and private [[Garden|gardens]].

==Gallery==

==Gallery==

<gallery>

<gallery perrow=5>

Image:Upload.png| photo 1

File:Reife Früchte des Schwarzen Holunder.JPG

Image:Upload.png| photo 2

File:Gewone vlier Sambucus nigra.jpg

Image:Upload.png| photo 3

File:Sambucus nigra0.jpg

</gallery>

</gallery>

==References==

==References==

*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963

*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963

<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->

<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->

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