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{{SPlantbox

{{SPlantbox

|familia=Fabaceae

|familia=Fabaceae

|genus=Sophora  

|genus=Sophora

|features=evergreen, deciduous

|features=evergreen, deciduous, flowers

|Temp Metric=°F

|Temp Metric=°F

|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!

|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!

|image=Upload.png

|image=Kowhai flowers.jpg

|image_width=240

|image_width=240

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}}

'''''Sophora''''' is a [[genus]] of about 45 species of small [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s in the subfamily [[Faboideae]] of the [[pea]] family, [[Fabaceae]]. The species are native to southeast [[Europe]], southern [[Asia]], [[Australasia]], the [[Pacific Islands|islands]] of the [[Pacific Ocean]] and western [[South America]]. The generic name is derived from ''sophera'', an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name for a pea-flowered tree.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521866453 |year=2008 |page=356}}</ref>

| name = ''LATINNAME''   <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->

 

| common_names =    <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->

The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably ''[[Styphnolobium]]'' ([[Styphnolobium japonicum|pagoda tree]] genus), which differs in lacking  [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] bacteria ([[rhizobia]]) on the roots, and ''[[Calia]]'' (the mescalbeans).

| growth_habit = ?   <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->

''Styphnolobium'' has [[galactomannan]]s as seed [[polysaccharide]] reserve, in contrast ''Sophora'' contains [[arabinogalactan]]s, and ''Calia'' [[amyloid]].

| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->

 

| wide =     <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->

The [[New Zealand]] ''Sophora'' species are known as [[Kowhai]].

| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->

 

| poisonous =     <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->

The [[Toromiro]] (''Sophora toromiro'') was formerly a common tree in the forests of [[Easter Island]]. The tree fell victim to the deforestation that eliminated the island's forests by the 18th century, and later became [[Extinct in the Wild|extinct in the wild]]. The tree is being reintroduced to the island in a scientific project partly led jointly by the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and the [[Göteborg Botanical Garden]], where the only remaining plants of this species with a documented origin were propagated in the 1960s from seeds collected by [[Thor Heyerdahl]].

| lifespan =     <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->

 

| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->

| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->

 

| features =     <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->

| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->

| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->

| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->

| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->

| image = Upload.png  <!--- Freesia.jpg -->

| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->

| image_caption =    <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->

| species =

{{Inc|

{{Inc|

Sophora (Sophera, Arabian name of a tree with pea-shaped flowers). Including Styphnolobium and Edwardsia. Leguminosae. Ornamental woody or rarely herbaceous plants grown chiefly for their attractive flowers and handsome foliage.

Sophora (Sophera, Arabian name of a tree with pea-shaped flowers). Including Styphnolobium and Edwardsia. Leguminosae. Ornamental woody or rarely herbaceous plants grown chiefly for their attractive flowers and handsome foliage.

The sophoras are handsome trees, rarely shrubs or herbs with graceful foliage, evergreen in some species, and with papilionaceous whitish, violet or pink, or yellow flowers in terminal panicles or in racemes, followed by long and narrow moniliform pods. Sophora japonica and the shrubby S. viciifolia are hardy as far north as Massachusetts, while S. affinis is less hardy. The evergreen species are tender and can be grown only in the southern states and California; they are very showy in spring when they are in bloom; in England they are often planted against a wall, where they can be easily protected against light frost. S. japonica is especially valuable for its late-appearing flowers, which are white and disposed in ample panicles; the foliage is dark green and graceful and the tree is conspicuous in winter on account of its dark green branches. It is sometimes planted as a street tree, as it stands heat and drought well. The sophoras thrive best in well-drained sandy loam but grow fairly well in rather dry soil. Propagation is by seeds and the varieties by grafting on the typical form; some species are also increased by greenwood cuttings and by layers.

The sophoras are handsome trees, rarely shrubs or herbs with graceful foliage, evergreen in some species, and with papilionaceous whitish, violet or pink, or yellow flowers in terminal panicles or in racemes, followed by long and narrow moniliform pods. Sophora japonica and the shrubby S. viciifolia are hardy as far north as Massachusetts, while S. affinis is less hardy. The evergreen species are tender and can be grown only in the southern states and California; they are very showy in spring when they are in bloom; in England they are often planted against a wall, where they can be easily protected against light frost. S. japonica is especially valuable for its late-appearing flowers, which are white and disposed in ample panicles; the foliage is dark green and graceful and the tree is conspicuous in winter on account of its dark green branches. It is sometimes planted as a street tree, as it stands heat and drought well. The sophoras thrive best in well-drained sandy loam but grow fairly well in rather dry soil. Propagation is by seeds and the varieties by grafting on the typical form; some species are also increased by greenwood cuttings and by layers.

S. alopecuroides, Linn. Grayish-pubescent undershrub, with upright, virgate branches: lvs. 6 in. long, with 15-25 oblong lfts.: fls. yellow: racemes dense, terminal, about 6 in. long: pod terete, 6-12-seeded. W. Asia to Himalayas. Half-hardy.—S. australis, Linn.-Baptisia australis.—S. platycarpa, Maxim. -Cladrastis platycarpa.—S. tomentosa, Linn. Pubescent shrub: lvs. 6-10 in. long; lfts. 15-19, oval to oblong, obtuse, 1-1 3/4 in. long: fls. yellow, in terminal 6-12-in. long racemes: pod 4-6 in. long. Southern states, W. India. B.M. 3390. Not hardy North.

S. alopecuroides, Linn. Grayish-pubescent undershrub, with upright, virgate branches: lvs. 6 in. long, with 15-25 oblong lfts.: fls. yellow: racemes dense, terminal, about 6 in. long: pod terete, 6-12-seeded. W. Asia to Himalayas. Half-hardy.—S. australis, Linn.-Baptisia australis.—S. platycarpa, Maxim. -Cladrastis platycarpa.—S. tomentosa, Linn. Pubescent shrub: lvs. 6-10 in. long; lfts. 15-19, oval to oblong, obtuse, 1-1 3/4 in. long: fls. yellow, in terminal 6-12-in. long racemes: pod 4-6 in. long. Southern states, W. India.Not hardy North.

{{SCH}}

{{SCH}}

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==Cultivation==

==Cultivation==

 

===Propagation===

===Propagation===

 

===Pests and diseases===

===Pests and diseases===

 

==Species==

==Species==

<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->

*''[[Sophora flavescens]]'' <small>[[William Aiton|Aiton]]</small> - Ku Shen (Eastern Asia)

*''[[Sophora fulvida]]'' <small>(Allan) [[Peter B. Heenan|Heenan]] & de Lange</small> - Waitakere Kowhai (New Zealand)

*''[[Sophora godleyi]]'' - Godley Kowhai, Papa Kowhai (New Zealand)

*''[[Sophora macrocarpa]]'' <small>[[James Edward Smith|Sm.]]</small> - Mayo or Mayú (Chile)

*''[[Sophora prostrata]]'' <small>Buchanan</small> - Dwarf Kowhai, Prostrate Kowhai (New Zealand)

*''[[Sophora tetraptera]]'' <small>[[Mueller, Johann Sebastian|J.F.Muell.]]</small> - Large-leaved Kowhai, Taupo Kowhai (New Zealand)

*''[[Sophora tomentosa]]'' <small>L.</small> - Necklace Pod ([[Pantropical]] on coasts)

*''[[Toromiro|Sophora toromiro]]'' <small>[[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]</small> - Toromiro ([[Easter Island]])

*''[[Sophora velutina]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>

==Gallery==

==Gallery==

<gallery>

<gallery perrow=5>

Image:Upload.png| photo 1

Image:Upload.png| photo 1

Image:Upload.png| photo 2

Image:Upload.png| photo 2

==References==

==References==

<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->

<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->

<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->

<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->

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