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'''''Saxifraga''''' is a [[genus]] containing about 440 known [[species]] of [[Holarctic]] [[perennial plant]]s, making it the largest genus in the family [[Saxifragaceae]]. They are commonly called '''saxifrages''' or '''stone-breakers'''. The Latin word ''Saxifraga'' means literally "stone-breaker", from [[Latin]] ''saxum'' "rock" or "stone" + ''frangere'' "to break". This refers to certain saxifrages' ability to settle in the cracks of rocks, which they may in fact wear down by [[bioerosion]] to the point of splitting.
The genera ''[[Saxifragopsis]]'' (saxifragopsises), ''[[Saxifragella]]'' and the [[monotypic]] ''[[Chondrosea]]'' (Pyramidal Saxifrage) are sometimes included in ''Saxifraga''.<ref name = usda2005 />
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Most saxifrages are smallish plants whose [[leaf|leaves]] grow close to the ground, often in a [[Rosette (botany)|rosette]]. The leaves typically have a more or less incised margin; they may be [[succulent]], needle-like and/or hairy, reducing [[evaporation]]. [[Charles Darwin]] – erroneously believing ''Saxifraga'' to be allied to the sundew family ([[Droseraceae]]) – suspected the sticky-leaved [[Round-leaved Saxifrage]] (''[[Saxifraga rotundifolia|S. rotundifolia]]''), [[Rue-leaved Saxifrage]] (''S. tridactylites'') and [[Pyrenean Saxifrage]] (''[[Saxifraga umbrosa|S. umbrosa]]'') to be [[protocarnivorous plant]]s and conducted some [[experiment]]s whose results supported his observations,<ref>Darwin (1875)</ref> but the matter has apparently not been studied since his time.
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| origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
The [[inflorescence]]s or single flowers are raised above the main plant body at flowering time on stalks devoid of true leaves. The small [[actinomorphic flower|actinomorphic]] [[hermaphrodite]] flowers have five [[petal]]s and [[sepal]]s and are usually white, but red to yellow in some species. As in other primitive [[eudicot]]s, some of the 5 or 10 [[stamen]]s may appear petal-like.
Saxifrages are typical inhabitants of [[arctic-alpine]] [[ecosystem]]s, and are hardly ever found outside the [[temperate]] parts of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]; most members of this genus are found in [[subarctic]] climates. A good number of species grow in [[glacial]] habitat, such as ''[[Saxifraga biflora|S. biflora]]'' which can be found some 4,000 meters [[Above mean sea level|ASL]] in the [[Alps]], or the [[East Greenland Saxifrage]] (''[[Saxifraga nathorstii|S. nathorstii]]''). The genus is also abundant in the [[Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows|Eastern]] and [[Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]]. Though the archetypal saxifrage is a small plant [[cushion plant|huddling between rocks]] high up on a mountain, many species do not occur in such [[habitat]] and are larger (though still rather delicate) plants found on wet [[meadow]]s.
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Among those saxifrages found outside mountaineous, subarctic or glacial regions, [[Starry Saxifrage]] (''S. stellaris'') is often seen alongside [[Fountain Apple-moss]] (''[[Philonotis fontana]]'') at [[spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] in [[Ireland]], [[Great Britain|Britain]], and other parts of [[Western Europe]]. In the same regions, [[Yellow Mountain Saxifrage]] (''S. aizoides'') is typically found in [[calcifugous]] [[grassland]] of the northern uplands together with [[Smooth Lady's-mantle]] (''[[Alchemilla glabra]]''), as well as (less abundantly) on upland [[calcicolous]] [[pastures]] characterized by [[Common Bent]] (''Agrostis capillaris''), [[Bendy Ditrichum]] [[moss]] (''[[Ditrichum flexicaule]]''), [[Sheep's Fescue]] (''Festuca ovina'') and [[Mother-of-Thyme]] (''Thymus praecox''). But it is also a common sight in [[acidic]] [[mire]]s with rich growth of the [[sedge]] ''[[Carex demissa]]''.
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{{Inc|
{{Inc|
[[File:Saxifraga umbrosa a3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pyrenean Saxifrage]] (''[[Saxifraga umbrosa|S. umbrosa]]''), ancestor to [[horticultural]] [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] saxifrages]]
[[File:Saxifraga rotundifolia a1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Round-leaved Saxifrage]] (''[[Saxifraga rotundifolia|S. rotundifolia]]''), whose sticky leaves seem to catch small [[invertebrate]]s]]
Saxifraga (Latin, rock and to break; said by some to refer to the fact that many of the species grow in clefts of rock, by others to the supposition that certain species would cure stone in the bladder). Including Bergenia and Peltiphyllum, genera which are maintained as distinct by Engler in his last treatment of the group. Saxifragaceae. Saxifrage. Rockfoil. Chiefly perennial herbs, but a few species are annual and a few others biennial, while some others are subshrubby; useful for border planting, rockeries, and alpine gardens, and much prized by fanciers, particularly abroad.
Saxifraga (Latin, rock and to break; said by some to refer to the fact that many of the species grow in clefts of rock, by others to the supposition that certain species would cure stone in the bladder). Including Bergenia and Peltiphyllum, genera which are maintained as distinct by Engler in his last treatment of the group. Saxifragaceae. Saxifrage. Rockfoil. Chiefly perennial herbs, but a few species are annual and a few others biennial, while some others are subshrubby; useful for border planting, rockeries, and alpine gardens, and much prized by fanciers, particularly abroad.
==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
===Propagation===
===Propagation===
===Pests and diseases===
===Pests and diseases===
==Species==
<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->
==Varieties==
[[File:Saxifraga caesia a1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Saxifraga caesia]]'']]
[[File:Saxifraga cuneifolia3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lesser London Pride]] (''[[Saxifraga cuneifolia]]'')]]
[[File:Saxifraga decipiens White V08 H3990.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Saxifraga decipiens]]'']]
[[File:Saxifraga integrifolia 39103.JPG|thumb|right|[[Northwestern Saxifrage]] (''[[Saxifraga integrifolia]]'')]]
[[File:Saxifraga rosacea 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Irish Saxifrage]] (''[[Saxifraga rosacea]]'')]]
[[File:Saxifraga tolmiei 23141.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tolmie's Saxifrage]] (''[[Saxifraga tolmiei]]'')]]
[[File:Saxifraga tricuspidata upernavik 2007-07-15 1 filtered.jpg|thumb|right|[[Prickly Saxifrage]] (''[[Saxifraga tricuspidata]]'') flowers]]
[[Section (botany)|Section]]s:
''[[Ciliatae]]''<br />
''[[Cotylea]]''<br />
''[[Cymbalaria (Saxifraga section)|Cymbalaria]]''<br />
''[[Gymnopera]]'' (London Pride saxifrages)<br />
''[[Heterisia]]''<br />
''[[Irregulares]]''<br />
''[[Ligulatae]]'' (Silver saxifrages)<br />
''[[Merkianae]]''<br />
''[[Mesogyne (Saxifraga section)|Mesogyne]]''<br />
''[[Micranthes]]''<br />
''[[Odontophyllae]]''<br />
''[[Porphyrion (Saxifraga section)|Porphyrion]]''<br />
''[[Mossy saxifrages|Saxifraga]]'' (Mossy saxifrages)<br />
''[[Trachyphyllum]]''<br />
''[[Xanthizoon]]''<br />
Selected species:
<div float="left">
{{col-begin|width=70%}}
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* ''[[Saxifraga adscendens]]'' – [[Ascending Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga aizoides]]'' – [[Yellow Mountain Saxifrage]], Yellow Saxifrage
* ''[[Saxifraga aizoon]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga algisii]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga anadyrensis]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga andersonii]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga androsacea]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga aquatica]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga aphylla]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga arachnoidea]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga aretioides]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga aspera]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga biflora]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga bronchialis]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[Matte Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga bryoides]]'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''[[Saxifraga caesia]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga californica]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga callosa]]'' <small>Sm.</small>
* ''[[Saxifraga canaliculata]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga careyana]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga carpatica]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga cernua]]'' – [[Drooping Saxifrage]], Nodding Saxifrage, Bulblet Saxifrage
* ''[[Saxifraga cervicornis]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga cespitosa]]'' – [[Tufted Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga ciliata]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga cochlearis]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga columnaris]]'' <small>Schmalh.</small>
* ''[[Saxifraga corsica]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga cuneifolia]]'' – [[Lesser London Pride]]
* ''[[Saxifraga cymbalaria]]'' – [[Celandine Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga decipiens]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga dinnikii]]'' <small>Schmalh.</small>
* ''[[Saxifraga eschscholtzii]]'' – [[Cushion Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga exarata]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga ferruginea]]'' <small>Graham</small> – [[Rustyhair Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga flagellaris]]'' <small>Willd.</small>{{Verify source|date=January 2009}}<!-- "Willd. ex Sternb."? Leave author here because scientific name is ambiguous --> – [[Whiplash Saxifrage]], Spider Saxifrage, "[[spider plant]]"
* ''[[Saxifraga florulenta]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga foliolosa]]'' – [[Leafy Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga forbesei]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga fortunei]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
* ''[[Saxifraga gaspensis]]'' – [[Gaspé Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga × gaudinii]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga × geum]]'' – [[Robertsoniana Saxifrage]] (''S. hirsuta × S. umbrosa'')
* ''[[Saxifraga globulifera]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga granulata]]'' – [[Meadow Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga groenlandica]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga hartii]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga hederacea]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga hieracifolia]]'' – [[Hawkweed-leaved Saxifrage]], Stiff-stemmed Saxifrage
* ''[[Saxifraga hirculus]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[Yellow Marsh Saxifrage]], [[Marsh Saxifrage]], "bog saxifrage"
* ''[[Saxifraga hirsuta]]'' – [[Kidney Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga hostii]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga hyperborea]]'' – [[Pygmy Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga hypnoides]]'' – [[Mossy Saxifrage]], [[Dovedale Moss]]
* ''[[Saxifraga integrifolia]]'' – [[Northwestern Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga juniperifolia]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga korshinskii]]'' <small>Kom.</small>
* ''[[Saxifraga lactea]]'' <small>Turcz.</small>
* ''[[Saxifraga longifolia]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga lyallii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> – [[Redstem Saxifrage]]
{{col-2-of-2}}
* ''[[Saxifraga maderensis]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga mertensiana]]'' – [[Mertens' Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga michauxii]]'' – [[Michaux's Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga micranthidifolia]]'' – [[Brook Lettuce]]
* ''[[Saxifraga montana]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga moschata]]'' – [[Musky Saxifrage]], "mossy saxifrage"
** ''Saxifraga moschata'' ssp. ''basaltica''
* ''[[Saxifraga muscoides]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga mutata]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga nathorstii]]'' <small>(Dusén) Hayek</small> – [[East Greenland Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga nelsoniana]]'' <small>D.Don</small> – [[Heartleaf Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga nidifica]]'' – [[Peak Saxifrage]], "[[alpine saxifrage]]"
* ''[[Saxifraga nipponica]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga nivalis]]'' – [[Snow Saxifrage]], "[[alpine saxifrage]]"
* ''[[Saxifraga occidentalis]]'' – [[Western Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga odontoloma]]'' <small>Piper</small> – [[Streambank Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga oppositifolia]]'' – [[Purple Saxifrage]], Purple Mountain Saxifrage
* ''[[Saxifraga oregana]]'' <small>Howell</small> – [[Bog Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga paniculata]]'' – [[White Mountain Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga pensylvanica]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[Swamp Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga petraea]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga platysepala]]'' – [[Broadsepal Saxifrage]] (= ''S. flagellaris <small>auct. non'' Willd.</small>)
* ''[[Saxifraga porophylla]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga razshivinii]]'' – [[Razshivin's Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga redofskii]]'' – [[Many-flower Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga reflexa]]'' – [[Yukon Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga rhomboidea]]'' – [[Diamondleaf Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga rivularis]]'' – [[Alpine Brook Saxifrage]], [[Brook Saxifrage]], [[Highland Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga rosacea]]'' – [[Irish Saxifrage]]<!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->
* ''[[Saxifraga rotundifolia]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[Round-leaved Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga roylei]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga rudolphiana]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga rufidula]]'' – [[Redwool Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga rufopilosa]]'' – [[Redhair Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga sancta]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga serpyllifolia]]'' – [[Thymeleaf Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga sibirica]]'' – [[Siberian Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga spathularis]]'' – [[Saint Patrick's Cabbage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga spicata]]'' – [[Spiked Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga stansfieldii]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga stellaris]]'' – [[Starry Saxifrage]], Star Saxifrage
* ''[[Saxifraga stolonifera]]'' – [[Creeping Saxifrage]], Strawberry Saxifrage, Creeping Rockfoil, Strawberry Begonia, Strawberry Geranium, "[[Aaron's beard]]"
** ''Saxifraga stolonifera'' f. ''aptera'' <small>(Makino) H.Hara</small> – ''hoshizaki-yukinoshita'' ([[Japanese (language)|Japanese]])
* ''[[Saxifraga subverticillata]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga taygetea]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga taylorii]]'' – [[Taylor's Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga tenella]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga tenuis]]'' – [[Ottertail Pass Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga tolmiei]]'' – [[Tolmie's Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga tombeanensis]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga tricuspidata]]'' <small>Rottb.</small> – [[Prickly Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga tridactylites]]'' – [[Rue-leaved Saxifrage]], "[[nailwort]]"
* ''[[Saxifraga trifurcata]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga × urbium]]'' – [[London Pride (plant)|London Pride]] (''S. spathularis × S. umbrosa'')
* ''[[Saxifraga umbrosa]]'' – [[Pyrenean Saxifrage]]
* ''[[Saxifraga vandelli]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga virginiensis]]'' – [[Early Saxifrage]], Virginia Saxifrage
* ''[[Saxifraga wahlenbergii]]''
* ''[[Saxifraga Hybrid Cultivars]]''
{{col-end}}
</div>
Formerly placed here:
Plants formerly placed in ''Saxifraga'' are mainly but not exclusively [[Saxifragaceae]]. They include:
[[File:Bergenia crassifolia a1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bergenia crassifolia]]'', like many of its [[congener]]s, was originally believed to be a saxifrage]]
* ''[[Astilboides tabularis]]'', as ''S. tabularis''
* ''[[Bergenia crassifolia]]'', as ''S. cordifolia, S. crassifolia''
* ''[[Bergenia pacumbis]]'', as ''S. ligulata, S. pacumbis''
* ''[[Bergenia purpurascens]]'', as ''S. delavayi, S. purpurascens''
* ''[[Boykinia jamesii]]'', as ''S. jamesii''
* ''[[Boykinia occidentalis]]'' (Coastal Brookfoam), as ''S. elata''
* ''[[Boykinia richardsonii]]'' ([[Richardson's Brookfoam]]), as ''S. richardsonii''
* ''[[Chondrosea cotyledon]]'', as ''S. cotyledon''
* ''[[Darmera peltata]]'' (Indian Rhubarb), as ''S. peltata''
* ''[[Leptarrhena pyrolifolia]]'', as ''S. pyrolifolia''
* ''[[Luetkea pectinata]]'' (Partridgefoot), as ''S. pectinata''
* ''[[Mukdenia rossii]]'' (Mukdenia), as ''S. rossii''
[[File:Chrysosplenium oppositifolium 040508.jpg|thumb|right|Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage (''[[Chrysosplenium oppositifolium]]'']]
Other "saxifragous" plants:
[[File:Tunica saxifraga a1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tunicflower]] (''[[Petrorhagia saxifraga]]'') resembles a saxifrage in [[habitus]]]]
Several plant [[genera]] have names referring saxifrages although they might not be close relatives of ''Saxifraga''. They include:
* [[Pyramidal Saxifrage]], ''Chondrosea cotyledon''
* [[Golden-saxifrage]]s, ''Chrysosplenium''
* [[Pimpinella|Burnet-saxifrage]]s, ''[[Pimpinella]]''
* [[Pepper-saxifrage]], ''[[Silaum silaus]]''
Some plants refer ''Saxifraga'' in their generic or [[specific name]]s, either because they are also "rock-breaking" or because they resemble members of the saxifrage genus:
* ''[[Campanula saxifraga]]''
* ''[[Celmisia saxifraga]]'' <small>(Benth.) W.M.Curtis</small>
* ''[[Cineraria saxifraga]]'' <small>DC.</small>
* ''[[Dryopteris saxifraga]]''
* ''[[Petrorhagia saxifraga]]'' – [[Tunicflower]]
* ''[[Pimpinella saxifraga]]'' – Burnet Saxifrage
* ''[[Ptychotis saxifraga]]''
* ''[[Saxifragella]]''
* ''[[Saxifragodes]]''
* ''[[Saxifragopsis]]'' <small>Small</small> – [[saxifragopsis]]es
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery perrow=5>
<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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==References==
==References==
<references/>
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
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