Changes

{{SPlantbox

{{SPlantbox

|familia=Rosaceae

|familia=Rosaceae

|genus=Spiraea  

|genus=Spiraea

|common_name=Bridal wreath, Spirea

|common_name=Bridal wreath, Spirea

|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia

|Temp Metric=°F

|Temp Metric=°F

|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!

|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!

|image=Upload.png

|image=Spiraea thunbergii1.jpg

|image_width=240

|image_width=240

}}

}}

| name = ''Spiraea''

 

'''''Spiraea''''' ({{pron-en|spaɪˈriː.ə}}),<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> or '''meadowsweet''', is a genus of about 80-100 species of [[shrub]]s in the family [[Rosaceae]], subfamily [[Spiraeoideae]]. They are native to the temperate [[Northern Hemisphere]], with the greatest diversity in eastern [[Asia]].

 

| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->

The genus was formerly treated as also containing the herbaceous species now [[segregate (taxonomy)|segregated]] into the genera ''[[Filipendula]]'' and ''[[Aruncus]]''; recent [[genetics|genetic]] evidence has shown that ''Filipendula'' is only distantly related to ''Spiraea'', belonging in the subfamily [[Rosoideae]].

| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->

 

| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->

| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->

| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->

| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->

| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->

| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->

| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->

| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->

| image_caption =    <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->

| genus =

| species =

| subspecies =

| cultivar =

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Spiraea (ancient Greek name of a plant used for garlands, derived from speira, band, wreath; probably first used for the present genus by Clusius). Rosaceae, subfam. Spiraeeae. Spirea. Ornamental woody plants grown for their profuse handsome white, pink, or carmine flowers.

Spiraea (ancient Greek name of a plant used for garlands, derived from speira, band, wreath; probably first used for the present genus by Clusius). Rosaceae, subfam. Spiraeeae. Spirea. Ornamental woody plants grown for their profuse handsome white, pink, or carmine flowers.

==Cultivation==

==Cultivation==

 

===Propagation===

===Propagation===

 

===Pests and diseases===

===Pests and diseases===

{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->

''Spiraea'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Brown-tail]], [[Pavonia pavonia|Emperor Moth]], [[Grey Dagger]], ''[[Hypercompe|Hypercompe indecisa]]'' and [[Setaceous Hebrew Character]].

==Species==

==Species==

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S. Aitchisonii, Hemsl. – Sorbaria Aitchisonii.—S. amurensis, Maxim. –Physocarpus amurensis.—S. ariaefolia, Smith –Holodiscus discolor var. ariaefolius.—S. Aruncus, Linn.-Aruncus sylvester.—S. assimilis, Zabel (S. densiflora x S. japonica). Low shrub, with pink fls. in broad corymb-like panicles. Garden hybrid. —S. astilboides, Moore –Astilbe astilboides.—S. Boursieri, Carr.- Holodiscus Boursieri.—S. brumalis, Lange (probably S. expansa X S. alba). Medium-sized shrub, with oblong, incisely serrate, almost glabrous lvs. and pinkish white fls. in broad and loose corymb-like panicles. Aug.-Oct. Garden hybrid.—S. caespitosa, Nutt.-Petrophytum caespitosum.—S. calcicola, W. W. Smith. Shrub to 5 ft., with slender arching branches: lvs. small, obovate or elliptic, entire, glabrous: fls. white, pink outside, in 6-8-fld. umbels. S. W. China.—S. camtschatica, Pall.-Filipendula camtschatica.—S. capitata, Pursh-Physocarpus capitatus.—S. cinerea, Zabel (S. cana X S. hypericifolia). Medium-sized shrub, with small, oblong, usually entire, pubescent lvs. and white fls. in short-stalked umbels. Garden hybrid.—S. concinna, Zabel (S. albiflora x S. expansa). Medium-sized shrub, with lanceolate, sharply serrate, almost glabrous lvs. and pinkish white fls. in broad corymbs. Garden hybrid.—S. compacta multiflora, Hort.-Astilbe japonica var.—S. conferta, Zabel (S. cana x S. crenata). Medium-sized shrub, with small, ovate to oblong- lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire or crenate lvs. and white fls. in dense, small, peduncled umbels. Garden hybrid. —S. dahurica, Maxim., is closely allied to S. alpine, but not yet intro. S. canescens and Sorbaria sorbifolia are sometimes cult. under this name.—S. dasyantha, Bunge. Allied to S. chinensis. Lvs. ovate, cuneate at the base, incisely serrate or lobed, with grayish white tomentum beneath: infl. grayish tomentose; stamens half as long as petals. N. China.—S. Davidii, Hort.-Astilbe Davidii.—S. difformis, Zabel (S. alba x S. corymbosa). Medium-sized shrub, with oval to oblong-lanceolate, serrate, almost glabrous lvs. and white fls. in large corymb-like panicles. Garden hybrid.—S. digitata, Willd. –Filipendula palmata.—S. discolor, Pursh - Holodiscus discolor.—S. dumosa, Nutt. –Holodiscus dumosus.—S. Filipendula, Linn.-Filipendula hexapetala.—S. fissa, Lindl.-Holodiscus fissus.—S. floribunda. A trade name of indiscriminate meaning. S. semperflorens and Sorbaria sorbifolia are sometimes met with under this name.— S. gemmata, Zabel (S. mongolica, Hort., not Maxim.). Allied to S. alpina: axillary buds much longer than petioles: lvs. small, penninerved, oblong-lanceolate, usually entire: fls. white, in short-stalked, rather few-fld. umbels. Mongolia.—S. Gieseleriana, Zabel (S. cana x S. chamaedryfolia). Medium-sized shrub, with ovate, sharply serrate lvs. and rather large white fls. in long-stalked umbels. Garden hybrid.—S. gigantea, Hort.-Filipendula camtschatica.—S. gracilis, Maxim. (S. vacciniifolia, Lodd,. not Don). Low shrub, allied to S. canescens, with slender, arching branches: lvs. small, ovate, obtuse, entire or crenate above the middle, quite glabrous: fls. white, in hemispherical loose corymbs. Himalayas. L.B.C. 15: 1403. — S. grandiflora, Sweet - Sorbaria grandiflora. — S. grandiflora, Hook.- Exochorda racemosa. — S. Hacquetii, Fenzl & Koch. Closely allied to S. decumbens, but grayish-pubescent and with the sepals upright or spreading in fr. N. Italy, Tyrol. — S. Hookeri, garden name, applied to S. nudiflora, S. bella, S. expansa, S. tristis, and others, and also to Exochorda racemosa. — S. Humboldtii, Hort.-Aruncus sylvester. — S. inflexa, Koch (S. crenata X S. mollis). Medium-sized shrub, with slender arching branches: lvs. elliptic-oblong, entire, sparingly pubescent beneath: fls. white, rather large, in many-fld. stalked umbels. Garden hybrid. —S. japonica, Hort., not Linn. F.-Astilbe japonica. — S. kamaonensis spicata, Hort., is a form of S. semperflorens. — S. kamschatica, Auth.-Filipendula camtschatica. — S. laevigata, Linn.-Sibiraea laevigata. —S. laxiflora, Lindl. – S. vacciniifolia. —S. Lindleyana, Wall.-Sorbaria Lindleyana.—S. lobata, Gronov.-Filipendula rubra.—S. micropetala, Zabel (S. hypericifolia x S. media). Medium-sized shrub, with grayish green, oblong-obovate lvs., entire or serrate at the apex, 3- or penninerved: fls. white or greenish white, in umbels on leafy or naked stalks. —Garden hybrid. — S. Millefolium, Torr.- Chamaebatiaria Millefolium. — S. Miyabei, Koidzumi. Allied to S. bella and S. japonica. Lvs. ovate, incisely serrate, glabrous, 1 1/2 – 2 1/2 in. long: infl. 1 1/2 – 2 in. long-puberulous: fls. white, perfect; stamens much longer than petals: follicles upright, style spreading. Japan. Var. glabrata, Rehd. Lvs. broadly cuneate at base: infl. glabrous. Cent. China. Var. pilosula, Rehd. Lvs. pubescent on the veins beneath: infl. sparingly pilose. Cent. China. This species is very similar to S. chamaedryfolia in habit and foliage and also in the individual fls. but is easily distinguished by the compound corymb. Hardy at the Arnold Arboretum. —S. mollifolia, Rehd. Allied to S. alpina and S. cana. Spreading shrub, to 6 ft.: winter buds acuminate, 2-valved, longer than petioles: lvs. elliptic-oblong or oblong, entire or with few teeth at the apex, villous on both sides, 1/2 – 3/4 in. long: infl. villous:fls. 1/3 in. across, white: follicles upright, pubescent. W. China. —S. mollis, Koch (S. cana x S. media). Similar to S. media: lvs. smaller, usually entire, pubescent: fls. smaller, umbels pubescent. Garden origin. — S. mongolica, Maxim., is closely allied to S. crenata, but not yet intro.; the S. mongolica of gardens is S. gemmata. — S. monogyna, Torr. & Gray -Physocarpus monogynus. — S. myrtilloides, Rehd. Allied to S. alpina. Shrub, to 8 ft.: lvs. oval to obovate-oblong, entire, obtuse, rarely acutish, cuneate at the base, slightly pubescent beneath, 1/3 – 1/2 in. long: infl. dense, hemispherical, on short leafy branchlets: fls. White, 1/4 in. across: follicles upright, glabrous. W. China. Very graceful shrub. — S. nepalensis, a garden name applied to several species, as S. micropetala, S. canescens, S. salicifolia. —S. nivea, Zabel (S. canescens x S. expansa). Similar to S. canescens in habit, corymbs larger and looser: lvs. coarsely doubly serrate, pubescent, 1-2 in. long: fls. white or pinkish white. Garden hybrid. —S. nudiflora, Zabel (S. bella X S. ulmifolia). Medium-sized shrub, with ovate, doubly serrate, almost glabrous lvs. and pinkish white fls. in hemispherical corymbs. Handsome, almost hardy shrub. Garden hybrid. — S. opulifolia, Linn.— Physocarpus opulifolius. — S. oxyodon, Zabel (S. chamaedryfolia X S. media). Similar to S. media, but branches angular: lvs. narrower, follicles with the styles terminal and spreading. Garden hybrid. — S. Pallasii, Don- Sorbaria grandiflora. —S. palmata, Pall.-Filipendula palmata. — S. palmata, Thunb.-Filipendula purpurea. —S. palmata, Linn.-Filipendula rubra. — S. parvifolia, Bertol. S. gracilis. — S. pectinata, Torr. & Gray - Luetkea pectinata. — S. revirescens, Zabel (S. expansa X S. japonica). Medium-sized shrub, with oblong, coarsely serrate lvs., pubescent on the veins beneath: fls. light to deep pink, in large corymbs; blooming in summer and usually again in fall. Garden hybrid. —S. ribifolia, Nutt.-Physocarpus capitatus, — S. rubra, Zabel (S. ruberrima, Dipp. S. Douglasii x S. expansa). Upright medium-sized shrub, with oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate lvs. tomentose beneath, and deep pink fls. in ovate panicles. Garden hybrid. — S. Schinabeckii, Zabel (S. chamaedryfolia X S. trilobata). Medium-sized shrub, with arching branches: lvs. ovate to oblong-ovate, doubly serrate, glabrous: fls. white, rather large, in peduncled umbels; petals longer than stamens. Handsome shrub, similar to S. Vanhouttei. Garden hybrid. — S. sorbifolia, Linn.- Sorbaria sorbifolia. — S. Tobolskia, Lodd.- Sorbaria sorbifolia. — S. trifoliata, Linn.-Gillenia trifoliata. — S. tristis, Zabel. Hybrid of unknown origin, similar to S. expansa, but corymbs and the whitish pink fls. smaller; sepals upright in fr. — S. Ulmaria, Linn.-Filipendula Ulmaria. —S. vaccinifolia, D. Don (S. laxiflora, Lindl.). Shrub, to 2 ft., with arching branches: lvs. long-petioled, ovate, crenuately dentate, almost glabrous, 3/4 – 1 1/2 in. long: fls. Whitish, in tomentose corymbs, 1-3 in. across. June, July. Himalayas. F.S. 7, p. 190. — S. vaccinifolia, Lodd.-S. gracilis. — S. vaccinifolia, Hort. – S. canescens, S. brumalis. — S. venusta, Hort. – Filipendula rubra var. venusta. —S. venustula, Kunth & Bouche –S. vaccinifolia.

S. Aitchisonii, Hemsl. – Sorbaria Aitchisonii.—S. amurensis, Maxim. –Physocarpus amurensis.—S. ariaefolia, Smith –Holodiscus discolor var. ariaefolius.—S. Aruncus, Linn.-Aruncus sylvester.—S. assimilis, Zabel (S. densiflora x S. japonica). Low shrub, with pink fls. in broad corymb-like panicles. Garden hybrid. —S. astilboides, Moore –Astilbe astilboides.—S. Boursieri, Carr.- Holodiscus Boursieri.—S. brumalis, Lange (probably S. expansa X S. alba). Medium-sized shrub, with oblong, incisely serrate, almost glabrous lvs. and pinkish white fls. in broad and loose corymb-like panicles. Aug.-Oct. Garden hybrid.—S. caespitosa, Nutt.-Petrophytum caespitosum.—S. calcicola, W. W. Smith. Shrub to 5 ft., with slender arching branches: lvs. small, obovate or elliptic, entire, glabrous: fls. white, pink outside, in 6-8-fld. umbels. S. W. China.—S. camtschatica, Pall.-Filipendula camtschatica.—S. capitata, Pursh-Physocarpus capitatus.—S. cinerea, Zabel (S. cana X S. hypericifolia). Medium-sized shrub, with small, oblong, usually entire, pubescent lvs. and white fls. in short-stalked umbels. Garden hybrid.—S. concinna, Zabel (S. albiflora x S. expansa). Medium-sized shrub, with lanceolate, sharply serrate, almost glabrous lvs. and pinkish white fls. in broad corymbs. Garden hybrid.—S. compacta multiflora, Hort.-Astilbe japonica var.—S. conferta, Zabel (S. cana x S. crenata). Medium-sized shrub, with small, ovate to oblong- lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire or crenate lvs. and white fls. in dense, small, peduncled umbels. Garden hybrid. —S. dahurica, Maxim., is closely allied to S. alpine, but not yet intro. S. canescens and Sorbaria sorbifolia are sometimes cult. under this name.—S. dasyantha, Bunge. Allied to S. chinensis. Lvs. ovate, cuneate at the base, incisely serrate or lobed, with grayish white tomentum beneath: infl. grayish tomentose; stamens half as long as petals. N. China.—S. Davidii, Hort.-Astilbe Davidii.—S. difformis, Zabel (S. alba x S. corymbosa). Medium-sized shrub, with oval to oblong-lanceolate, serrate, almost glabrous lvs. and white fls. in large corymb-like panicles. Garden hybrid.—S. digitata, Willd. –Filipendula palmata.—S. discolor, Pursh - Holodiscus discolor.—S. dumosa, Nutt. –Holodiscus dumosus.—S. Filipendula, Linn.-Filipendula hexapetala.—S. fissa, Lindl.-Holodiscus fissus.—S. floribunda. A trade name of indiscriminate meaning. S. semperflorens and Sorbaria sorbifolia are sometimes met with under this name.— S. gemmata, Zabel (S. mongolica, Hort., not Maxim.). Allied to S. alpina: axillary buds much longer than petioles: lvs. small, penninerved, oblong-lanceolate, usually entire: fls. white, in short-stalked, rather few-fld. umbels. Mongolia.—S. Gieseleriana, Zabel (S. cana x S. chamaedryfolia). Medium-sized shrub, with ovate, sharply serrate lvs. and rather large white fls. in long-stalked umbels. Garden hybrid.—S. gigantea, Hort.-Filipendula camtschatica.—S. gracilis, Maxim. (S. vacciniifolia, Lodd,. not Don). Low shrub, allied to S. canescens, with slender, arching branches: lvs. small, ovate, obtuse, entire or crenate above the middle, quite glabrous: fls. white, in hemispherical loose corymbs. Himalayas. L.B.C. 15: 1403. — S. grandiflora, Sweet - Sorbaria grandiflora. — S. grandiflora, Hook.- Exochorda racemosa. — S. Hacquetii, Fenzl & Koch. Closely allied to S. decumbens, but grayish-pubescent and with the sepals upright or spreading in fr. N. Italy, Tyrol. — S. Hookeri, garden name, applied to S. nudiflora, S. bella, S. expansa, S. tristis, and others, and also to Exochorda racemosa. — S. Humboldtii, Hort.-Aruncus sylvester. — S. inflexa, Koch (S. crenata X S. mollis). Medium-sized shrub, with slender arching branches: lvs. elliptic-oblong, entire, sparingly pubescent beneath: fls. white, rather large, in many-fld. stalked umbels. Garden hybrid. —S. japonica, Hort., not Linn. F.-Astilbe japonica. — S. kamaonensis spicata, Hort., is a form of S. semperflorens. — S. kamschatica, Auth.-Filipendula camtschatica. — S. laevigata, Linn.-Sibiraea laevigata. —S. laxiflora, Lindl. – S. vacciniifolia. —S. Lindleyana, Wall.-Sorbaria Lindleyana.—S. lobata, Gronov.-Filipendula rubra.—S. micropetala, Zabel (S. hypericifolia x S. media). Medium-sized shrub, with grayish green, oblong-obovate lvs., entire or serrate at the apex, 3- or penninerved: fls. white or greenish white, in umbels on leafy or naked stalks. —Garden hybrid. — S. Millefolium, Torr.- Chamaebatiaria Millefolium. — S. Miyabei, Koidzumi. Allied to S. bella and S. japonica. Lvs. ovate, incisely serrate, glabrous, 1 1/2 – 2 1/2 in. long: infl. 1 1/2 – 2 in. long-puberulous: fls. white, perfect; stamens much longer than petals: follicles upright, style spreading. Japan. Var. glabrata, Rehd. Lvs. broadly cuneate at base: infl. glabrous. Cent. China. Var. pilosula, Rehd. Lvs. pubescent on the veins beneath: infl. sparingly pilose. Cent. China. This species is very similar to S. chamaedryfolia in habit and foliage and also in the individual fls. but is easily distinguished by the compound corymb. Hardy at the Arnold Arboretum. —S. mollifolia, Rehd. Allied to S. alpina and S. cana. Spreading shrub, to 6 ft.: winter buds acuminate, 2-valved, longer than petioles: lvs. elliptic-oblong or oblong, entire or with few teeth at the apex, villous on both sides, 1/2 – 3/4 in. long: infl. villous:fls. 1/3 in. across, white: follicles upright, pubescent. W. China. —S. mollis, Koch (S. cana x S. media). Similar to S. media: lvs. smaller, usually entire, pubescent: fls. smaller, umbels pubescent. Garden origin. — S. mongolica, Maxim., is closely allied to S. crenata, but not yet intro.; the S. mongolica of gardens is S. gemmata. — S. monogyna, Torr. & Gray -Physocarpus monogynus. — S. myrtilloides, Rehd. Allied to S. alpina. Shrub, to 8 ft.: lvs. oval to obovate-oblong, entire, obtuse, rarely acutish, cuneate at the base, slightly pubescent beneath, 1/3 – 1/2 in. long: infl. dense, hemispherical, on short leafy branchlets: fls. White, 1/4 in. across: follicles upright, glabrous. W. China. Very graceful shrub. — S. nepalensis, a garden name applied to several species, as S. micropetala, S. canescens, S. salicifolia. —S. nivea, Zabel (S. canescens x S. expansa). Similar to S. canescens in habit, corymbs larger and looser: lvs. coarsely doubly serrate, pubescent, 1-2 in. long: fls. white or pinkish white. Garden hybrid. —S. nudiflora, Zabel (S. bella X S. ulmifolia). Medium-sized shrub, with ovate, doubly serrate, almost glabrous lvs. and pinkish white fls. in hemispherical corymbs. Handsome, almost hardy shrub. Garden hybrid. — S. opulifolia, Linn.— Physocarpus opulifolius. — S. oxyodon, Zabel (S. chamaedryfolia X S. media). Similar to S. media, but branches angular: lvs. narrower, follicles with the styles terminal and spreading. Garden hybrid. — S. Pallasii, Don- Sorbaria grandiflora. —S. palmata, Pall.-Filipendula palmata. — S. palmata, Thunb.-Filipendula purpurea. —S. palmata, Linn.-Filipendula rubra. — S. parvifolia, Bertol. S. gracilis. — S. pectinata, Torr. & Gray - Luetkea pectinata. — S. revirescens, Zabel (S. expansa X S. japonica). Medium-sized shrub, with oblong, coarsely serrate lvs., pubescent on the veins beneath: fls. light to deep pink, in large corymbs; blooming in summer and usually again in fall. Garden hybrid. —S. ribifolia, Nutt.-Physocarpus capitatus, — S. rubra, Zabel (S. ruberrima, Dipp. S. Douglasii x S. expansa). Upright medium-sized shrub, with oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate lvs. tomentose beneath, and deep pink fls. in ovate panicles. Garden hybrid. — S. Schinabeckii, Zabel (S. chamaedryfolia X S. trilobata). Medium-sized shrub, with arching branches: lvs. ovate to oblong-ovate, doubly serrate, glabrous: fls. white, rather large, in peduncled umbels; petals longer than stamens. Handsome shrub, similar to S. Vanhouttei. Garden hybrid. — S. sorbifolia, Linn.- Sorbaria sorbifolia. — S. Tobolskia, Lodd.- Sorbaria sorbifolia. — S. trifoliata, Linn.-Gillenia trifoliata. — S. tristis, Zabel. Hybrid of unknown origin, similar to S. expansa, but corymbs and the whitish pink fls. smaller; sepals upright in fr. — S. Ulmaria, Linn.-Filipendula Ulmaria. —S. vaccinifolia, D. Don (S. laxiflora, Lindl.). Shrub, to 2 ft., with arching branches: lvs. long-petioled, ovate, crenuately dentate, almost glabrous, 3/4 – 1 1/2 in. long: fls. Whitish, in tomentose corymbs, 1-3 in. across. June, July. Himalayas. F.S. 7, p. 190. — S. vaccinifolia, Lodd.-S. gracilis. — S. vaccinifolia, Hort. – S. canescens, S. brumalis. — S. venusta, Hort. – Filipendula rubra var. venusta. —S. venustula, Kunth & Bouche –S. vaccinifolia.

==Gallery==

==Gallery==

{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->

<gallery perrow=5>

 

Image:Spiraea japonica.jpg|Japanese spiraea (''[[Spiraea japonica]]'')

Image:Upload.png| photo 1

Image:Spiraea thunbergii2.jpg|''[[Spiraea thunbergii]]'' flowers

Image:Upload.png| photo 2

Image:Melez ispir.jpg|''Spiraea × vanhouttei''

Image:Upload.png| photo 3

</gallery>

</gallery>

==References==

==References==

<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->

<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->

<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->

<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->

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