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Grapefruit (view source)

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==Drug interactions==

Grapefruit can have a [[List of drugs affected by grapefruit|number of interactions]] with [[drugs]], often increasing the effective potency of compounds. Grapefruit contains [[naringin]], [[bergamottin]] and [[dihydroxybergamottin]], which inhibit the [[cytochrome P450]] [[isoform]] [[CYP3A4]] in the intestine. It is via inhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of [[buspirone]] (Buspar), [[carbamazepine]], [[caffeine]], several [[statin]] drugs (such as [[simvastatin]]), [[terfenadine]], [[felodipine]], [[nifedipine]], [[verapamil]], [[estradiol]], [[tacrolimus]], [[dextromethorphan]] (significant only at [[Non-medical use of dextromethorphan|recreational doses]]), [[benzodiazepines]], and [[ciclosporin]].<ref name="GSE_Drug_Effect">He K; Iyer KR; Hayes RN; Sinz MW; Woolf TF; Hollenberg PF. Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice. ''Chem Res Toxicol.'' 1998 Apr;'''11'''(4):252-9. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9548795&dopt=Abstract Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bailey_DG1998">Bailey DG, Malcolm J, Arnold O, Spence JD. Grapefruit juice-drug interactions. Br J ''Clin Pharmacol.'' 1998 Aug;'''46'''(2):101-10. Comment in: Br J ''Clin Pharmacol.'' 2001 Aug;'''52'''(2):216-7. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9723817 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Carbamazepine">Garg SK, Kumar N, Bhargava VK, Prabhakar SK. Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy. ''Clin Pharmacol Ther.'' 1998 Sep;'''64'''(3):286-8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9757152 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bailey_DG2004">Bailey DG, Dresser GK. Interactions between grapefruit juice and cardiovascular drugs. ''Am J Cardiovasc Drugs.'' 2004;'''4'''(5):281-97. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15449971 Abstract]</ref><ref name="Bressler_R">Bressler R. Grapefruit juice and drug interactions. Exploring mechanisms of this interaction and potential toxicity for certain drugs. ''Geriatrics.'' 2006 Nov;'''61'''(11):12-8. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17112309 Abstract]</ref> The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989. However, the effect became well-publicized after being responsible for a number of deaths due to overdosing on medication.<ref name="NYTimes">Bakalar, Nicholas. Experts Reveal the Secret Powers of Grapefruit Juice. ''New York Times.'' Published: March 21, 2006. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/21/health/21grap.html?ex=1300597200&en=61e834f36b9afac9&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Article]</ref>

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==Health benefits==

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