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{{SPlantbox
{{SPlantbox
|familia=Oleaceae
|familia=Oleaceae
|genus=Fraxinus
|genus=Fraxinus
|species=excelsior
|species=excelsior
|common_name=Common ash, European ash
|common_name=Common ash, European ash
|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|max_zone=10
|max_zone=10
|image=Upload.png
|image=Fraxinus excelsior.jpg
|image_width=240
|image_width=240
}}
}}
'''''Fraxinus excelsior''''' ('''Ash'''; also '''European Ash''' or '''Common Ash''' on occasion to distinguish it from other ash species), is a species of ''[[Fraxinus]]'' native to most of [[Europe]].<ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref><ref name=dvf>Den virtuella floran: [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/olea/fraxi/fraxexcv.jpg ''Fraxinus excelsior'' distribution]</ref>
[[Image:Ash flower.JPG|thumb|left|Male flowers]]
It is a large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing to 20–35 m (exceptionally to 46 m) tall with a trunk up to 2 m (exceptionally to 3.5 m) diameter, with a tall, domed crown. The [[bark]] is smooth and pale grey on young trees, becoming thick and vertically fissured on old trees. The shoots are stout, greenish-grey, with jet black [[bud]]s. The [[leaf|leaves]] are 20–35 cm long, pinnate compound, with 7-13 [[leaflets]], the leaflets 3–12 cm long and 0.8–3 cm broad, sessile on the leaf rachis, and with a serrated margin. The leaves are often among the last to open in spring, and the first to fall in autumn if an early frost strikes; they have no marked autumn colour, often falling dull green. The [[flower]]s open before the leaves, the female flowers being somewhat longer than the male flowers; they are dark purple, and without petals, and are wind-pollinated. Both male and female flowers can occur on the same tree, but it is more common to find all male and all female trees; a tree that is all male one year can produce female flowers the next, and similarly a female tree can become male. The [[fruit]] is a [[samara (fruit)|samara]] 2.5-4.5 cm long and 5–8 mm broad, often hanging in bunches through the winter; they are often called 'ash keys'.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=afm>Mitchell, A. F. (1974). ''A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-212035-6</ref><ref name=afm1>Mitchell, A. F. (1982). ''The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-219037-0</ref> Trees rarely exceed 250 years old. However, there are numerous ones estimated between 200 and 250 years old and there are a couple over 250. The largest is in [[Clapton Court]], [[England]] and is 9 m (29 ft) in girth. There are several examples over 4.5 metres (15 feet) in [[Derbyshire]] alone.
It is readily distinguished from other species of ash in that it has black buds, unlike the brown or grey buds of most other ashes.
| lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
| water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
| usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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==Species==
==Varieties==
<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->
Cultivars:
[[File:Ash mast at Eglinton.JPG|right|thumb|250px|<center>Ash saplings from a [[mast year]].]]
There are a number of [[cultivar]]s including;
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Aurea', see 'Jaspidea'
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Aurea Pendula' (Weeping Golden Ash)
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Autumn Blaze'
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Autumn Purple'
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Crispa'
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Diversifolia' (One-leaved Ash)
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Erosa'
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Jaspidea' (Golden Ash)
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Monophylla'
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Nana'
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Pendula' (Weeping Ash), one of the best known cultivars, widely planted during the [[Victorian era]], it grows vigorously forming an attractive small to medium size tree with mounds of weeping branches.
*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Skyline'.
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Le Roeulx AR9JPG.jpg|Tree 46 m tall, Château des princes de Croÿ, Le Roeulx, [[Belgium]].
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:EuropeanAsh.jpg|Old tree, [[Norway]].
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
Image:EurAshLeaf.jpg|Leaf and shoot, showing black bud.
Image:Fraxinus excelsior 'Pendula'.JPG|Weeping Ash ''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Pendula', [[Knightshayes Court]], [[England]].
</gallery>
</gallery>
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